《RobertFull_2009[Robert Full][壁虎尾巴的学问].pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《RobertFull_2009[Robert Full][壁虎尾巴的学问].pdf（5页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Let me share with you today an original discovery.今天，我将与你们分享一个独立发现的故事。00:12But I want to tell it to you the way it really happened-notthe way I present it in a scientific meeting,or the way youdread it in a scientific paper.我想告诉你们这个发现究竟是如何发生的。而不像科学会议，或是文献中介绍的故事。00:17Its a story about be
2、yond biomimetics,to something Imcalling biomutualism.这个发现的领域超越了传统的仿生学，我把它称作Biomutualism。00:25I define that as an association between biology and anotherdiscipline,where each discipline reciprocally advances theother,but where the collective discoveries that emerge arebeyond any single field.它是生物学与另一
3、门学科 相互促进、发现的科研方法。其共同研究的成果非任何单一学科所能及。00:31Now,in terms of biomimetics,as human technologies takeon more of the characteristics of nature,nature becomes amuch more useful teacher.就仿生学来说，在人类科技不断学习、仿制自然的过程中，大自然成为了一个越来越有益的老师。00:42Engineering can be inspired by biology by using itsprinciples and analogies
4、 when theyre advantageous,butthen integrating that with the best human engineering,ultimately to make something actually better than nature.比如工程师常在生物学中寻找启发，借鉴自然中实用的原理和相似的现象。他们将这些启发与最好的工程方法相结合，才得以设计出超越自然界灵感来源本身的产品。00:50biomimetics:n.生体模仿学 in terms of:依据;按照;在方面;以措词 characteristics:n.特性,特征;特色(character
5、istic的复数);特质 analogies:n.类比;类推法 advantageous:adj.有利的;有益的 integrating:v.整合;积分;集成化(integrate的ing形式)/n.集成化;综合化Now,being a biologist,I was very curious about this.作为生物学家，我对这样一个过程很好奇。01:03These are gecko toes.这是壁虎的脚趾。01:06And we wondered how they use these bizarre toes to climbup a wall so quickly.我们很想知道
6、壁虎是如何用这些奇怪的脚趾来 飞快地爬墙。01:08We discovered it.And what we found was that they haveleaf-like structures on their toes,with millions of tiny hairsthat look like a rug,and each of those hairs has the worstcase of split-ends possible:about 100 to 1000 split ends thatare nano-size.我们已经找到了答案。它们趾上有许多这样叶状的结构 每
7、一片上有上百万这样非常小的刚毛。每一条刚毛还被最大可能的分叉，大约100至1000个这样纳米级的分叉。01:12And the individual has 2 billion of these nano-size split ends.这条壁虎有20亿左右这样的刚毛端。01:27They dont stick by Velcro or suction or glue.它们并不是用于吸力、粘力或是尼龙搭扣的摩擦力。01:31They actually stick by intermolecular forces alone,van derWaals forces.它们的吸附能力仅仅依靠分子间的
8、作用力，也叫做范德华力。01:33And Im really pleased to report to you today that the firstsynthetic self-cleaning,dry adhesive has been made.今天我很高兴地告诉大家 利用这个原理设计的自洁式干性黏结材料已经制成。01:38biologist:n.生物学家 gecko:n.脊椎壁虎 bizarre:adj.奇异的(指态度，容貌，款式等)stick by:忠于;坚持 suction:n.吸;吸力;抽吸 intermolecular:adj.分子间的;作用于分子间的,存在于分子间的 syn
9、thetic:adj.综合的;合成的,人造的/n.合成物self-cleaning:adj.自动清洗的;自洁式的 adhesive:n.粘合剂;胶黏剂/adj.粘着的;带粘性的From the simplest version in nature,one branch,myengineering collaborator,Ron Fearing,at Berkeley,hadmade the first synthetic version.从刚毛分叉这个简单的自然现象，我在伯克利的工程合作伙伴Ron Fearing 发明了壁虎趾的合成版本。01:45And so has my other in
10、credible collaborator,Mark Cutkosky,at Stanford-he made much larger hairs than the gecko,butused the same general principles.另一个出色的合作伙伴也发明了相似的材料，他是斯坦福大学的Mark Cutkosky。尽管他用了比壁虎更大的刚毛 但是工作原理却没有变。01:54And here is its first test.这是第一次测试。02:03(Laughter)Thats Kellar Autumn,my former Ph.D.student,professor
