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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上主动：主语+及物动词 + 宾语/双宾被动：主语（宾格-主格）+ be + done by sb英语句子成分一、主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east.（名词） He likes dancing.（代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式）What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the
2、elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）二、谓语动词（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。We study English. （及物动词）The train left. （不及物动词） He is asleep. （系动词）I can speak two different languages.（情态动词+及物动词）They may be in the classroom. （情态动词+系动词）He didnt go to Janes birthday party yesterday.（助动词+不及物动
3、词）扩展：动词的分类：根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为行为动词（及物动词vt、不及物动词vi）、系动词、助动词(和行为动词一起构成时态、语态的do, be, have, will等)和情态动词四类。有些动词是兼类词。如： We have lunch at 12. 我们12点吃午饭。(have是行为动词) We have been to New York. 我们去过纽约。(have是助动词) I am hungry. 我饿了。(am是系动词) She was beaten on the way home. 她在回家的路上被人打了。(was是助动词) You neednt have waited f
4、or me. 你本来不必等我。(need是情态动词) The door needs painting. 这个门需要油漆了。(needs及物动词) 动词的基本形式 绝大多数动词都有五种基本形式：动词原形、一般现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。 A. 第三人称单数形式的构成 一般现在时主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词后要加s或es，其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大体相同： 1. 一般情况下只在动词后加s，如workworks, writewrites。 2. 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的动词，后加es，如guessguesses, mixmix, finishfinishes, ca
5、tchcatches。 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，改y为ies，如studystudies。 注：不规则变化的有havehas, beis, gogoes, dodoes等。 B. 现在分词的构成 1. 一般情况下在动词后加ing，如studystudying, workworking。 2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e再加ing，如writewriting, movemoving。 3. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，要双写末尾一个辅音字母，再加ing，如getgetting, beginbeginning。 4. 以ie结尾的名词，一般将ie改为y，再加
6、ing，如lielying, diedying, tietying。 注：(A) 以l结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写l，如controlcontrolling；尾音节不重读时，双不双写都可以，如traveltraveling(美) /travelling(英) 。(B) 特例：picnicpicnicking。 C. 过去式和过去分词的构成 1. 一般情况直接加ed，如askasked, workworked。 2. 以不发音的e结尾，只加d，如loveloved, dancedanced。 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾，把y变为ied，如trytried, studystudied。 4. 以一
7、个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，先双末尾一个字母，再加ed，如stopstopped, permitpermitted。 注：(A) 以l结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写l，如controlcontrolled；尾音节不重读时，双不双写都可以，如traveltraveled(美) /travelled(英) 。(B) 特例：picnicpicnicked。另外，还有很多动词的过去式和过去分词是不合乎上述规则的，需要熟记。三、表语（predicative）/主语补语: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four!
8、 You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost.（形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式）The question is whether they will come.（表语从句）常见的系动词有: be（是）, sound（听
9、起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来)，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） .More examples: It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.The cloth feels soft.四、宾语：1）（及物动词
10、）动作的承受者-动宾I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）We should help the old and the poor. （the + adj=某类人）I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the sno
11、w, there are many rocks.3） 双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.五、宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名词）We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 )Please make yourself at home. （介词短语） D
12、ont let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词） 扩展：主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 六、定语：修饰或限制名词或代
13、词的词、词组或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词短语)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）
14、The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）七、状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., 或 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。 I will go there tomorrow. 时间 The meeting will be held in the meeting room. 地点The meat went bad because of
15、 the hot weather. 原因He studies hard to learn English well. 目的He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. 结果I like some of you very much. 程度 If you study hard, you will pass the exam. 条件He goes to school by bike. 方式 Though he is young, he can do it well. 让步八、同位语当一个概念词在前，后面的词、词组或者句子是在解释前者时，而且两者
16、的语法功能相同，后者就是前者的同位语。Eg:Mr. Black, our English teacher, is a good tennis player. 我们的英语老师布莱克先生是个优秀的网球手。 Football, the only interest in life, has brought him many friends.足球-他唯一的爱好，让他结交了许多朋友。Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers. 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。 Thats her habit, reading in bed.躺在床上看书是她的习惯。Your su
17、ggestion, to strike while the iron is hot, seemed a good idea.你建议趁热打铁，这个建议很好。He gave orders that the work should be started immediately.他发出指示要立即开始工作。You still havent answered my question why you didnt come to school yesterday.你还没有回答我昨天为什么没有上学。同位语从句常跟在某些名词后，对其作进一步的解释。这些名词包括：fact, doubt, idea, news, h
18、ope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question.这类从句常常有that引导，有时也可以用what, why, whether, when 等引导。句子结构简单句的六个基本句型 见步步高Page 11主语 不及物动词 She came/ My head aches. 主语 及物动词 宾语 She likes English.主语 系动词 表语/主语补语 She is happy主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me
