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1、限制性、非限制性定语从句语法与习题 张冠华1限限限限制制制制性性性性、非非非非限限限限制制制制性性性性定定定定语语语语从从从从句句句句限制性定语从句限制性定语从句限制性定语从句限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰的作用,限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰的作用,限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰的作用,限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰的作用,关系代词有关系代词有关系代词有关系代词有that,which,whom,who,whosethat,which,whom,who,whose以及以及以及以及关系副词关系副词关系副词关系副词when,wherewhen,where等,等,等,
2、等,没有明显的逗号没有明显的逗号没有明显的逗号没有明显的逗号把从把从把从把从句与主语分开,表达的意思为被修饰词的一个定句与主语分开,表达的意思为被修饰词的一个定句与主语分开,表达的意思为被修饰词的一个定句与主语分开,表达的意思为被修饰词的一个定语。语。语。语。例句:例句:例句:例句:Do you know the professor who is speaking Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting?at the meeting?Where is the book which I bought this Where
3、is the book which I bought this morning?morning?限限限限制制制制性性性性、非非非非限限限限制制制制性性性性定定定定语语语语从从从从句句句句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句:作用相当于一种插入语或者对先行词的一种解释,作用相当于一种插入语或者对先行词的一种解释,作用相当于一种插入语或者对先行词的一种解释,作用相当于一种插入语或者对先行词的一种解释,和先行词之间只有比较松散的关系,文字和先行词之间只有比较松散的关系,文字和先行词之间只有比较松散的关系,文字和先行词之间只有比较松散的关系,文字中常常中常常中常常中常常用逗
4、号将其与主句分开用逗号将其与主句分开用逗号将其与主句分开用逗号将其与主句分开,用法其实与限制性定语,用法其实与限制性定语,用法其实与限制性定语,用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似,只是不能用从句极为相似,只是不能用从句极为相似,只是不能用从句极为相似,只是不能用thatthat做修饰词。做修饰词。做修饰词。做修饰词。例句:例句:例句:例句:This letter is from his parents,who are This letter is from his parents,who are working in Tibet.working in Tibet.Englishi is an i
5、mportant subject,which Englishi is an important subject,which every students should study well.every students should study well.The building,in front of which sat a boy,was The building,in front of which sat a boy,was a school.a school.限限限限制制制制性性性性、非非非非限限限限制制制制性性性性定定定定语语语语从从从从句句句句一、一、一、一、定语从句有限制性和非限
6、制性两种。定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性限制性限制性限制性定语定语定语定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思去掉它主句意思去掉它主句意思去掉它主句意思往往不明确往往不明确往往不明确往往不明确;非限制性非限制性非限制性非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加定语从句是先行词的附加定语从句是先行词的附加定语从句是先行词的附加说明,说明,说明,说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思去掉了也不会影响主句的意思去掉了也不会影响主句的意思去掉了也不会影响主句的
7、意思,它与主句,它与主句,它与主句,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:之间通常用逗号分开,例如:之间通常用逗号分开,例如:之间通常用逗号分开,例如:This is the house which we bought last This is the house which we bought last month.month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)性)性)性)The house,which we bought last month,is The house,which we b
8、ought last month,is very nice.very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)(非限制性)(非限制性)(非限制性)限限限限制制制制性性性性、非非非非限限限限制制制制性性性性定定定定语语语语从从从从句句句句2)2)当先行词是当先行词是当先行词是当先行词是专有名词专有名词专有名词专有名词或或或或物主代词物主代词物主代词物主代词和和和和指示代词指示代词指示代词指示代词所所所所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性
9、的,例修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:如:如:如:Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.retired last year.查理查理查理查理 史密斯去年退休了,他史密斯去年退休了,他史密斯去年退休了,他史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。曾经是我的老师。曾经是我的老师。曾经是我的老师。My house,which I bought last year,has got My house
10、,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个我去年买的的那幢房子带着个我去年买的的那幢房子带着个我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。漂亮的花园。漂亮的花园。漂亮的花园。This novel,which I have read three times,is This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching.very touching.这本小说很动人,我已经读了三这本小说很动人,我已经读了三这本小说很动人,我已经读了三