11、now at Lewis and Clark,literally giving his first-born child up for this test.(笑声)这位是我曾指导过的博士Kellar Autumn，现任路易斯克拉克大学教授，为了测试甘愿牺牲自己的长女。02:05(Laughter)More recently,this happened.(笑声)这是最近的一次试验。02:14Man:This the first time someone has actually climbed with it.采访对象：这是这种材料第一次被用于攀墙。02:17Narrator:Lynn Veri
12、nsky,a professional climber,who解说：这位是专业攀登选手Lynn Verinsky 她充满TED演讲者：Robert Full|Robert Full演讲标题：Robert Full:Learning from the gecko.s tail|壁虎尾巴的学问内容概要：Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet.His research is helping build theperfect distributed foot for tomorrow.s robots,based on evolution.s
13、 ancient engineering.生物学家Robert Full曾致力于研究壁虎具有吸附力的脚趾及其超强的攀爬能力。但是近日获取的高速摄像影片却展现了壁虎在其尾巴的使用上也有着惊人的才能。Narrator:Lynn Verinsky,a professional climber,whoappeared to be brimming with confidence.了信心。02:20Lynn Verinsky:Honestly,its going to be perfectly safe.It willbe perfectly safe.Lynn Verinsky：老实说，这将是一次非常
14、安全的试验。02:24Man:How do you know?记者：你怎么知道？02:27collaborator:n.劳经合作者;勾结者;通敌者 Fearing:害怕 Lewis:n.吊楔 first-born:n.长子;长女/adj.头胎的 climber:n.登山者;攀缘植物;尽力改善自己社会地位的人Lynn Verinsky:Because of liability insurance.(Laughter)Narrator:With a mattress below and attached to a safetyrope,Lynn Verinsky：因为我买了保险。解说：在墙下放好床
15、垫并系上安全绳，02:29Lynn began her 60-foot ascent.Lynn开始了60英尺的攀登。02:33Lynn made it to the top in a perfect pairing of Hollywoodand science.Lynn在好莱坞与科学完美的结合下 成功到达了顶端。02:36Man:So youre the first human being to officially emulate agecko.记者：你是第一个成功模仿壁虎的人。02:42Lynn Verinsky:Ha!Wow.And what a privilege that has
16、been.Lynn Verinsky：哈！喔。这让我觉得很特别。02:45Robert Full:Thats what she did on rough surfaces.Robert Full：这次试验是在粗糙墙壁上进行的。02:51But she actually used these on smooth surfaces-two ofthem-to climb up,and pull herself up.她在光滑表面 也用这两个爬到过顶。02:53And you can try this in the lobby,and look at the gecko-inspired mater
17、ial.会后大家可以在大厅中自己尝试，看看这些仿壁虎材料。02:57Now the problem with the robots doing this is that they cantget unstuck,with the material.要让机器人这么做有个问题 它们用这种材料粘上了以后 松不开。03:03This is the geckos solution.They actually peel their toes awayfrom the surface,at high rates,as they run up the wall.这是壁虎的解决方法。它们在爬墙时 很快地从接触面
18、 把趾剥开。03:09mattress:n.床垫;褥子;空气垫 ascent:n.上升;上坡路;登高 pairing:n.配对;摞合;机双层轧制 emulate:vt.仿真;模仿;尽力赶上;同竞争/n.仿真;仿效 surfaces:n.表面;曲面(surface的复数)/v.使成平面(surface的第三人称单数形式)unstuck:adj.松开的,未粘住的;紊乱的;失灵的 peel:v.剥,剥落;削/n.皮 run up:v.匆匆制成;积欠;迅速积累;向上跑;高涨Well Im really excited today to show you the newest versionof a r
19、obot,Stickybot,using a new hierarchical dry adhesive.今天我很兴奋地展示给你们 一个崭新的机器人，Stickeybot。它配备有仿壁虎的干性黏结材料。03:16Here is the actual robot.这就是我说的机器人。03:25And here is what it does.它是这样工作的。03:31And if you look,you can see that it uses the toe peeling,justlike the gecko does.请看，它可以 剥开趾尖，和壁虎一样。03:39If we can sh
20、ow some of the video,you can see it climbing upthe wall.看它在录像中攀墙。03:50(Applause)There it is.（鼓掌）看。03:53And now it can go on other surfaces because of the newadhesive that the Stanford group was able to do in designingthis incredible robot.它适用与各种表面。因为斯坦福研究组发明的新型黏结材料 用在了它的设计上。03:57(Applause)Oh.One thi