19、.主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry The teacher asked me to read the passage.（ There +be There is a book on the desk. ）Exercises ：分析下列句子主干成分 1. Our school is not far from my home. 主语 系动词 表语 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 主语 系动词 表语3. All of us considered him honest. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语
20、4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语5. He broke a piece of glass. 主语 及物动词 宾语 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city主语 动词 形式宾语 it 宾语补足语+宾语7. -I love you more than her，child 主语 及物动词 宾语 8. Trees turn green when spring comes.主语 系动词 表语 +状语（时间状从）9. They pushed the do
21、or open. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语+ 时间状11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语12.All the students think highly of his teaching主语 及物动词 宾语13. We need a place twice larger than this one. 主语 及物动词 宾语 +状语14. He asked us to
22、sing an English song. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 15. Dont get nervous.主语 系动词 表语16.We will make our school more beautiful.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语17. He didnt comeThat is why he didnt know 主语 + 不及物动词 主语 系动词 表语18. She showed us her many of her pictures. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语19. The old man lives a lonely life. 主语 及物动词 + 宾语 20. Lu
23、ckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.主语 不及物动词 21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany主语 系动词 表语22. There are so many people in the hall that its hard for me to find him主句： There be 23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfill it this month
24、.主句： 主语 及物动词 宾语 24. Go back where you came from. 主语 不及物动词25. We must do whatever the people want us to do.主语 及物动词 宾语26. At last he got home, tired and hungry. 主语 不及物动词27. Would you please pass me the cup? 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语28 Mary handed her homework to the teacher. 主语双宾动词直接宾语间接宾语29. Do you know the lat
25、est news about him?主语 及物动词 宾语30. Ill get my hair cut tomorrow.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语翻 译 练 习：主谓结构 （ 主语 不及物动词 ）1你应当努力学习。 You should study hard. 2她昨天回家很晚。 She went home very late yesterday evening.3那天早上我们谈了很长时间。 That morning we talked for a long time. We talked for a long time that morning.4会议将持续两个小时。 holdThe
26、meeting will last for two hours. 5在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.In the past/last ten years/decade my hometown has been changed /changed much.6这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。 Things of that sort are happening all over the world every day. 7 1919年，在北京爆发了
27、“五.四”运动The May Fourth Movement。 The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. 8每天八时开始上课。 Classes begin at eight every day. 9她的建议对作出这一决定起了重要作用。Her suggestion weighed heavily in this decision. 10五年前我住在北京。I lived in Beijing five years ago.主谓宾结构 （主语 及物动词 宾语 ）1昨晚我写了一封信。 I wrote a letter last nigh
28、t.2今天下午我想同你谈谈。 I want to talk with you this afternoon.3这本书他读过多次了。 He has read this book many times. 4他们成功地完成了计划。 They have carried out the plan successfully.5你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 You must finish reading these books within two weeks. 6那位先生能流利地说三种语言。That gentleman can speak three languages fluently.7我收到了笔友从
29、澳大利亚寄来的信。 I received a letter from my pen friend in Australia. 8 Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。 Jim cannot dress himself.Jim still cant dress himself.Be dressed The woman dressing herself / dressed in a white blouse is our Chinese teacher.9我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.10他不知道说什麽好。
30、He did not know what to say.He doesnt / didnt know what he should say/ what to say.主系表结构 （主语 系动词表语 ）1我的兄弟都是大学生。 My brothers are all college students.2冬季白天短，夜晚长。 In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. 3布朗夫人看起来很健康。 Mrs Brown looks very healthy.4十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 At the age of fifteen he
31、became a famous pianist. 5孩子们，请保持安静。 Children, keep quiet please.6这本书是有关美国历史的书。 This book is about the history of the United States. 7她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。 Her job is to look after the children in the nursery.8他失业了。 He is out of work. 9树叶已经变黄了。 The leaves have turned yellow.10这个报告听起来很有意思。 The report sound
32、s interesting. 双宾语结构 （主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 /直接宾语间接宾语）1 Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 Mr Johnson taught us German last year. 2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 Grandma told us an interesting story last night. 3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。 Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster. 4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？ Would you please pass me the dictionary? 5. 他把
33、车票给列车员看。 He showed the ticket to the conductor. 6. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。 This term I have written three letters to my parents. 7. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。 My father has bought me a new bike.8. Robinson Crusoe 给自己做了一只小船。 Robinson Crusoe made himself a boat. 9. 请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？ Will you please get me a new copy? 10.
