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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Well,as Chris pointed out,I study the human brain-thefunctions and structure of the human brain.是的，就如克里斯指出的，我研究人的大脑-人类大脑的功能和结构。00:12And I just want you to think for a minute about what thisentails.我想给大家用一分钟的时间想一下这意味着什么00:18Here is this mass of jelly-three pound mass of jelly you canhold
2、 in the palm of your hand,and it can contemplate thevastness of interstellar space.这是一个硕大的果冻状的物质-三英镑质量 你可以把它放在你的手掌里，它能思考浩瀚的星际空间，00:22It can contemplate the meaning of infinity and it cancontemplate itself contemplating on the meaning of infinity.它可以思考“无限”的含义，以及思考它本身去理解“无限”的含义。00:33And this peculiar
3、recursive quality that we call self-awareness,which I think is the Holy Grail of neuroscience,ofneurology,and hopefully,someday,well understand howthat happens.这种独特的自省的特质我们称为自我意识。我认为这就是神经系统科学和神经病学的“圣杯”，但愿有一天，我们能够明白这是怎么产生的。00:40for a minute:一会儿 entails:vt.使需要,必需;承担;遗传给;蕴含/n.引起;需要;继承 jelly:n.果冻;胶状物/vi
4、.成胶状/vt.使结冻hold in:抑制;约束 contemplate:vt.沉思;注视;思忖;预期/vi.冥思苦想;深思熟虑 interstellar:adj.航天星际的 infinity:n.无穷;无限大;无限距 contemplating:注视 peculiar:adj.特殊的；独特的；奇怪的；罕见的/n.特权；特有财产 recursive:adj.数递归的;循环的 self-awareness:n.自我意识 Grail:n.杯;圣杯(传说中耶稣最后晚餐所用之杯);大盘;长期以来梦寐以求的东西 neuroscience:n.神经系统科学(指神经病学,神经化学等)neurology:n.
5、神经病学;神经学OK,so how do you study this mysterious organ?好的，那么你要怎么研究这个神秘的器官呢？00:52I mean you have 100 billion nerve cells,little wisps ofprotoplasm,interacting with each other,and from thisactivity emerges the whole spectrum of abilities that we callhuman nature and human consciousness.我的意思是说你有1000亿个神经元
6、细胞，(每个是)一小束原生质,它们相互作用,从这些活动中，迸发出一系列的能力 我们称为人性和人的意识。00:55How does this happen?这是怎么产生的呢?01:09Well,there are many ways of approaching the functions ofthe human brain.嗯，我们可以用很多方法去研究人脑的功能。01:10One approach,the one we use mainly,is to look at patientswith sustained damage to a small region of the brain,wh
7、eretheres been a genetic change in a small region of the brain.其中的一个方法，我们所采用的主要的方法，是观察大脑中一小部分区域遭受持续性损伤的病人，这部分区域已经发生了一种遗传学改变。01:13What then happens is not an across-the-board reduction inall your mental capacities,a sort of blunting of yourcognitive ability.这发生的不是全面性丧失 所有的心智能力,换句话说是一种使认知能力迟钝的情况.01:23
8、What you get is a highly selective loss of one function withother functions being preserved intact,and this gives yousome confidence in asserting that that part of the brain issomehow involved in mediating that function.这是一种特定功能的丧失 而其他功能则完好无损。这让你能自信地说：那个区域以某种方式在那个功能的运作中起到作用。01:32wisps:n.小捆;一缕;云雪瑕疵;微
9、细的东西(wisp的复数形式)/v.捆成小束(wisp的三单形式)protoplasm:n.原生质;原浆;细胞质 interacting:n.相互作用;相互制约/v.互相影响;互相作用(interact的ing形式)emerges:vi.浮现;摆脱;暴露 spectrum:n.光谱；频谱；范围；余象 consciousness:n.意识;知觉;觉悟;感觉 sustained:adj.持续的;持久的;持久不变的/v.维持(sustain的过去式和过去分词);承受 across-the-board:adj.全面的/adv.全面地 capacities:n.能力;容量;性能;生产量(capacity
10、的复数)cognitive:adj.认知的，认识的 preserved:adj.保藏的;腌制的;喝醉的 asserting:v.主张,声明;断言(assert的ing形式)mediating:调停So you can then map function onto structure,and then findout what the circuitrys doing to generate that particularfunction.这样你就能将功能映射到结构上去，并找出这部分神经回路是如何产生 这个特定的功能的。01:43So thats what were trying to do.这