21、ng I want to point out is,look atStickybot.（鼓掌）哦。还有一点要指出的，Stickybot04:06You see something on it.Its not just to look like a gecko.它身上还有一样东西，不只是为了让它看起来像壁虎。04:12It has a tail.And just when you think youve figured outnature,this kind of thing happens.它有一条尾巴。当你刚自以为了解了自然，新的问题又来了。04:16The engineers told u
22、s,for the climbing robots,that,if theydont have a tail,they fall off the wall.设计它的工程师们告诉我们，用于攀登的机器人如果没有尾巴 一定会从墙上摔下来。04:21hierarchical:adj.分层的;等级体系的 toe:n.脚趾;足尖/vt.用脚尖走;以趾踏触/vi.动脚尖;用足尖跳舞 peeling:n.木剥皮,去皮;剥下的皮/v.脱皮;剥落(peel的ing形式)point out:指出,指明 fall off:减少;跌落;下降;离开;衰退So what they did was they asked us
23、 an important question.他们向我们提出了一个 重要的问题。04:27They said,Well,it kind of looks like a tail.他们说：“这个看起来像一个尾巴。”04:31Even though we put a passive bar there.尽管这只是一个不能运动的塑料杆。04:35Do animals use their tails when they climb up walls?“动物们在攀登中也用尾巴么？”04:37What they were doing was returning the favor,by giving us
24、 ahypothesis to test,in biology,that we wouldnt have thoughtof.这些工程师做的叫做“礼尚往来”，还给我们一个可以测试的假设，而这个假设并没有在生物学界被考虑过。04:40So of course,in reality,we were then panicked,being thebiologists,and we should know this already.当时，我们自然的很紧张，作为生物学家，我们应该知道问题的答案。04:48www.XiYuS锡育软件We said,Well,what do tails do?所以我们自问：
25、“尾巴有什么用？”04:53Well we know that tails store fat,for example.我们知道尾巴被用来储存脂肪，04:55We know that you can grab onto things with them.用作附肢。04:58And perhaps it is most well known that they provide staticbalance.可能最为大家所知的 是尾巴在保持静态平衡上的作用。05:01(Laughter)It can also act as a counterbalance.（笑声）它也可以被用作配重。05:06So
26、 watch this kangaroo.看这只袋鼠。05:10hypothesis:n.假设 panicked:vt.恐慌 biologists:n.生物学家(biologist的复数)grab:vt.攫取;霸占;将深深吸引/vi.攫取;夺取/n.攫取;霸占;夺取之物 counterbalance:n.平衡力;自动抵销/vt.使平衡;抵消 kangaroo:n.袋鼠See that tail?Thats incredible!看那条尾巴，多么惊人！05:13Marc Raibert built a Uniroo hopping robot.Marc Raibert设计了一个跳跃机器人Unir
27、oo。05:15And it was unstable without its tail.在没有尾巴的情况下，它无法保持平衡。05:19Now mostly tails limit maneuverability,like this humaninside this dinosaur suit.但另一个方面，尾巴限制了机动性。像这个穿恐龙服的人。05:25(Laughter)My colleagues actually went on to test thislimitation,by increasing the moment of inertia of a student,so they
28、had a tail,and running them through and obstaclecourse,and found a decrement in performance,like youdpredict.（笑声）我的同事还专门测试了这个限制。通过增加一位学生的转动惯量，模拟尾巴的影响。学生在障碍跑时 机动性明显地降低了。正如你所预料的。05:31(Laughter)But of course,this is a passive tail.（笑声）但这是一个不能动的被动尾巴。05:47And you can also have active tails.你也可以有一条能动的主动尾巴
29、。05:51And when I went back to research this,I realized that one ofthe great TED moments in the past,from Nathan,wevetalked about an active tail.我回去思考这个问题时，突然想到 在此前TED上我与Nanthan 讨论过能动的尾巴。05:53Video:Myhrvold thinks tail-cracking dinosaurs wereinterested in love,not war.录像：Myhrvold认为有长尾巴的恐龙 兴趣在于交配，而非打斗
30、。06:01Robert Full:He talked about the tail being a whip forcommunication.Robert Full：他（Nanthan）介绍尾巴被当作鞭子用于交流。06:08Marc:n.机读目录;(水果,种子等经压榨后的)榨渣 hopping:adj.忙碌的;卖力的/n.跳跃/v.跳跃(hop的ing形式);使兴奋maneuverability:n.可操作性;航车辆船机动性 inertia:n.力惯性;惰性,迟钝;不活动 decrement:n.渐减;减缩;衰减率It can also be used in defense.用于自卫。06