11、这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。遍。遍。遍。限限限限制制制制性性性性、非非非非限限限限制制制制性性性性定定定定语语语语从从从从句句句句3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词先行词,对其进行修饰对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:要用第三人称单数,例如:He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.他似他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor,which i
12、s called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽,液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。这就叫做蒸发。限限限限制制制制性性性性、非非非非限限限限制制制制性性性性定定定定语语语语从从从从句句句句二、二、从从形式形式上看,上看,限制性定语限制性定语从句与其先行词从句与其先行词紧紧相连,两者没有停顿;紧紧相连,两者没有停顿;非限制性非限制性定语定语从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开。从从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开。从意义意义上上讲,讲,限制性定语限制性定语从句用来修饰先行词,两从句用来修饰先行词,两者密不可分;而非者密不可分;而非限制性定语限制性定语从句仅仅对从句仅仅对先行词作补充性叙述或说明,两者关系不先行
13、词作补充性叙述或说明,两者关系不那么紧密。由于两种定语从句存在着这些那么紧密。由于两种定语从句存在着这些区别,一般来说,限制性定语从句多半译区别,一般来说,限制性定语从句多半译成汉语的前置定语,修饰其后的先行词,成汉语的前置定语,修饰其后的先行词,非限制性定语从句则往往译成后置的并列非限制性定语从句则往往译成后置的并列从句。从句。that不能引导非限制性定语从句。不能引导非限制性定语从句。限限限限制制制制性性性性、非非非非限限限限制制制制性性性性定定定定语语语语从从从从句句句句(1 1)限制性定语从句译成限制性定语从句译成限制性定语从句译成限制性定语从句译成前置定语前置定语前置定语前置定语 T
14、hese neighborhoods frequently recreate much of These neighborhoods frequently recreate much of the culture and the values of the nationality that the culture and the values of the nationality that makes up the majority of the population.makes up the majority of the population.这些居民区经常再现构成大多数居民的大量民族文化
15、和这些居民区经常再现构成大多数居民的大量民族文化和这些居民区经常再现构成大多数居民的大量民族文化和这些居民区经常再现构成大多数居民的大量民族文化和价值观念。价值观念。价值观念。价值观念。(2 2)非限制性定语从句译成后置的非限制性定语从句译成后置的非限制性定语从句译成后置的非限制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句并列分句并列分句并列分句 In almost all developing countries,economic In almost all developing countries,economic development depends upon growth in export tra
16、de,development depends upon growth in export trade,which in turn creates jobs and raises living which in turn creates jobs and raises living standards.standards.几乎所有的发展中国家经济的发展都依赖于出口贸易的几乎所有的发展中国家经济的发展都依赖于出口贸易的几乎所有的发展中国家经济的发展都依赖于出口贸易的几乎所有的发展中国家经济的发展都依赖于出口贸易的增长,而出口的增长又有助于创造更多的就业机会和提增长,而出口的增长又有助于创造更多的就
17、业机会和提增长,而出口的增长又有助于创造更多的就业机会和提增长,而出口的增长又有助于创造更多的就业机会和提高人民的生活水平。高人民的生活水平。高人民的生活水平。高人民的生活水平。但是,有时候因为意思上的关系,或者出于汉语句子结但是,有时候因为意思上的关系,或者出于汉语句子结但是,有时候因为意思上的关系,或者出于汉语句子结但是,有时候因为意思上的关系,或者出于汉语句子结构上的考虑,要把限制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句,构上的考虑,要把限制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句,构上的考虑,要把限制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句,构上的考虑,要把限制性定语从句译成后置的并列分句,而把非限制性定语从句译成前置定
18、语。而把非限制性定语从句译成前置定语。而把非限制性定语从句译成前置定语。而把非限制性定语从句译成前置定语。限限限限制制制制性性性性、非非非非限限限限制制制制性性性性定定定定语语语语从从从从句句句句(3 3)限制性定语从句译成后置的并列从句限制性定语从句译成后置的并列从句限制性定语从句译成后置的并列从句限制性定语从句译成后置的并列从句 Each team plays ten or eleven games each Each team plays ten or eleven games each season which begins in September and season which
19、begins in September and ends in November.ends in November.每个队每赛季参加十到十一场比赛,每个赛季九每个队每赛季参加十到十一场比赛,每个赛季九每个队每赛季参加十到十一场比赛,每个赛季九每个队每赛季参加十到十一场比赛,每个赛季九月份开始,十一月份结束。月份开始,十一月份结束。月份开始,十一月份结束。月份开始,十一月份结束。(4 4)非限制性定语从句译成前置定语非限制性定语从句译成前置定语非限制性定语从句译成前置定语非限制性定语从句译成前置定语 He appeared to be returning home from a He appea