11、就是我们想做的事。01:50So let me give you a few striking examples of this.就让我向诸位展示几个惊人的例子。01:52In fact,Im giving you three examples,six minutes each,during this talk.事实上，在这个演讲中，我要给出三个例子，每个6分钟。01:55The first example is an extraordinary syndrome calledCapgras syndrome.第一个例子是一种称为“卡普格拉斯综合症(Capgras Syndrome)的罕见综合
12、症。01:59TED演讲者：Vilayanur Ramachandran|维兰努亚.拉玛钱德朗演讲标题：A journey to the center of your mind|通往心灵中央的旅程内容概要：Neurologist V.S.Ramachandran looks deep into the brain.s most basic mechanisms.By working with those who have very specific mental disabilities caused by brain injury orstroke,he can map functions
13、of the mind to physical structures of the brain.神经学家维兰努亚.拉玛钱德朗（Vilayanur Ramachandran）在这篇演讲中通过三个惊人的幻觉的案例，告诉我们大脑损伤可以揭示大脑组织和心智之间的联系。（绝大部分的中文翻译来自科学松鼠会网站红猪早已完成的翻译)。If you look at the first slide there,thats the temporal lobes,frontal lobes,parietal lobes,OK-the lobes that constitutethe brain.请看那边的第一个幻灯片
14、，图中显示的是颞叶(temporal lobes)、额叶(frontal lobes)和顶叶(parietal lobes)。够成大脑的脑叶。02:03And if you look,tucked away inside the inner surface of thetemporal lobes-you cant see it there-is a little structurecalled the fusiform gyrus.你再看看，折叠在颞叶的皮层内部的部分 你在图中看不见的 是一种称为梭状回(fusiform gyrus)的微小结构。02:12circuitry:n.电路;电路系
15、统;电路学;一环路 syndrome:n.临床综合征;综合症状;并发症状;校验子;并发位 temporal:adj.暂时的;当时的;现世的/n.世间万物;暂存的事物 lobes:n.耳垂;脑叶(lobe的复数形式)frontal:adj.额的;正面的,前面的/n.额骨,额部;房屋的正面 parietal:adj.解剖腔壁的;颅顶骨的;(美)学院生活的/n.顶骨,头顶骨 tucked:vt.盘(腿);盘(头发);使有褶裥;使折叠;收拢(tuck的过去分词)/vi.缝褶裥;折叠(tuck的过去分词)fusiform:adj.梭形的;纺锭状的;两端渐细的 gyrus:n.解剖脑回(形成大脑半球的组织
16、);回转And thats been called the face area in the brain becausewhen its damaged,you can no longer recognize peoplesfaces.它被称为脑的“脸部区域”，因为如果这个区域遭受损伤，你就无法再识别人们的面孔了。02:20You can still recognize them from their voice and say,ohyeah,thats Joe,but you cant look at their face and knowwho it is,right?你仍然能够通过嗓音识
17、别他人，并且说，“哦，对了，这是乔”，但你没法看着别人的脸认出这是谁，对吧？02:26You cant even recognize yourself in the mirror.你就连镜子里的自己都认不出来了。02:33I mean,you know its you because you wink and it winks,and you know its a mirror,but you dont really recognizeyourself as yourself.我的意思是说，当你对着镜子眨眼时，你依然知道那人在眨眼，而且你知道那是在镜子里，但却真的识别不出那个人就是你自己。02
18、:35OK.Now that syndrome is well known as caused by damageto the fusiform gyrus.好，现在这种梭状回损伤导致的疾病是众所周知的了。02:43But theres another rare syndrome,so rare,in fact,that veryfew physicians have heard about it,not even neurologists.但还有一种罕见的综合症，非常罕见，事实上，连医生都很少知道，甚至于神经病学家。02:47This is called the Capgras delusi
19、on,and that is a patientwhos otherwise completely normal has had a head injury,comes out of coma,otherwise completely normal,he looks athis mother它名叫“卡普格拉斯错觉”(Capgras Delusion),即一个原本完全正常的病患 遭受了头部损伤，从昏迷中醒来，原本完全正常的病患,他看着自己的母亲02:54wink:vi.眨眼;使眼色;闪烁/n.眨眼;使眼色;闪烁;瞬间/vt.眨眼 winks:n.眨眼(wink的复数);打瞌睡/v.眨眼;使眼色;
20、闪烁(wink的第三人称单数)physicians:n.内科内科医生(physician的复数)neurologists:n.神经病学家;神经科专门医师 delusion:n.迷惑,欺骗;错觉;幻想 coma:n.医昏迷;天彗形像差and says,This looks exactly like my mother,this woman,butshes an impostor-shes some other woman pretending tobe my mother.并且说，“这人看上去跟我母亲一模一样，这个女人，但她是个假冒的，是个假装成我母亲的女人”。03:05Now,why does
