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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件I have had the distinct pleasure of living inside twobiospheres.我十分荣幸地 在两个生态圈中生活过。00:11Of course we all here in this room live in Biosphere 1.当然，在这间屋子里的人都在生态圈1里。00:17Ive also lived in Biosphere 2.我还曾在生态圈2里生活过。00:21And the wonderful thing about that is that I get to comparebiospheres.这其中
2、最美妙的事是，我可以比较这两个生态圈。00:25And hopefully from that I get to learn something.借此我希望能从中学到一些知识。00:29So what did I learn?Well,here I am inside Biosphere 2,making a pizza.那么我们学到了什么？好吧，这是我在生态圈2里做披萨。00:32So I am harvesting the wheat,in order to make the dough.我正在收割小麦，这样我才有材料做面团。00:37And then of course I have t
3、o milk the goats and feed thegoats in order to make the cheese.当然我也必须挤好羊奶 以及饲养山羊，这样我才能做出奶酪。00:40It took me four months in Biosphere 2 to make a pizza.在生态圈2里我花了4个月才做出一个披萨。00:45Here in Biosphere 1,well it takes me about two minutes,because I pick up the phone and I call and say,Hey,can youdeliver the
4、pizza?在生态圈1里，这只会用掉我2分钟。因为我只用打个电话，说，“嘿，你能给我送个披萨过来吗？“00:47So Biosphere 2 was essentially a three-acre,entirely sealed,miniature world that I lived in for two years and 20 minutes.所以生态圈2是，一个由三个圆顶组成的，完全封闭的小天地 我在那里生存了2年又20分钟。00:54Biosphere:n.生物圈 harvesting:v.农学收割;收获(harvest的ing形式)/n.农学收割;收获/adj.收获的;收割的 d
5、ough:n.生面团;金钱 miniature:adj.微型的,小规模的/n.缩图;微型画;微型图画绘画术/vt.是的缩影(Laughter)Over the top it was sealed with steel and glass,underneath it was sealed with a pan of steel-essentiallyentirely sealed.顶端是被钢铁和玻璃封起来的。底端是被一堆铁封闭的。关键的是这是完全封闭的。01:04So we had our own miniature rainforest,a private beach witha coral
6、reef.所以我们有我们自己的迷你雨林，带珊瑚礁的私人海滩。01:14We had a savanna,a marsh,a desert.我们有一个热带稀树草原，一个沼泽，一个沙漠。01:18We had our own half-acre farm that we had to groweverything.我们有一个半英亩大的农场，足以生产任何产品。01:21And of course we had our human habitat,where we lived.当然，我们也有我们的原住民，我们就住在那。01:24Back in the mid-80s when we were desi
7、gning Biosphere 2,we had to ask ourselves some pretty basic questions.当我们在80年代中期设计生态圈2的时候 我们必须问到自己很多基础问题。01:27I mean,what is a biosphere?我指的是，什么是一个生态圈。01:32Back then,yes,I guess we all know now that it is essentiallythe sphere of life around the Earth,right?在那个年代，是的，现在我想我们都知道 那是一个在地球上提供生命关键元素的圈子，对吗？
8、01:34Well,you have to get a little more specific than that if youregoing to build one.恩，如果我们要造一个的话就必须比那定义得再明确一点。01:39And so we decided that what it really is is that it is entirelymaterially closed-that is,nothing goes in or out at all,nomaterial-and energetically open,which is essentially whatplane
9、t Earth is.所以我们决定了，最必要的 就是必须完全封闭，意味着，无进无出，无材料，以及能量性的开放。就像地球一样。01:42Over the top:过分了,夸大了 rainforest:n.(热带)雨林 savanna:n.生态热带草原;热带的稀树大草原 marsh:n.沼泽;湿地/adj.沼泽的;生长在沼泽地的 habitat:n.生态栖息地,产地 materially:adv.实质地;物质上;极大地This is a chamber that was 1/400th the size of Biosphere 2that we called our Test Module.这是
10、一个只有生态圈2的1/400大小的密室。我们把这个叫做我们的实验模型。01:55And the very first day that this fellow,John Allen,walked in,to spend a couple of days in there with all the plants andanimals and bacteria that wed put in there to hopefully keephim alive,the doctors were incredibly concerned就在那第一天，这为同志，乔阿伦，走了进去，在那花了几天，和我们放进去
