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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上非谓语动词讲解Grammar（一）动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。1、不定式的形式：主 动被 动一般式to writeto be written进行式to be writing/完成式to have writtento have been written否定式：not + (to) do1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：Im glad to meet you.He seems to know a lot.We plan to pay a visit.He wants to be an
2、artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.He is
3、pleased to have met his friend.2、不定式的句法功能：1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure. 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.2）作表语：Her job is to clean the hall.He appears
4、to have caught a cold.3）作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：I have no choice but to stay he
5、re.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 4）作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用
6、，如：With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema. 有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.5）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：A）动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如
7、：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.What did you open it with?如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：Have you got anything to sent?Have you got anything to be sent?B）说明
8、所修饰名词的内容：We have made a plan to finish the work.C）被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He is the first to get here.6）作状语：A）表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.right: To save money, he has tried every me
9、ans.wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.right: To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.B）表结果：He arrived late to find the train gone.常用only放在不定式前表示强调：（表示出乎意料的结果）I visited him only to find him out.C）表原因：They were very sad to hear the news.D）表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything.
10、The question is simple for him to answer.7）作独立成分：To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.8）不定式的省略：保留to省略助动词。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to.9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.（二）动名词：动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。1、动名词的形式： 语 态 式主动语态被动语态一般式doingbei
11、ng done完成式having donehaving been done否定式：not + 动名词1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。2）被动式：He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。4）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。5）否定式：not +
12、 动名词I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。2、动名词的句法功能：1）作主语：Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。Its
13、 no use quarrelling. 争吵是没用的。2）作表语：In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。3）作宾语：They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：We found it no good making
14、fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(fro
15、m),keep from,stop（from）,protectfrom,set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like4）作定语：He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school. 你们学校有游泳池吗？5）作同位语：The cave, his hiding-plac
16、e is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged. 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。区别：一）从含义上不定式表示具体某一次的动作，而动名词表示比较抽象的一般行为、习惯。 I love swimming, but I dont love to swim in this dirty river. (我喜欢游泳，但我不喜欢在这条脏河里游泳。） 平衡原则：当表语是动名词时，主语也要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式。 To live is to strug
17、gleSeeing is believing二). 不定式和动名词作主语：动名词做主语多表抽象和经验，而不定式做主语多表具体动作。-Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here这里禁止抽烟。 (抽象) -It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。 (具体) -Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。 (经验) -It took me only five minutes to finish the job.（具体） 三）不定式和动名词作宾
18、语以及区别(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 在英语中，介词宾语常用动名词， 不用不定式。而动词宾语，有时用动名词，有时用不定式，有时用动名词和不定式意义变化不大，有时意义却相差甚远。下列动词只能接不定式作（直接）宾语：hope, wish, want, ask, help, refuse, learn, demand, care, choose, arrange, expect, decide, agree, plan, promise, offer, manage, pretend, prepare, elect, fail, long, determine，desire等，如：They al
19、l agreed to start off early in order to catch the first bus. In spite of the difficulties, we managed to finish the work ahead of time. We expect to be back on Sunday. He chose(decieded) to stay where he was. Im longing (desiring)to see you.下列动词只能接动名词作（直接）宾语： appreciate, delay, admit, suggest, keep,
20、 prevent, miss, risk, escape, imagine, enjoy, consider, avoid, finish, mind, fancy, practise, advise, pardon, excuse, give up ,keep on, put off, cant help, leave off, feel like, cant stand 等。如：- I cant fancy (imagine) his doing such a thing. - You can hardly avoid (get away from, escape)meeting her
21、if you both work in the same office. - I have admitted having done wrong. -I dont feel like eating a meal now.注意下列短语后也只能接动名词作（直接）宾语： set about get/be used to, look forward to, object to, devote oneself to （致力于）等。如： -We are looking forward to seeing you again. （2）、下列动词的直接宾语既可用不定式，又可用动名词，意义上仅有具体与抽象之分，
22、但许多情况下可互换：like, love, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, attempt, afford, prefer, propose, intend , cant bear。如： We cant afford to pay for/ paying for the car. -After a short break she started to work/working hard.-He continued to live/living with his parents after his marriage.(3)、下列动词的（直接）宾语可用
23、不定式，也可用动名词，在意义上有明显的差别。它们是：remember, forget, regret, try, mean, stop, go on 等。1. remember to do 记着要做； remember doing记得（过去）曾做过 2. forget to do忘记要做（未做）； forget doing忘记了（过去）曾经做过（已做） 3. regret to do 对将要做的事表示后悔；regret doing对已做过的事表示后悔。4. try to do想法设法努力做； try doing 试一试试着做5. mean to do打算想要做 ；mean doing意思是，意
24、味着6. stop to do停止（某事）去干另一件事； stop doing停止（不再）做事 7. go on to do （干完一事后）接着干另一件事； go on doing继续干（以前未完成的）某事(4)、动词want, need, require 作“需要”解时，接不定式或动名词意思都一样，只是接动名词要用主动形式（表示被动意义），接不定式要用被动式。如： Your handwriting needs improving.(=to be improved).What you said wants proving(=to be proved). These books are requ
