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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件I want to talk about my investigations into what technologymeans in our lives,not just our immediate life,but in thecosmic sense,in the kind of long history of the world and ourplace in the world,what is this stuff?我想谈谈我的调查 在我们生活中，技术是什么，它不仅仅是我们眼前的生活，还有宇宙层面上，从漫长的历史世界 到我们人类在世界上所处的地位，这技术到底
2、意味什么？00:12What is the significance?有什么意义？00:31And so,I want to kind of go through my little story of what Ifound out.好，我来谈谈 我所发现的小故事。00:33And one of the first things that I started to investigate wasthe history of the name of technology.我首先要谈的是我着手研究过的 技术这个词的由来00:37And in the United States there is a
3、 state of the Union addressgiven by every president since 1790.在美国，从1790年起，每位总统都要发表一个国情咨文 的报告。00:43And each one of those is really kind of summing up the mostimportant things for the United States at that time.每一份国情咨文 总结了美国当时发生的 最重要的事情00:48If you search for the word technology如果你搜索“技术”这个词00:55it was
4、 not used untill 1952.你会发现，一直到1952年，“技术”这个词才被使用。00:57So,technology was sort of absent from everybodysthinking,until 1952,which happened to be the year of mybirth.所以技术这个概念一直到到1952年，也就是我出生的那一年，才在人们脑海中出现。01:01investigations:n.调查(investigation的复数)cosmic:adj.宇宙的(等于cosmical)summing:adj.求和的;做加法的/n.求和/v.合计(
5、sum的ing形式)absent from:缺席And obviously,technology had existed before then,but wewerent aware of it.显然，技术 之前就已经存在，只是我们没有意识到它的存在。01:06And so it was sort of an awakening of this force in our life.因此在1952年前后 我们生活中这种技术力量开始觉醒。01:11I actually did research to find out the first use of the wordtechnology实际上我研
6、究了解到第一次 使用“技术”01:16and it was in 1829.是在1829年。01:20And it was invented by a guy who was starting a curriculum,a course,bringing together all the kinds of arts and crafts,and industry.一个安排课程表，课程的人发明了它，用来把工艺美术和工业整合到 一起。01:22And he called it technology.他称它为技术。01:30And thats the very first use of the wo
7、rd.这是第一次使用这个单词。01:32So,what is this stuff that were all consumed by,andbothered by?那么，我们都为之所占有，被为之惴惴不安的 这东西到底是什么？01:34Alan Kay calls it,Technology is anything that was inventedafter you were born.阿兰凯伊说：“技术是当你出生后 才被发明的东西。”01:42(Laughter)Which is sort of the idea that we normally have ofabout what tec
8、hnology is.（笑声）我们通常也是这么想的01:46Its all that new stuff.技术就是新的东西01:51Its not roads or penicillin,or factory tires.Its the new stuff.不是指道路，或者盘尼西林，或者轮胎厂。技术是指新东西。01:53awakening:n.觉醒;唤醒;认识/adj.觉醒中的;正在产生的/v.唤醒;唤起(awaken的ing形式)curriculum:n.课程/总课程crafts:n.工艺品,手艺(craft的复数形式)bothered:adj.烦(恼)的;感到讨厌的 penicillin:
9、n.盘尼西林(青霉素)My friend Danny Hillis says kind of a similar one,he says,Technology is anything that doesnt work yet.我朋友丹尼希利斯说过类似的话，他说：“技术，就是一些还不能很好的使用的玩意。”01:59(Laughter)Which is,again,a sense that its all new.（笑声）这又再次证明技术是指新的东西。02:04But we know that its just not new.但是我们知道它不仅仅是新东西，02:07It actually goe
10、s way back.And what I want to suggest is itgoes a long way back.它也可以追溯到过去。我要建议的是 技术有一段很长的历史演变。02:09TED演讲者：Kevin Kelly|凯文.凯利演讲标题：Kevin Kelly tells technology.s epic story|讲技术发展故事内容概要：Kevin Kelly has been publisher of the Whole Earth Review,exec editor at WIRED,founder of visionary nonprofits,and writ
11、er on biology and business and cool tools.He.sadmired for his new perspectives on technology and its relevance to history,biology andreligion.在这个内容丰富的，发人深省的TEDx阿姆斯特丹演讲中，凯文.凯利畅谈在我们的生活中，从个人层面到宇宙空间，技术都意味着什么。So,another way to think about technology,what it means,isto imagine a world without technology.那