11、的植物，动物，细菌一起 这样做是希望能保住他的性命。医生十分担心02:00that he was going to succumb to some dreadful toxin,or他会感染上一些十分致命的病毒，也许他的肺会被细菌或别的东西呛到，比如说菌类植物。TED演讲者：Jane Poynter|简珀英特演讲标题：Jane Poynter:Life in Biosphere 2|在生态圈2中的生活内容概要：After weathering two years in Biosphere 2,Jane Poynter is trying to createtechnologies that a
12、llow us to live in hostile environments-like outer space.简珀英特讲诉她在生态圈2中所生活的2年20分钟-一个激发她去探索我们如何在艰苦的环境中延续生命的体验。这是第一个由TEDx所独立举办的TED会议，是在美国南加州大学举办的。that he was going to succumb to some dreadful toxin,orthat his lungs were going to get choked with bacteria orsomething,fungus.被细菌或别的东西呛到，比如说菌类植物。02:10But of
13、 course none of that happened.但是这些当然都没发生。02:16And over the ensuing few years,there were great sagasabout designing Biosphere 2.在接下来的几年里，有着不少关于生态圈2设计的传奇。02:19But by 1991 we finally had this thing built.但是在1991年 我们终于建成了这个东西。02:23And it was time for us to go in and give it a go.同时也到了我们进入的时间 去尝试一下。02:27
14、chamber:n.(身体或器官内的)室,膛;房间;会所/adj.室内的;私人的,秘密的/vt.把关在室内;装填(弹药等)Module:n.计模块;组件;模数 bacteria:n.微细菌 succumb:vi.屈服;死;被压垮 dreadful:adj.可怕的；糟透的，令人不快的 toxin:n.毒素;毒质 choked:adj.堵塞的;生气的,恼怒的/v.使窒息(choke的过去式)fungus:n.真菌,霉菌;菌类 ensuing:adj.接著发生的/v.跟着发生(ensue的ing形式)sagas:萨迦(尤指古代挪威或冰岛讲述冒险经历和英雄业绩的长篇故事)(saga的名词复数)We n
15、eeded to know,is life this malleable?我们想知道，生命是可延续的吗？02:31Can you take this biosphere,that has evolved on a planetaryscale,and jam it into a little bottle,and will it survive?你能把这个生态圈 放大成一个星球大小，或是压缩成一个瓶子大小，它还能存活吗？02:35Big questions.最大的问题是，02:43And we wanted to know this both for being able to gosomew
16、here else in the universe-if we were going to go toMars,for instance,would we take a biosphere with us,to livein it?我们想知道这能不能在 宇宙另外的地方建成，比如，我们要去火星的时候，我们可以带上生态圈在里面生活吗？02:45We also wanted to know so we can understand more aboutthe Earth that we all live in.我们也想知道我们可以更了解我们所 赖以生存的地球。02:53Well,in 1991 it
17、 was finally time for us to go in and try outthis baby.好吧，在1991年，我们终于住了进去 去体验一下我们工作的结晶。02:57Lets take it on a maiden voyage.让我们进行一次旅行。03:02Will it work?Or will something happen that we cantunderstand and we cant fix,thereby negating the concept ofman-made biospheres?这能成功吗？会不会有 我们还不了解或不能修复的事情发生？从而导致人
18、造生态圈的计划由此报废？03:04So eight of us went in:four men and four women.所以我们8个人进去了，4男4女。03:14malleable:adj.可锻的;可塑的;有延展性的;易适应的 planetary:adj.行星的 jam:n.果酱;拥挤;困境;扣篮/vt.使堵塞;挤进,使塞满;混杂;压碎/vi.堵塞;轧住 try out:试验;提炼;考验 maiden:adj.未婚的,处女的;初次的/n.少女;处女 negating:vt.否定;取消;使无效/vi.否定;否认;无效/n.对立面;反面 man-made:adj.人造的;人工的;合成的Mo
19、re on that later.以后会更多。03:17(Laughter)And this is the world that we lived in.这就是我们生活的世界。03:19So,on the top,we had these beautiful rainforests and anocean,and underneath we had all this technosphere,wecalled it,which is where all the pumps and the valves andthe water tanks and the air handlers,and al
20、l of that.在上层，我们有 美丽的雨林和海洋。在地，我们有我们所称的科学空间。在那里进行着所有的 抽水，储水，空气循环，以及相关活动。03:24One of the Biospherians called it garden of Eden on top ofan aircraft carrier.其中的一个生态圈建筑被叫做“在空气储存器上的伊甸园“03:37And then also we had the human habitat of course,with thelaboratories,and all of that.当然我们也有原住民，也有实验室，诸如此类。03:41Thi