34、 我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？Shall I call you a taxi? 复合宾语结构 （主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 ）1我们叫她Alice. We call her Alice. 2他的父母给他取名为John. His parents named him John. 3我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 All of us considered him to be honest.4他们把门推开了。 They pushed the door open. 5他们把小偷释放了。 They have set the thief free. 6我们要使学校变得更美丽。 We will make our s
35、chool more beautiful. 7他请我们参加做游戏。 He asked us to join in the game. 8我要你把真相告诉我。 I want you to tell me the truth.9卫兵命令我们立即离开。 The guards ordered us to leave at once. 10明天我要找人来修理机器。 Tomorrow Ill have someone repair the machine.There be 句型 拓展：There be +句词词组”中，there为虚词，be后面的名词词组为句子的真正主语。该句式在使用时须注意如下几点：Th
36、ere be句式表示“有”时，它表示一种存在关系，通常带有一个地点状语，意为“什么地方（时候）有”。句式中的主语只能为表泛指的名词词组，此外，其主语还可以带前置或后置定语。例如：1. There is a blackboard in the classroom.2. There are five minutes to go.3. There are two old women waiting for you at the gate.在正式文体中，该句式中be动词的单复数形式取决于以下两种情况：（1）该句式中只有一个主语，主语为单数时，be动词用单数；主语若为复数，be动词也用复数。（2）该句式
37、中有几个并列主语，则按就近原则处理，即与靠近be动词的第一个主语保持一致。例如：1. There is room for improvement.2. There are three apples on the table.3. There were only two pens, a dictionary and a textbook on the desk.“There be +主语+不定式”中，不定式可以有主动和被动两种形式，不过在口语中主动形式更为常见。例如：1. There is a letter to type today.2. There is no time to lose.3.
38、 There are many things to be done now.There be句式中，be动词有各种变化形式。（1）be动词有时态变化，可以为一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来时等。例如：1. There are a lot of people in the meeting-room.2. There was little left.3. There have been many such traffic accidents in the past few years.4. When he got there, he found there had been n
39、o one waiting for him in the room.5. Without air, there would be no living things.6. There is going to be a storm tomorrow morning.（2）There be句式中，be之前可以有情态动词。例如：1. There may be some people who dont like the film.2. There used to be a temple in the village.（3）在正式文体特别是文学中，There be句式中的be也可以用其它意义的动词或词组取
40、代。它们通常是：exist, live, stand等表示存在或位置的动词；come, go, run, walk等表示运动或方向的动词以及certain to be, sure to be, appear to be, happen to be等词组。这种there存在句的谓语动词的人称、数的形式与主语须保持一致。例如：1. Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.2. In front of the village there flows a stream.3. There is sure to be a frie
41、nd of mine in the hotel.4. There happened to be no people in the room.5. There doesn”t seem to be anything wrong with the radio.（4）There be句式中，be前面还可以带其它动词的被动式，在使用中已形成了固定的句型，如：There is said to be（据说有）；There is thought to be（据认为有）；There is believed to be（据信有）等。例如：1. There is believed to be some peopl
42、e alive under the ruins. 有人认为废墟下仍有人活着。2. There will be expected to be an official report about the accident very soon. 预计很快就会有对此次事故的官方报道。含有there be的几个特殊句型。（1）There be no + V-ing形式。例如：1. There was no knowing when he would be back.2. Sorry. Theres no smoking in the waiting-room.（2）There be no need (fo
43、r sb) to do sth。例如：There is no need for him to come.（3）There be no use + V-ing形式。例如：There is no use asking her, she doesn”t know anything.（4）There is no doubt about sth/ There is no doubt that。例如：1. There is no doubt about it.2. There can be no doubt that China belongs to the Third World翻译练习：1今晚没有会。
44、 There isnt going to be a meeting tonight.There is not a meeting tonight. 2这个村子过去只有一口井。 There used to be/ was only a well in the village. 3这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。 There is a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school. a music teacher and an art teacher at school4客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。 Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen. 5天气预报说下午有大风。 The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. 6灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。 The light is on. There must be someone