21、 this happen?为什么会这样呢？03:12Why would somebody-and this person is perfectly lucidand intelligent in all other respects,but when he sees hismother,his delusion kicks in and says its not mother.为什么这个人完全清醒和理智,在所有其它方面，但当他看见他母亲时，他的错觉就出现，并说“这不是我母亲”。03:14Now,the most common interpretation of this,which you f
22、indin all the psychiatry text books,is a Freudian view,and that isthat this chap-and the same argument applies to womenby the way,but Ill just talk about guys-when youre a littlebaby,a young baby,you had a strong sexual attraction toyour mother.现在，对此最常见的解释是，你可以在所有的精神病学的教科书找到，是弗洛伊德式的观点，那就是：当这个小伙子 顺便提
23、一句，女性也得有这种病的 但我只说男的好了 当你还是个婴儿，一个很小的婴儿的时候，你对母亲有种很强烈的性吸引。03:22This is the so-called Oedipus complex of Freud.这就是所谓的“俄狄浦斯”(Oedipus)恋母情结。03:39Im not saying I believe this,but this is the standard Freudianview.我没说我相信这个，但标准的弗洛伊德观点就是这样的。03:41And then as you grow up,the cortex develops,and inhibitsthese lat
24、ent sexual urges towards your mother.长大后，你的皮层生长发育，抑制了对母亲的潜在性欲。03:45impostor:n.骗子;冒充者 lucid:adj.明晰的;透明的;易懂的;头脑清楚的 psychiatry:n.精神病学;精神病治疗法 chap:n.小伙子;家伙;龟裂/vt.使皲裂/vi.皲裂 so-called:adj.所谓的；号称的 cortex:n.解剖皮质;树皮;果皮 inhibits:抑制/阻止 latent:adj.潜在的;潜伏的;隐藏的 urges:v.呼吁;力劝(urge的第三人称单数形式)/n.冲动;迫切的要求(urge的复数形式)Th
25、ank God,or you would all be sexually aroused when yousaw your mother.感谢上帝，否则每次你看到你母亲的时候会唤起你的性欲。03:52And then what happens is,theres a blow to your head,damaging the cortex,allowing these latent sexual urges toemerge,flaming to the surface,and suddenly andinexplicably you find yourself being sexually
26、 aroused by yourmother.接下来，所发生的是，头部的击打损伤了皮层，把潜在的性冲动释放，释放到了表层。突然间，莫名其妙地，你觉得自己对母亲产生了性欲。03:56And you say,My God,if this is my mom,how come Imbeing sexually turned on?于是你想：“天啊，这是我妈，我怎么可能会觉得性冲动？04:10Shes some other woman.Shes an impostor.她一定是别的女人，是个假冒的。”04:14Its the only interpretation that makes sense t
27、o yourdamaged brain.对你受损伤的大脑来说只有这解释才说的通。04:16This has never made much sense to me,this argument.我从来不觉得这样的论辩有道理。04:20Its very ingenious,as all Freudian arguments are-尽管像弗洛伊德的其它论辩一样，它非常巧妙。04:23(Laughter)(众笑)04:26-but didnt make much sense because I have seen the samedelusion,a patient having the same
28、delusion about his petpoodle.但我觉得它没道理，是因为我见过同样的错觉，有一病患对他的贵宾犬有同样的错觉。04:28(Laughter)Hell say,Doctor,this is not Fifi,it looks exactlylike Fifi,but its some other dog.Right?(众笑)他说：“大夫，这不是菲菲，它看上去跟菲菲一个样，但它是另一条狗”。对吧？04:35aroused:唤醒 flaming:adj.燃烧的;火红的;激昂的/v.燃烧;变亮;发光(flame的ing形式)ingenious:adj.有独创性的；机灵的，精制的
29、；心灵手巧的 poodle:n.狮子狗/vt.剪毛Now,you try using the Freudian explanation there.现在请你用弗洛伊德的理论解释解释看。04:43(Laughter)Youll start talking about the latent bestiality in allhumans,or some such thing,which is quite absurd of course.(众笑)你将开始讨论有关人类潜在的恋兽性 或类似的事情，这当然是相当荒谬的。04:45Now,whats really going on?实际是怎么回事呢？04:
30、53So to explain this curious disorder,we look at the structureand functions of the normal visual pathways in the brain.为了解释这种奇怪的疾病，我们来看看正常人脑视觉通路的结构和功能。04:55Normally,visual signals come in,into the eyeballs,go to thevisual areas in the brain.通常来说，视觉信号通过眼球 进入脑中的视觉区域05:01There are in fact 30 areas in t