21、s is the agriculture.这是我们的农业空间。03:45It was essentially an organic farm.实际上就是一个有机农场。03:47The day I walked into Biosphere 2,I was,for the first time,breathing a completely different atmosphere than everybodyelse in the world,except seven other people.我走进生态圈2的那一天，我第一次 呼吸着和世界所有人都 不一样的大气。除了另外和我同行的7人。03:5
22、0At that moment I became part of that biosphere.从那一时刻开始我成了那个生态圈的一部分。04:01rainforests:n.(热带)雨林 pumps:n.机泵;脉动(pump的复数);抽运器;无带轻便舞鞋/v.用泵送;抽动;汲取;盘问(pump的三单形式)valves:n.机阀门;解剖瓣膜(valve的复数);真空管/v.装阀于;以活门调节(valve的三单形式)handlers:n.操作者;经理人;陶器工人(handler的复数)aircraft:n.飞机,航空器 laboratories:n.实验室(laboratory的复数)And I
23、dont mean that in an abstract sense;I mean it ratherliterally.我这可不是抽象地说说而已。而是有十分具体的意思。04:05When I breathed out,my CO2 fed the sweet potatoes that Iwas growing.当我呼出空气的时，二氧化碳 供养着我种植的红薯。04:10And we ate an awful lot of the sweet potatoes.而且我们吃了无数的红薯。04:17(Laughter)And those sweet potatoes became part of
24、 me.而且那些红薯 又变成了我身体的一部分。04:20www.XiYuS锡育软件In fact,we ate so many sweet potatoes I became orange withsweet potato.实际上，我们吃了如此多的红薯，我变成了带红薯的橙子。04:26I literally was eating the same carbon over and over again.我实际上在一次又一次的吃着同样的碳水化合物。04:30I was eating myself in some strange sort of bizarre way.说地奇怪点，我在不停地吃我自己
25、。04:34When it came to our atmosphere,however,it wasnt thatmuch of a joke over the long term,because it turned out thatwe were losing oxygen,quite a lot of oxygen.但从长远看来，这个问题在生态圈中提出的时候，无论无何，可不仅仅是个笑话，问题是，我们在失去氧气，数量可观的氧气。04:38And we knew that we were losing CO2.而且我们也知道我们在丢失二氧化碳。04:48And so we were work
26、ing to sequester carbon.所以我们努力固碳。04:50Good lord-we know that term now.感谢上帝，我们现在知道了这个术语。04:53breathed:adj.无声的;有气的/v.呼吸(breath的过去式和过去分词)potatoes:n.作物土豆(potato的复数形式);作物马铃薯sweet potato:甘薯 over and over again:adv.一再地;反复不断地 bizarre:adj.奇异的(指态度，容貌，款式等)sequester:vt.使隔绝;使隐退;没收,扣押We were growing plants like c
27、razy.我们像疯了样种植。04:55We were taking their biomass,storing them in thebasement,growing plants,going around,around,around,trying to take all of that carbon out of the atmosphere.我们把那些生物肥料移到地下室，分类储存，不停地种植植物，不停地种，争取把生态圈里多余的碳化物排出去。04:57We were trying to stop carbon from going into theatmosphere.我们同时也阻止碳化物进
28、入这个生态圈。05:03We stopped irrigating our soil,as much as we could.我们尽可能的灌溉我们的土壤。05:06We stopped tilling,so that we could prevent greenhousegasses from going into the air.我们停止翻土，从而我们可能预防温室气体进入空气。05:08But our oxygen was going down faster than our CO2 wasgoing up,which was quite unexpected,because we had
29、seenthem going in tandem in the test module.但我们却比增加二氧化碳的速度更快的失去了氧气，这可不是预料中的。因为我们在测试模型里可没这样。05:12And it was like playing atomic hide-and-seek.这就像和原子在躲猫猫一样。05:20We had lost seven tons of oxygen.我们已经失去了7吨的氧气。05:23And we had no clue where it was.而且我们一点都不清楚藏哪了。05:25让我告诉你，当你丢失了很多氧气时-就像我们失去了很多氧气一样，从21%降到到1
30、4.2%-天哪，你感觉像死了一样。05:27I mean we were dragging ourselves around the Biosphere.我指的是，当我们在这个生态圈里时。05:38like crazy:拼命地;发疯似的 biomass:n.(单位面积或体积内的)生态生物量 storing:n.储存;保管/v.储存;供应(store的ing形式)/adj.存储的 irrigating:v.进行喷灌(irrigate的ing形式)/n.灌溉 tilling:v.耕种(till的现在分词);耕耘 tandem:n.串联;串座双人自行车/adj.串联的/adv.一前一后地;纵排地 h