31、:11Pretty powerful.很有力。06:15So we then went back and looked at the animal.回到实验室，我们开始观察壁虎。06:17And we ran it up a surface.让它攀登一个垂直表面。06:19But this time what we did is we put a slippery patch that yousee in yellow there.但在表面上端有一节是会打滑的，也就是录像中黄色部分。06:21And watch on the right what the animal is doing wit
32、h its tailwhen it slips.This is slowed down 10 times.再看右边，看它打滑后 是如何用它的尾巴的。这是放慢10倍后。06:25So here is normal speed.这是正常速度。06:31And watch it now slip,and see what it does with its tail.看它打滑，看它的尾巴。06:33It has an active tail that functions as a fifth leg,and itcontributes to stability.它的主动尾巴被用作第五条腿。帮助保持平衡
33、。06:40If you make it slip a huge amount,this is what we discovered.如果让壁虎打滑得更多的话，我们就会看到这样。06:44This is incredible.真是难以置信。06:51The engineers had a really good idea.可见工程师们想了一个很好的主意。06:53And then of course we wondered,okay,they have an activetail,but lets picture them.之后我们想：行，它们有一条能动的尾巴，让我们想像一下。06:56The
34、yre climbing up a wall,or a tree.壁虎在爬墙，或是树。07:00slips:v.使滑动(slip的第三人称单数);溜走/n.外场员防守的地区;幼枝;后裔(slip的复数)slowed:adj.慢的;减速的;迟钝的/vi.变慢;变萧条/vt.放慢;阻碍/adv.慢慢地;迟缓地 contributes:图情投稿/经捐助/经捐献(contribute的第三人称单数)And they get to the top and lets say theres some leavesthere.到了顶上，我们假设那里有一些叶子。07:03And what would happe
35、n if they climbed on the underside ofthat leaf,and there was some wind,or we shook it?当它们爬到了叶子的反面 如果刚好有风，或者我在摇树会怎样？07:06And we did that experiment,that you see here.可以看到，我们做了这样的试验。07:12(Applause)And this is what we discovered.（鼓掌）这是我们的发现。07:15Now thats real time.You cant see anything.正常速度，什么也看不到。07:
36、18But there it is slowed down.但是减速之后07:20What we discovered was the worlds fastest air-rightingresponse.我们发现了世界上最快的空中姿势矫正反应。07:24For those of you who remember your physics,thats a zero-还记得物理的听众知道这是一个零角动量的 姿势矫正。像猫一样。07:27For those of you who remember your physics,thats a zero-angular-momentum rightin
37、g response.But its like a cat.矫正。像猫一样。07:27You know,cats falling.Cats do this.They twist their bodies.猫在自由落体的时候，做相似的动作。它们扭转躯干。07:31But geckos do it better.但壁虎做的更好。07:34And they do it with their tail.它们利用尾巴。07:36So they do it with this active tail as they swing around.在尾巴转圈的同事纠正姿势。07:39And then they
38、always land in the sort of superman skydivingposture.所以它们总是依像超人一样空中飞人的姿势落地。07:42underside:n.下面;阴暗面 shook:v.摇动(shake的过去式)/n.可装配为木箱的各个部件;一捆;(英)禾束堆/adj.受到严重打击的;心绪不宁的 righting:v.弄直;纠正;复原(right的ing形式)geckos:n.壁虎(gecko的复数形式)skydiving:n.跳伞运动(由飞机跳下时先自由坠落一段时间后再张开降落伞的)/v.空中杂技跳伞(skydive的现在分词)posture:n.姿势;态度;情形
39、/vi.摆姿势/vt.作的姿势Okay,now we wondered,if we were right,we should be ableto test this in a physical model,in a robot.我们进一步想到，如果这是真确的，应该可以用在机器人上。07:48So for TED we actually built a robot,over there,a prototype,with the tail.我们特地为TED制作了一个机器人，在那边，一个有尾巴的机器人原型。07:53And were going to attempt the first air-ri
40、ghting response ina tail,with a robot.我们将在这里尝试在机器人上的第一次 空中姿势矫正试验。07:58If we could have the lights on it.给灯光。08:02Okay,there it goes.开始?08:04And show the video.放录像。08:09There it is.看。08:14And it works just like it does in the animal.和壁虎尾巴的原理一样。08:16So all you need is a swing of the tail to right your