31、he back of your brainconcerned with just vision,and after processing all that,themessage goes to a small structure called the fusiform gyrus,where you perceive faces.事实上脑后部有30个负责处理视觉信号的区域，然后，通过处理所有的这些，信号进入一种微小结构 它称为“梭状回”，在那里感知到面部图像。05:06www.XiYuS锡育软件There are neurons there that are sensitive to face
32、s.那里有对面部感知的神经元。05:17You can call it the face area of the brain,right?你可以称它为“大脑的面部区”。对吧?05:19I talked about that earlier.我之前谈及过.05:22Now,when that areas damaged,you lose the ability to seefaces,right?那个区域一旦损坏，你就失去了识别面孔的能力。对吧?05:24bestiality:n.兽性;兽行;人兽性交 pathways:n.小路;小径(pathway的复数)eyeballs:n.解剖眼球(eye
33、ball的复数)/v.注视;仔细打量(eyeball的第三人称单数形式)concerned with:关心;涉及;忙于;与有关But from that area,the message cascades into a structurecalled the amygdala in the limbic system,the emotional coreof the brain,and that structure,called the amygdala,gaugesthe emotional significance of what youre looking at.但神经信号还会从那个区域
34、通过，到达边缘系统中称为杏仁核(amygdala)的区域，那是脑的情绪核心。那个结构称为杏仁核(amygdala),它判断你所看见的物体在情绪上的重要性.05:28Is it prey?Is it predator?Is it mate?那是猎物，是捕食者，是配偶，05:40Or is it something absolutely trivial,like a piece of lint,or apiece of chalk,or a-I dont want to point to that but-or ashoe,or something like that?OK?还是完全无关紧要的东西
35、。例如一个小线头,或者一截粉笔,获者-我不想指出来了,但 或者是一只鞋,或者类似的东西.05:44Which you can completely ignore.总之是你可以完全忽略的.05:52So if the amygdala is excited,and this is somethingimportant,the messages then cascade into the autonomicnervous system.如果杏仁核变得兴奋，那么说明这是很重要的东西，神经信号就会向下发送到自主神经系统.05:54Your heart starts beating faster,you
36、 start sweating todissipate the heat that youre going to exert-create frommuscular exertion.你的心跳开始加速，你开始出汗以散热，你将紧张 由肌肉收缩产生.06:00cascades:n.水文小瀑布;叶棚(cascade的复数)/v.瀑布似地落下(cascade的三单形式)amygdala:n.解剖杏仁核;扁桃腺;苦巴旦杏 limbic:adj.边的;缘的 predator:n.动捕食者;动食肉动物;掠夺者 lint:n.软麻布;线头;棉绒/vi.飞散出棉线 pointto:指向;表明 autonomic
37、:adj.自律的;自治的 sweating:v.出汗(sweat的ing形式)/n.发汗(等于exudation)dissipate:vt.浪费;使消散/vi.驱散;放荡 muscular:adj.肌肉的；肌肉发达的；强健的 exertion:n.发挥;运用;努力And thats fortunate,because we can put two electrodes onyour palm and measure the change in skin resistanceproduced by sweating.那是幸运的,因为我们可以把两个电极放在手掌上，来测量汗液产生的皮肤电阻的变化.0
38、6:07So I can determine,when youre looking at something,whether youre excited or whether youre aroused or not,OK?这样我就能判断,当你看着什么东西的时候,是兴奋，被唤起，还是没有反应了。对吧?06:15And Ill get to that in a minute.而我就可以在短时间内知道.06:21So my idea was,when this chap looks at an object,when helooks at his-any object for that matte
39、r,it goes to the visualareas and-however,and its processed in the fusiform我的想法是：当这小伙子看着某个物体时，当他看着他的.任何有关系的物体,信号到达视觉区,并且.也就是说,进入梭状回处理 你就认出了这件物体是一棵豌豆,一张桌子,或者是你的母亲,那是有areas and-however,and its processed in the fusiformgyrus,and you recognize it as a pea plant,or a table,or yourmother for that matter,OK
40、?体是一棵豌豆,一张桌子,或者是你的母亲,那是有关系的.对吧?06:23And then the message cascades into the amygdala,and thengoes down the autonomic nervous system.接着,信号就传到杏仁核,再往下传递到自主神经系统。06:39But maybe in this chap,that wire that goes from theamygdala to the limbic system-the emotional core of thebrain-is cut by the accident.但或许在