31、ide-and-seek:n.捉迷藏 dragging:vt.牵引(drag的现在分词)/adj.拖延的;拖曳用的And we had sleep apnea at night.我们睡觉时会窒息。05:41So youd wake up gasping with breath,because your bloodchemistry has changed.所以当你喘息着醒来。因为你的血液的化学结构已经改变了。05:43And that you literally do that.You stop breathing and thenyou-(Gasps)-take a breath and i
32、t wakes you up.And itsvery irritating.当你真的成那样的时候。你停止呼吸，然后你-(喘息)-吸一口气，就会惊醒，这十分讨厌。05:48And everybody outside thought we were dying.外面的人以为你是快死了。05:53I mean,the media was making it sound like were were dying.我是说，媒体让这看起来像死了一样。05:55And I had to call up my mother every other day saying,No,Mum,its fine,fine
33、.我不得不每天打电话给我母亲说“没有，妈妈，没问题。05:57Were not dead.Were fine.Were fine.我们没有死，我们很好，我们很好。“06:00And the doctor was,in fact,checking us to make sure wewere,in fact,fine.而且医生实际上在检查我们 来确定我们没有事。06:02But in fact he was the person who was most susceptible tothe oxygen.但实际上他才识几乎缺氧的那个人。06:06And one day he couldnt ad
34、d up a line of figures.有一天，他几乎不能做简单的算术。06:10And it was time for us to put oxygen in.那也就到了我们放氧气进来的时候。06:12apnea:n.医窒息,临床呼吸暂停 gasping:adj.喘气的;痉挛的/v.喘气;渴望(gasp的ing形式)irritating:adj.刺激的;气人的;使愤怒的/v.刺激(irritate的ing形式);激怒 every other:所有其他的;每隔一个的 susceptible:adj.易受影响的；易感动的；容许的/n.易得病的人And you might think,wel
35、l,Boy,your life support system wasfailing you.Wasnt that dreadful?你也许会在想，看吧，同学们，你们懂得生命支持系统在杀掉你，在杀掉你。那不可怕吗？”06:16Yes.In a sense it was terrifying.是的，某一点上，那很可怕。06:22Except that I knew I could walk out the airlock door at anytime,if it really got bad,though who was going to say,Icant take it anymore!?除
36、了我知道，我可以走出那扇门 任何时刻都可以，假如说事情变的很糟糕 不过，谁会说“我不行了！”？06:26Not me,that was for sure.显然不会是我。06:34But on the other hand,it was the scientific gold of the但是另一方面，这又是黄金般的科学实验。因为我们真的可能把这攻破，像一个科学难题一样，But on the other hand,it was the scientific gold of theproject,because we could really crank this baby up,as ascie
37、ntific tool,and see if we could,in fact,find where thoseseven tons of oxygen had gone.我们真的可能把这攻破，像一个科学难题一样，看看我们能否找到 那七吨氧气到底去哪了。06:36And we did indeed find it.而且我们如愿所偿。06:49And we found it in the concrete.不过我们是在水泥里找到的。06:51Essentially it had done something very simple.十分简单，06:53We had put too much ca
38、rbon in the soil in the form ofcompost.我们以堆肥的模式在土壤里存储了太多碳。06:55It broke down;it took oxygen out of the air;it put CO2 intothe air;and it went into the concrete.它分解了，把空气中的氧气带走了。把二氧化碳放在空气中，然后它又混入了水泥里。06:58In a sense:在某种意义上 terrifying:adj.令人恐惧的;骇人的;极大的/v.使害怕,使恐怖(terrify的现在分词)airlock:n.气闸;气塞 on the othe
39、r hand:另一方面 crank:n.曲柄;奇想/adj.易怒的/vt.装曲柄 compost:n.堆肥;混合物/vt.堆肥;施堆肥Pretty straightforward really.其实十分简单。07:03So at the end of the two years when we came out,we wereelated,because,in fact,although you might say we haddiscovered something that was quite uhh,所以在最后的两年里，当我们出去的时候，我们都十分高兴。因为，实际上，尽管你会说 我们就发
40、现了一个无关紧要的问题，07:05when your oxygen is going down,stopped working,essentially,in your life support system,thats a very badfailure.当你们的氧气下降，停止了工作，关键的事，在你的生存系统里，那是十分失败的。07:15Except that we knew what it was.And we knew how to fix it.除非我们知道是怎么一回事，以及我们知道如何修复。07:22And nothing else emerged that really was as