20、red to be returning home from a walk,for his buckle shoes,which followed a walk,for his buckle shoes,which followed a fashion long since out of date,were covered fashion long since out of date,were covered with dust.with dust.他好象是散步之后回家去,因为他那早已过时的他好象是散步之后回家去,因为他那早已过时的他好象是散步之后回家去,因为他那早已过时的他好象是散步之后回家去
21、,因为他那早已过时的扣鞋上布满了灰尘。扣鞋上布满了灰尘。扣鞋上布满了灰尘。扣鞋上布满了灰尘。限限限限制制制制性性性性、非非非非限限限限制制制制性性性性定定定定语语语语从从从从句句句句(5 5)有的定语从句,从意义上看实际相当于一有的定语从句,从意义上看实际相当于一有的定语从句,从意义上看实际相当于一有的定语从句,从意义上看实际相当于一个状语从句,表示原因,目的,结果,让步等关个状语从句,表示原因,目的,结果,让步等关个状语从句,表示原因,目的,结果,让步等关个状语从句,表示原因,目的,结果,让步等关系。这样的定语从句应译出汉语的偏正复句,但系。这样的定语从句应译出汉语的偏正复句,但系。这样的定
22、语从句应译出汉语的偏正复句,但系。这样的定语从句应译出汉语的偏正复句,但是要加上相应的连接词以表明其与主句的关系。是要加上相应的连接词以表明其与主句的关系。是要加上相应的连接词以表明其与主句的关系。是要加上相应的连接词以表明其与主句的关系。Norway is,quite naturally,paying great Norway is,quite naturally,paying great attention to developments in Europe and in attention to developments in Europe and in the Atlantic com
23、munity,which are so the Atlantic community,which are so instrumental to the maintenance of peace instrumental to the maintenance of peace and security in our part of the world.and security in our part of the world.挪威自然十分关切欧洲和大西洋国家的发展,因挪威自然十分关切欧洲和大西洋国家的发展,因挪威自然十分关切欧洲和大西洋国家的发展,因挪威自然十分关切欧洲和大西洋国家的发展,因为这
24、些发展大大有助于维护世界上我们这一地区为这些发展大大有助于维护世界上我们这一地区为这些发展大大有助于维护世界上我们这一地区为这些发展大大有助于维护世界上我们这一地区的和平和安全的和平和安全的和平和安全的和平和安全 说明:关系代词说明:关系代词说明:关系代词说明:关系代词thatthat和关系副词和关系副词和关系副词和关系副词whywhy不能引导非不能引导非不能引导非不能引导非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句。限限限限制制制制性性性性、非非非非限限限限制制制制性性性性定定定定语语语语从从从从句句句句三、下面是些例题,你做做看。三、下面是些例题,你做做看。三、下面是些
25、例题,你做做看。三、下面是些例题,你做做看。一、一、一、一、thatthat不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。如:不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。如:不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。如:不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。如:【考例一】【考例一】【考例一】【考例一】She heard the terrible noise,She heard the terrible noise,_brought her heart into her mouth._brought her heart into her mouth.A.it B.which C.this D.that A.it B.which C.this D
26、.that【解析】选【解析】选【解析】选【解析】选B B。后半句为非限制性定语从句,尽。后半句为非限制性定语从句,尽。后半句为非限制性定语从句,尽。后半句为非限制性定语从句,尽管先行词管先行词管先行词管先行词noisenoise属于事物,也不能用属于事物,也不能用属于事物,也不能用属于事物,也不能用thatthat而要用而要用而要用而要用whichwhich来引导。来引导。来引导。来引导。whichwhich指代指代指代指代noisenoise,在从句中作主,在从句中作主,在从句中作主,在从句中作主语。语。语。语。限限限限制制制制性性性性、非非非非限限限限制制制制性性性性定定定定语语语语从从从
27、从句句句句二、除二、除二、除二、除whichwhich外,还可用外,还可用外,还可用外,还可用whenwhen,wherewhere,whosewhose,whomwhom等引导非等引导非等引导非等引导非限制性定语从句,且各自的用法及差异与它们用在限制性定语从句限制性定语从句,且各自的用法及差异与它们用在限制性定语从句限制性定语从句,且各自的用法及差异与它们用在限制性定语从句限制性定语从句,且各自的用法及差异与它们用在限制性定语从句时相同。如:时相同。如:时相同。如:时相同。如:Next month,when youll spend your summer holidays in your N
28、ext month,when youll spend your summer holidays in your hometown,is approaching.hometown,is approaching.下个月即将来临,届时你们将在家乡下个月即将来临,届时你们将在家乡下个月即将来临,届时你们将在家乡下个月即将来临,届时你们将在家乡度暑假。度暑假。度暑假。度暑假。(关系副词关系副词关系副词关系副词whenwhen指代表示时间的名词指代表示时间的名词指代表示时间的名词指代表示时间的名词next monthnext month,并作从,并作从,并作从,并作从句的状语。句的状语。句的状语。句的状语
29、。)She is going to live in Macao,where she has some close She is going to live in Macao,where she has some close friends.friends.她要到澳门去居住,在那里她有几个密友。她要到澳门去居住,在那里她有几个密友。她要到澳门去居住,在那里她有几个密友。她要到澳门去居住,在那里她有几个密友。(关系副词关系副词关系副词关系副词wherewhere指代表示地点的名词指代表示地点的名词指代表示地点的名词指代表示地点的名词MacaoMacao,并在从句中作状语。,并在从句中作状语。,并在