41、self.只要甩动尾巴就可以纠正自己的姿势。08:19(Applause)Now,of course,we were normally frightenedbecause the animal has no gliding adaptations,so wethought,Oh thats okay.Well put it in a vertical windtunnel.（鼓掌）当然，我们对此非常吃惊 因为壁虎没有滑翔的能力，所以我们想：“没问题，把壁虎放在垂直的风洞中。”08:23Well blow the air up,well give it a landing target,a tr
42、eetrunk,just outside the plexi-glass enclosure,and see what itdoes.向上吹风，在风洞边放一根树干作为目的地，看它怎么办。08:33(Laughter)So we did.And here is what it does.（笑声）我们就这么做了。看壁虎如何应对。08:40gliding:adj.滑行的;流畅的;滑顺的/v.滑翔;消逝;溜走(glide的ing形式)adaptations:n.适应;改编(adaptation的复数)enclosure:n.附件;围墙;围场So the wind is coming from the
43、bottom.This is slowed down10 times.风从下往上吹。放慢10倍。08:44It does an equilibrium glide.Highly controlled.它在水平滑翔。控制得非常好。08:49This is sort of incredible.But actually its quite beautiful,when you take a picture of it.令人难以置信。在照片上，也很优美。08:53And its better than that,it-just in the slide-maneuversin mid-air.还有更
44、有趣的，它还可以在空中机动。08:59And the way it does it,is it takes its tail and it swings it oneway to yaw left,and it swings its other way to yaw right.用它的尾巴，向一边甩动转向左，向另一边甩动，转向右。09:04So we can maneuver this way.可以这样机动。09:10And then-we had to film this several times to believe this-it also does this.Watch this.我
45、们拍摄了很多次，才相信眼前所见。看，它还可以这样。09:12It oscillates its tail up and down like a dolphin.像海豚一样上下摆动尾巴。09:18equilibrium:n.均衡;平静;保持平衡的能力 glide:n.滑翔;滑行;滑移;滑音/vt.滑翔;滑行;悄悄地走;消逝/vi.使滑行;使滑动maneuvers:n.军事演习(maneuver的复数)mid-air:n.空中 swings:n.摇摆,改变,冲力(swing的复数形式);(复数)秋千/v.摇摆,使旋转(swing的单三形式)yaw:n.(火箭,飞机,宇宙飞船等)偏航/vt.使偏航/
46、vi.偏航 maneuver:n.军机动;演习;策略;调遣/vi.军机动;演习;调遣;用计谋/vt.军机动;演习;用计;调遣 oscillates:vt.使振荡;使振动;使动摇/vi.振荡;摆动;犹豫 up anddown:上上下下;到处;前前后后;来来往往It can actually swim through the air.在空中游动。09:20But watch its front legs.Can you see what they are doing?但注意它的前腿。看的出来它在做什么么？09:23What does that mean for the origin of flap
47、ping flight?联想这个动作对于研究飞行起源的意义。09:28Maybe its evolved from coming down from trees,and tryingto control a glide.也许飞行是动物从树上坠落，试图控制滑翔而进化而来的。09:31Stay tuned for that.这个问题值得关注。09:36(Laughter)So then we wondered,Can they actuallymaneuver with this?（笑声）我们又想：“壁虎真的能靠尾巴这样机动么？”09:38So there is the landing targe
48、t.Could they steer towards it这是叶子做的目的地。它们有没有能力滑翔过去呢？在风洞里。09:43So there is the landing target.Could they steer towards itwith these capabilities?Here it is in the wind tunnel.呢？在风洞里。09:43And it certainly looks like it.貌似可以。09:48You can see it even better from down on top.从上往下的角度更清楚。09:50Watch the ani
49、mal.看它。09:53Definitely moving towards the landing target.绝对是向目的地在机动。09:56Watch the whip of its tail as it does it.Look at that.看它的尾巴。09:58Its unbelievable.难以置信。10:02So now we were really confused,because there are no reportsof it gliding.我们被弄糊涂了。因为文献中并未记录壁虎拥有滑翔的能力。10:04So we went,Oh my god,we have t
50、o go to the field,and seeif it actually does this.所以我们决定，一定要去野外 看是否如此。10:08tuned:adj.经调谐的;谱好曲的;调好台的/v.调整;调音;发出乐音(tune的过去分词)in the wind:即将发生;在进行Completely opposite of the way youd see it on a nature film,of course.这个自然和大家在自然纪录片中看到的顺序截然相反。10:12We wondered,Do they actually glide in nature?我们想：“自然界中，这种壁