41、 serious as that.而且再没别的问题，像那么严重的问题发生。07:25And we proved the concept,more or less.我们多多少少证明了这个构思可行。07:29People,on the other hand,was a different subject.人类，在另一方面，就是另外一回事了。07:31We were-yeah I dont know that we were fixable.我们-我就不知道我们是不是可修复的。07:34We all went quite nuts,I will say.我会说我们都变的有点傻了。07:37And t
42、he day I came out of Biosphere 2,I was thrilled I wasgoing to see all my family and my friends.当我们从生态圈2中走出来 我十分害怕去见我的家庭和朋友。07:39For two years Id been seeing people through the glass.两年来，我都是通过玻璃来看人。07:45straightforward:adj.简单的；坦率的；明确的；径直的/adv.直截了当地；坦率地 elated:adj.兴高采烈的;得意洋洋的/v.使兴奋(elate的过去式和过去分词)more
43、 or less:或多或少 fixable:adj.可固定的;可确定的;可装置的 thrilled:adj.非常兴奋的;极为激动的/v.激动(thrill的过去式);医震颤And everybody ran up to me.而且所有的人都朝我涌来。07:48And I recoiled.They stank!我被吓了一跳，他们臭死了！07:50People stink!人类臭死了！07:54We stink of hairspray and underarm deodorant,and allkinds of stuff.我们发臭因为我们喷了发胶和掖下除臭剂，以及其他所有的产品。07:56N
44、ow we had stuff inside Biosphere to keep ourselves clean,but nothing with perfume.我们在生态圈里有东西保持我们干净。不过不是用香水。08:01And boy do we stink out here.而且我们在那也不发臭。08:06Not only that,but I lost touch of where my food came from.不仅仅是这样，而且我不知道食物从哪里来的。08:09I had been growing all my own food.我一直在种植我们自己的粮食。08:15I had
45、 no idea what was in my food,where it came from.我现在不知道有什么在我的食物里，从哪里来的。08:18I didnt even recognize half the names in most of the foodthat I was eating.我几乎不能认出出一半我吃的是什么。08:21In fact,I would stand for hours in the aisles of shops,readingall the names on all of the things.实际上，我会在商店里站一个来小时，读着商品上事物的名字。08:
46、24People must have thought I was nuts.人们一定以为我傻了。08:29recoiled:vi.畏缩;弹回;报应/n.畏缩;弹回;反作用 stank:n.池塘;水沟;小水坝/v.发出恶臭(stink的过去式)hairspray:n.头发定型剂 underarm:adj.腋下的;低手的/adv.用低手 deodorant:adj.除臭的;防臭的/n.除臭剂 perfume:n.香水;香味/vt.洒香水于;使带香味/vi.散发香气 stand for:代表;支持;象征;担任的候选人 aisles:n.建通道;建走廊(aisle的复数)It was really q
47、uite astonishing.这实在是令人震惊的。08:31And I slowly lost track of where I was in this big biosphere,inthis big biosphere that we all live in.我渐渐的在 大生态圈中迷失了，在这个大家生活的生态圈中。08:37In Biosphere 2 I totally understood that I had a huge impacton my biosphere,everyday,and it had an impact on me,veryviscerally,very l
48、iterally.我在生态圈2中完全懂得 我每一天都对我的生态圈产生的巨大影响，同时也对我有着影响，十分有联系性的，十分具象的。08:44So I went about my business:Paragon Space DevelopmentCorporation,a little firm I started with people while I was inthe Biosphere,because I had nothing else to do.所以我开办了自己的公司。模范空间发展合作社，一个我在生态圈2中和人们所开办的小公司，因为我没别的事可做。08:55And one of t
49、he things we did was try to figure out:how smallcan you make these biospheres,and what can you do withthem?其中的一件事情就是 搞清楚我们可以把生态圈做多小。以及我们可以怎么做。09:03And so we sent one onto the Mir Space Station.所以我们向穆里空间站发送了一个，09:09We had one on the shuttle and one on the InternationalSpace Station,for 16 months,wher
50、e we managed to producethe first organisms to go through complete multiple lifecycles in space-really pushing the envelope ofunderstanding how malleable our life systems are.我们有一个在飞船里，还有一个在国际空间站里，16个月来，在那里我们可以生产 第一个在太空的有机产物，一个可以循环多种生命 的产物链。这对理解 我们的生命系统 的可塑性又进了一大步。09:12viscerally:内脏的;位于内脏的;影响内脏的 Para