30、从句中作状语。,并在从句中作状语。)【考例二】【考例二】【考例二】【考例二】Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,_was very Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,_was very reasonable.reasonable.A.which price A.which price B.the price of which B.the price of which C.its price C.its price D.the price of whose D.the price of whose【
31、解析】选【解析】选【解析】选【解析】选B B。whosewhose在从句中作表示所属关系的定语,既可指代人,也可指代物。在从句中作表示所属关系的定语,既可指代人,也可指代物。在从句中作表示所属关系的定语,既可指代人,也可指代物。在从句中作表示所属关系的定语,既可指代人,也可指代物。指物时,常可转换为指物时,常可转换为指物时,常可转换为指物时,常可转换为of whichof which;指人时常可转换为;指人时常可转换为;指人时常可转换为;指人时常可转换为of whomof whom。限限限限制制制制性性性性、非非非非限限限限制制制制性性性性定定定定语语语语从从从从句句句句【考例三】【考例三】【
32、考例三】【考例三】In the office I never seem to have In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm,_many people time until after 5:30 pm,_many people have gone home.have gone home.A.whose time B.that A.whose time B.that C.on which D.by which time C.on which D.by which time【解析】【解析】【解析】【解析】先行词先行词
33、先行词先行词5:30 pm5:30 pm与与与与timetime之间是一种同位之间是一种同位之间是一种同位之间是一种同位关系,可用关系,可用关系,可用关系,可用whichwhich来作定语替代。从句中的完成来作定语替代。从句中的完成来作定语替代。从句中的完成来作定语替代。从句中的完成状态,常与状态,常与状态,常与状态,常与byby短语连用。故选短语连用。故选短语连用。故选短语连用。故选D D。限限限限制制制制性性性性、非非非非限限限限制制制制性性性性定定定定语语语语从从从从句句句句三、在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不能省略。三、在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不能省略。三、在非限制性
34、定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不能省略。三、在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不能省略。如:如:如:如:He was eager to go to the hospital to see his He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother,whom he loved as his own mother.stepmother,whom he loved as his own mother.他迫他迫他迫他迫切地想到医院去看望他的继母,他把继母当自己的亲妈切地想到医院去看望他的继母,他把继母当自己的亲妈切地想到医院去看望他的继母,他
35、把继母当自己的亲妈切地想到医院去看望他的继母,他把继母当自己的亲妈妈一样爱戴。妈一样爱戴。妈一样爱戴。妈一样爱戴。四、非限制性定语从句的关系代词四、非限制性定语从句的关系代词四、非限制性定语从句的关系代词四、非限制性定语从句的关系代词whichwhich,既可以指代前,既可以指代前,既可以指代前,既可以指代前面的先行词,也可以指代前面整句的含义。如:面的先行词,也可以指代前面整句的含义。如:面的先行词,也可以指代前面整句的含义。如:面的先行词,也可以指代前面整句的含义。如:【考例四】【考例四】【考例四】【考例四】Dorothy was always speaking highly of her
36、 role in the Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play,of course,_made the others unhappy.play,of course,_made the others unhappy.A.who B.which A.who B.which C.this D.what C.this D.what【解析】选【解析】选【解析】选【解析】选B B。指代。指代。指代。指代“Dorothy“Dorothy总是高度评价自己在那场戏中所担任的角色总是高度评价自己在那场戏中所担任的角色总是高度评价自己在
37、那场戏中所担任的角色总是高度评价自己在那场戏中所担任的角色”的整个事件。的整个事件。的整个事件。的整个事件。限限限限制制制制性性性性、非非非非限限限限制制制制性性性性定定定定语语语语从从从从句句句句【考例五】【考例五】【考例五】【考例五】Carol said the work would be done by October,_personally Carol said the work would be done by October,_personally I doubt very much.I doubt very much.A.it B.that A.it B.that C.when
38、D.which C.when D.which【解析】表示时间的名词【解析】表示时间的名词【解析】表示时间的名词【解析】表示时间的名词OctoberOctober,用,用,用,用“我个人非常怀疑我个人非常怀疑我个人非常怀疑我个人非常怀疑”来修饰,意思不通。应该修来修饰,意思不通。应该修来修饰,意思不通。应该修来修饰,意思不通。应该修饰整个主句,饰整个主句,饰整个主句,饰整个主句,表示对表示对表示对表示对“Carol“Carol说在十月前能做好这项工作说在十月前能做好这项工作说在十月前能做好这项工作说在十月前能做好这项工作”怀疑。故选怀疑。故选怀疑。故选怀疑。故选D D。五、引导非限制性定语从句时
39、五、引导非限制性定语从句时五、引导非限制性定语从句时五、引导非限制性定语从句时asas和和和和whichwhich的差异:从句置于句首时,非限制性定语从的差异:从句置于句首时,非限制性定语从的差异:从句置于句首时,非限制性定语从的差异:从句置于句首时,非限制性定语从句只能用句只能用句只能用句只能用asas引导,而置于句末时,两者都可以使用。引导,而置于句末时,两者都可以使用。引导,而置于句末时,两者都可以使用。引导,而置于句末时,两者都可以使用。如:如:如:如:【考例六】【考例六】【考例六】【考例六】_is known to everybody,the moon travels round t