41、这小伙子的脑中，从杏仁核到边缘系统的线路 即到大脑中控制情绪的核心的线路,被事故切断了。06:44So because the fusiform is intact,the chap can still recognizehis mother,and says,Oh yeah,this looks like my mother.由于梭状回是完整的，小伙子还能够认出他母亲，并且想，“是啊，这人看上去像我母亲”.06:52But because the wire is cut to the emotional centers,he says,But how come,if its my mothe
42、r,I dont experience awarmth?但由于通往情绪中心的通路被切断了，他就会想：“为什么我看见母亲时感觉不到温暖，06:59electrodes:n.电电极(electrode的复数);电焊条 in a minute:马上;立即Or terror,as the case may be?Right?或者,也许在这个案例中是恐惧,对吧?07:06(Laughter)And therefore,he says,How do I account for thisinexplicable lack of emotions?(众笑)于是他就想，我怎样解释这种无法解释的情绪缺失呢？07:
43、08This cant be my mother.这不可能是我的母亲。07:15Its some strange woman pretending to be my mother.而是某个奇怪的女人假装是我的母亲。07:17How do you test this?你要怎么验证这个呢？07:19Well,what you do is,if you take any one of you here,and putyou in front of a screen,and measure your galvanic skinresponse,and show pictures on the scre
44、en,你要做的是，如果你找来一个人，在他面前放一面屏幕，一边测量他的皮肤电反应，一边在屏幕上放图片给他看，07:21I can measure how you sweat when you see an object,like atable or an umbrella-of course,you dont sweat.我能测量你看见一个物体出汗的情况，比如一张桌子或一把伞时，当然你不会出汗，07:28If I show you a picture of a lion,or a tiger,or a pin-up,youstart sweating,right?如果我给你看狮子，老虎或性感女郎
45、海报的照片，你会开始出汗。对吧？07:34And,believe it or not,if I show you a picture of your mother-Im talking about normal people-you start sweating.信不信由你，如果我给你看你母亲的照片，我说的是正常的人，你会开始流汗，07:39You dont even have to be Jewish.你甚至不用是个犹太人。07:44account for:对负有责任;对做出解释;说明的原因;导致;(比例)占 inexplicable:adj.费解的;无法说明的;不能解释的galvanic:
46、adj.电流的;使人震惊的;触电似的 umbrella:n.雨伞;保护伞;庇护;伞形结构 pin-up:n.美女画像(等于pinup)/adj.可钉在墙上的(Laughter)Now,what happens-what happens if you showthis patient?(众笑)那么，当你向病人展示时，发生了什么事呢？07:46You take the patient and show him pictures on the screenand measure his galvanic skin response.你向病人展示图片 并测量他的皮肤电反应07:52Tables and
47、 chairs and lint,nothing happens,as in normalpeople,but when you show him a picture of his mother,thegalvanic skin response is flat.看桌子，椅子，线头，没有反应，跟正常人一样；当你给他看他母亲的相片，皮肤电图像是平的，07:58Theres no emotional reaction to his mother because thatwire going from the visual areas to the emotional centers iscut.他
48、对自己的母亲也没有情绪反应，因为从视觉区通往情绪中心的线路被切断了。08:07So his vision is normal because the visual areas are normal,his emotions are normal-hell laugh,hell cry,so on and soforth-but the wire from vision to emotions is cut andtherefore he has this delusion that his mother is an impostor.他的视觉没有问题，因为视觉区是正常的，他的情绪反应也没有问题
49、，他会哭会笑，等等 但是从视觉到情绪的线路却断了，因此，他有了这个母亲是冒牌货的错觉。08:14Its a lovely example of the sort of thing we do,take a bizarre,seemingly incomprehensible,neural psychiatric syndromeand say that the standard Freudian view is wrong,我们所作的这类事情是个生动的例子，把这种奇怪的、表面看似无法理解的神经精神病症状 认为是正统弗洛伊德观点是错误的08:26that in fact you can come
50、 up with a precise explanation interms of the known neural anatomy of the brain.实际上你可以找到一个精确的解释，从已知的大脑神经解剖的角度。08:35bizarre:adj.奇异的(指态度，容貌，款式等)incomprehensible:adj.费解的;不可思议的;无限的 neural:adj.神经的;神经系统的;背的;神经中枢的 psychiatric:adj.精神病学的;精神病治疗的 come up with:提出;想出;赶上 in terms of:依据;按照;在方面;以措词By the way,if thi