12、么，换种方式来思考技术，它意味着什么，想象一个没有技术的世界。02:15If we were to eliminate every single bit of technology in theworld today,and I mean everything,from blades to scrapersto cloth,we as a species would not live very long.如果我们去除当今世界的每个独特的技术，我是指所有技术，从刀片到刮刀再到织物，作为一个物种，我们就不会活很长时间。02:19We would die by the billions,and ve
13、ry quickly.数十亿人会很快地死掉。02:31The wolves would get us.We would be defenseless.狼群会吃我们，以致于我们无法防身。02:34We would be unable to grow enough food,or find enoughfood.我们将无法生产足够的粮食，或者找不到足够的食物。02:37Even the hunter gatherers used some elementary tools.甚至是猎人打猎也使用一些基本工具。02:40And so,they had minimal technology,but th
14、ey had sometechnology.尽管他们用最少的技术，但他们已经有了一些技术。02:44blades:n.机刀片(blade的复数);机刀刃;扁叉 scrapers:n.机刮刀;刮运机(scraper的复数)defenseless:adj.无防备的gatherers:n.采集者,收集器 minimal:adj.最低的；最小限度的And if we study those hunter gatherer tribes and theNeanderthal,which are very similar to early man.如果我们研究这些狩猎采集部落 和非常类似于早期人类的尼安德
15、特人，02:48We find out a very curious thing about this world withouttechnology,and this is a kind of a curve of their average age.我们会发现没有技术的世界一个非常新奇的事情，这就是他们的平均年龄曲线。02:55There are no Neanderthal fossils that are older than 40 yearsold that weve ever found.我们迄今发现没有一块尼安德特人化石 显示他们寿命超过40岁03:01And the avera
16、ge age of most of these hunter gatherer tribesis 20 to 30.这些狩猎采集部落大多数人平均年龄 是20-30岁。03:06There are very few young infants because they die,highmortality rate,and there is very few old people.因为非常高死亡率，所以非常少的婴幼儿 存活，也有很少的老年人存活。03:11And so the profile is sort of for your average San Francisconeighborhood
17、.这是你们旧金山周边人们的平均年龄资料。03:17A lot of young people.有很多年轻人。03:21And if you go there,you say,Hey,everybody is reallyhealthy.如果你去旧金山那里，你说，“嘿，大家都很健康吧。”03:23Well,thats because theyre all young.嗯，那是因为他们都很年轻。03:25And the same thing with the hunter gatherer tribes and earlyman is that you didnt live beyond the
18、age of 30.狩猎采集部落和早期人的同样问题 是他们活不到30岁。03:27gatherer:n.采集者,收集器 Neanderthal:adj.尼安德特人的;穴居人的 similar to:与相似;和相同 fossils:n.古生化石(fossil复数形式)infants:n.婴儿(infant的复数);婴幼儿 mortality:n.死亡数,死亡率;必死性,必死的命运So,it was a world without grandparents.因此，那是一个没有祖父母的世界。03:32And grandparents are very important,because they a
19、re thetransmitter of cultural evolution and information.祖父母也是非常重要的，因为他们是文化演变和信息的传承者。03:34Imagine a world and basically everyone was 20 to 30 yearsold,how much learning can you do?想象一个世界，基本上每个人都在20岁至30岁，你可以学到什么东西？03:40You cant do very much learning in your own life,its so short.在你仅有的生命中，你不可能学到很多东西，它太
20、短了。03:45And there is nobody to pass on what you do learn.没有人可以传授给你所要学的东西。03:49So,thats one aspect.这只是一个方面。03:51It was a very short life.But at the same time anthropologistsknow that most hunter gatherer tribes of the world with verylittle technology,actually did not spend a very long timegathering t
21、he food that they needed.生命太短暂。但同时 人类学家知道 世界上多数狩猎采集部落 使用很少的技术，其实他们并没有花很长的时间采集他们所需要的食物。03:54Three to six hours a day.一天3至6小时狩猎采集。04:06Some anthropologists call that the original affluent society.一些人类学家称之为原始富足社会。04:08www.XiYuS锡育软件Because they had banker hours basically.因为他们基本上有工作小时，类似于银行家小时。04:11So,it
22、 was possible to get enough food.就有可能获得足够的粮食。04:14grandparents:n.祖父母(grandparent的复数);外祖父母 transmitter:n.电讯发射机,通信发报机;传达人 pass on:传递;继续;去世 anthropologists:人类人类学家 affluent:adj.富裕的；丰富的；流畅的/n.支流；富人But when the scarcity came when the highs and lows andthe droughts came,then people went into starvation.但当食