25、ired reading(=to be read)Step6：典型例题讲解例1:The Clarks havent decided yet which hotel_. A. to stay B. iS to stay C. to stay at D. is for staying【解析】答案为C。此句的宾语为动词不定式的复合结构“疑问词+不定式”。故排除B 项和D项，stay是不及物动词，必须接介词才能跟宾语，因此选C。类似结构的例句如下：I dont know whom to rely on .例2:I dont like_ bills but when I do get them I li
26、ke_ them promptly. A to get, paying B. getting, to pay C. to get, to pay D. getting, paying【解析】答案为B。动词“like”后即可接动名词作宾语也可接不定式作宾语，但是“to like doing sth”表示一般性的行为，概念较为抽象化。如：He likes swimming;而“to like to cloth。”表示具体动作或情况，如：I dont like to disturb you；此句的第一空应选择“getting”，泛指收到帐单这一抽象行为，后一空选择“to pay”，表示具体的一次付款
27、举动，答案是B。此外，类似like的词还有love，hate，prefer。 例3: In international matches, prestige is s01mportant that the only thing that matters is to avoid A. from being beaten B. being beaten C. beating D. to be beaten【解析】答案为B。动词“avoid”是及物动词，其后只能接动名词作宾语，如：I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and
28、came running towards me 因此排除A、D 项；根据题意是“避免被（对手）打败”，所以选择动名词的被动语态，B项正确。 例5: He resented to wait. He expected the minister him at once. A. to be asked, to see B. being asked, to see C. to be asked, seeing D. being asked9 seeing【解析】答案为B。动词resent后只接动名词，如：I resent seeing this sort of thing;而expect后只能接动词不定
29、式，You cant expect me to approve of it。故B项为正确答案。 例 6: He prefers . A. to write his letters rather than dictating them B. to write his letters rather than dictate them C. writing his letters rather than dictate them D. writing his letters rather than have dictated them【解析】答案为B。prefer后既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词，前
30、者表示具体的动作或行为，后者表示抽象的概念。但注意以下搭配，或“prefer to do sthrather than do sth（宁愿做而不愿做.）”或“prefer doing sthto doing sthelse（喜欢胜过）”如：to prefer to die rather than surrender(宁死不屈)，to prefer doing to talking(喜欢做而不喜欢说)。故只有B项符合语法及搭配要求。例7: I never regretted the offer for it was not where my interest lay. A. not to acc
31、ept B. not having accepted C. having not accepted D. not accepting【解析】答案为D。“to regret doing sth.”意为“后悔干（过）某事，事情已经发生了”。常用动名词的一般形式表示动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的，如：He regretted missing the opportunity to visit that scholar;“to regret to do sth”则表示“现在必须做那件事”，一般来说regret仅与一小部分动词(announce，learn，see，inform，say，tell)的不
32、定式连用这些动词表示提供或获取信息，如：I regret to tell you that my friend is ill。D项为动名的否定式，符合题意。Step7: Consolidation exercise基础题1. The flu is considered _ by viruses which are likely to reproduce in the cell s inside the human nose and throat. A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused 2. What is th
33、e best way Mike can think of _ Jane with her experiment? A. to help B. helping C.help D. to be helping 3. To be good for agricultural purpose, soil must have in it the minerals plants _ . A. to require B. require C. required D. requiring4. We left the small town , there clearly _ no point in staying
34、 . A. was B. being C. to be D. is 5. Before I buy a car, I would like to have a mechanic, whom I truly trust , _. A. look it over B. looking it over C. to look it over D. looked it over6. The girl was afraid _ the yard because she was afraid _ by the big dog _ at the gate. A. to enter. to be bitten.
35、lay B. of entering of being bitten lay C.of entering to be bitten laying D. to enter of being bitten .lying7. - How many species do you believe will be threatened with extinction when the reservoir is completed? - I expect _ ten at least. A. there to be B. there being C. there be D. there have been
36、8. Hearing the bad news that her mother was killed in the traffic accident , she couldnt help _ . A. to cry B. crying C. cried D. cry9. What he said at the meeting has proved _ effective and everyone thinks it is worth _ . A. to be . being listened to B. / being listened C. being . listening to D. /
37、 listening to 10. Dont worry. There are still five minutes _ and you can take your time. A. leaving B. to leave C. to go D. being left 11. - Paul always forgets things he has done. - Yes, you know what happened ? He forgot _ and looked for it everywhere. A. to post the card B. to have posted the car
38、d C. having posted the card D. to have the card posted12. Who are you going to have _ the document for you ? - My secretary, of course. A. type B. typed C. to type D. typing13. Last night I had to walk home because it was too late _ any taxis. A. to be B. being C. to have been D. there to be 14. Wha
39、ts the best way you think _ our spoken English ? A. of improving B. to improve C. of to improve D. improving 15. Its payday, and they are waiting _. A. for paying B. to be paid C. to be paying D. to have paid16. Im not going to ask the teacher why he gave me that grade; I intend _ . A. to let rest t
40、he matter B. letting the matter rest C. to let the matter rest D. to let the matter to rest17. - Do you want to lake a speech on the topic? - I _. A. prefer to not B. prefer not C. perfer not to D. dont prefer to18. I regret _ you that your application has been rejected. A. informing B. be informed
41、C. to be informed D. to inform 19. Do you consider it better _ ? A. not doing it again B. not do it again C. not having done it again D. not to do it again20. While it was very late when Jane began doing the job, he managed with his friends assistance, _before the office was locked. A. to be finishe
42、d B. being finished C. finishing D. to finish*Keys:1. C 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.A 6. D 7.A 8.B 9.D 10.C 11.C 12. A 13.D 14. C 15. B 16.C17.C 18.D 19.D 20.D 提高题1. Its a wonder place for anyone _ in architecture, as you are. A. interesting B. to be interested C. being interested D. interested 2. Before the inve
43、ntion of planes, _ in the sky like a bird was only a dream. A. men fly B. to fly C. for flying D. flight 3. He could do little except _ . A. writing B. write C. written D. to write 4. The bank is reported in the newspaper _ in broad daylight yesterday. A. to be robbed B. robbed C. to have been robbed D. having b