40、he earth _is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.once every month.A.It B.As C.That D.What A.It B.As C.That D.What【解析】逗号表明为非限制性定语从句。选【解析】逗号表明为非限制性定语从句。选【解析】逗号表明为非限制性定语从句。选【解析】逗号表明为非限制性定语从句。选B B。【考例七】【考例七】【考例七】【考例七】_is mentioned above,the number of the students in seni
41、or _is mentioned above,the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.high schools is increasing.A.Which B.As A.Which B.As C.That D.It C.That D.It【解析】答案为【解析】答案为【解析】答案为【解析】答案为B B。与考例六同理。与考例六同理。与考例六同理。与考例六同理。限限限限制制制制性性性性、非非非非限限限限制制制制性性性性定定定定语语语语从从从从句句句句 定语从句专项练习题与答案详解定语从句专项练习题与答案详解定语从
42、句专项练习题与答案详解定语从句专项练习题与答案详解1.Nearly all the streets are in straight lines,_ from east 1.Nearly all the streets are in straight lines,_ from east to west.Those _ run from north to south are called to west.Those _ run from north to south are called avenues.avenues.A.running;that B.run;who A.running;that
43、 B.run;who C.running;who D.run;thatC.running;who D.run;that2.This is the case _ hes had all his money stolen.2.This is the case _ hes had all his money stolen.A.when B.where A.when B.where C.that D.on whichC.that D.on which3.Mr.Smith will pay a visit to Beijing this autumn,_ we 3.Mr.Smith will pay a
44、 visit to Beijing this autumn,_ we will enjoy the Olympic Games in 2008.A.where B.when C.will enjoy the Olympic Games in 2008.A.where B.when C.which D.howwhich D.how4.The artist will not paint people or animals but he will paint 4.The artist will not paint people or animals but he will paint anythin
45、g _.anything _.A.that the little girl asks him B.the little girl asks him toA.that the little girl asks him B.the little girl asks him toC.for the little girl to ask him D.what the little girl asks himC.for the little girl to ask him D.what the little girl asks him5.How did you get in touch with the
46、 travel agent,Robin?5.How did you get in touch with the travel agent,Robin?Oh,thats easy.I surfed the Internet and then called one Oh,thats easy.I surfed the Internet and then called one _ the telephone number is provided._ the telephone number is provided.A.which B.in which C.of which D.whoseA.whic
47、h B.in which C.of which D.whose6.October 15 th is my birthday,_ I will never forget.6.October 15 th is my birthday,_ I will never forget.A.when B.that C.what D.whichA.when B.that C.what D.which7.The treatment will continue until the patient 7.The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the
48、 point _ he can walk correctly reaches the point _ he can walk correctly and safely.and safely.A.when B.where C.which D.whoseA.when B.where C.which D.whose8.There are several research centers in China 8.There are several research centers in China _ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being _ a cert
49、ain disease called Bird Flu is being studied.studied.A.which B.where C.when D.whatA.which B.where C.when D.what9.I hope that the little _ I have been able to 9.I hope that the little _ I have been able to do does good to them all.do does good to them all.A.which B.what C.that D.whenA.which B.what C.
50、that D.when10.The time is not far away _ modern 10.The time is not far away _ modern communications will becomecommunications will becomewidespread in Chinas vast countryside.widespread in Chinas vast countryside.A.as B.when C.until D.beforeA.as B.when C.until D.before11._ is known to everybody,Taiw