23、物不足时，收成不稳定和干旱来临时，人们就进入饥饿时期。04:17And thats why they didnt live very long.这也是他们活不长久的原因。04:24So,what technology brought,through the very simple toolslike these stone tools here,even something as small as this,the early bands of humans were actually able to eliminate,toextinction about 250 megafauna ani
24、mals in North America因此技术都带来什么，通过这样很简单的工具，像这里的石器，甚至一些小到这样的工具，伴随人类的早期动物，当它们1万年前第一次出现在北美洲，大约250种巨型动物群 事实上它们都被淘汰和灭绝了。04:26extinction about 250 megafauna animals in North Americawhen they first arrived 10,000 years ago.汰和灭绝了。04:26So,long before the industrial age weve been affecting theplanet on a globa
25、l scale,with just a small amount oftechnology.所以，早在工业时代 我们虽然那时用的技术很少但人类就已经在全球范围内影响地球04:48The other thing that the early man invented was fire.另一件事情是早期人类发明了火。04:55And fire was used to clear out,and again,effected theecology of grass and whole continents,and was used incooking.火是用来清除丛林，并再次 影响生态草地和整个大陆
26、，并用于做饭。04:58scarcity:n.不足;缺乏 highs:adj.高的;高级的;崇高的;高音调的/n.高水平;天空;由麻醉品引起的快感;高压地带/adv.高;奢侈地lows:n.低频 droughts:n.气候干旱(drought的复数);旱灾灾情 starvation:n.饿死;挨饿;绝食 bands:n.乐队;法官megafauna:动巨型动物 clear out:走开;把清出;办理海关出口手续 effected:v.产生;造成;招致(effect的过去分词)/adj.实现了的;受影响的 ecology:n.生态学；社会生态学 continents:n.地理大陆,大洲(cont
27、inent复数)It enabled us to actually eat all kinds of things.它使我们可以吃各种东西。05:07It was sort of,in a certain sense,in a McLuhan sense,anexternal stomach.在某种意义上，从麦克卢汉意义上，它是 一个外在的胃。05:09In the sense that it was cooking food that we could not eatotherwise.在这个意义上讲，只有用火烹调食物，否则我们不能吃。05:14And if we dont have fir
28、e,we actually could not live.如果我们没有火，我们根本无法生存。05:17Our bodies have adapted to these new diets.我们身体已经适应了这些新的饮食习惯。05:20Our bodies have changed in the last 10,000 years.过去1万年，我们的身体已经改变了。05:23So,with that little bit of technology,humans went from asmall band of 10,000 or so,the same number asNeanderthal
29、s everywhere,and we suddenly exploded,withthe invention of language,around 50,000 years ago thenumber of humans exploded,and very quickly became thedominant species on the planet.所以，应用很少的技术，人类就从大约1万少数人发展起来，同等于那时遍布各地的尼安特人的数量，我们发明了语言，突然人口爆炸了，大约5万年前，人口数量呈爆炸式发展，非常快地就变成了这地球上的主宰者。05:26And they migrated in
30、to the rest of the world at twokilometers per year until within several tens of thousands ofyears we occupied every single watershed on the planet andbecame the most dominant species,with a very smallamount of technology.以每年2公里速度，仅仅数万年 人类就迁移到世界各地 懂得少量技术以后 我们人类就占领这地球上每一个分水岭地 变成那里的最主要的物种05:42adapted:a
31、dj.适合的/v.使适应,改编(adapt的过去式)diets:食品饮食 Neanderthals:n.穴居人(Neanderthal的复数);尼安德塔人 exploded:adj.爆炸了的;分解的;被破除的/v.爆炸(explode的过去分词)dominant:adj.显性的;占优势的;支配的,统治的/n.显性 migrated:迁移/迁徙(migrate的过去式和过去分词)watershed:n.(美)流域;分水岭;集水区;转折点/adj.标志转折点的And even at that time,with the introduction of agriculture,8,000-10,00
32、0 years ago we started to see climate change.甚至在那个时候，8000年至1万年以前 伴随农业的发展 我们就开始有气候变化。05:55So,climate change is not a new thing.所以气候变化不是一个新鲜事物。06:02Whats new is just the degree of it.Even during theagricultural age there was climate change.新鲜的是气候变化的程度。甚至 在农业时代就有了气候变化。06:04And so,already small amounts
33、of technology weretransforming the world.因此，少量的技术已经 在改变着世界。06:09And what this means,and where Im going is that technologyhas become the most powerful force in the world.这意味着，我所指的是 技术已经变成世界上最强大的力量。06:13All the things that we see today that are changing our lives,we can always trace back to the introd
34、uction of some newtechnology.我们今天所看到的所有 改变我们生活的事情，我们都可以追溯 归结为一些新技术的发明。06:19So,its a force,that is the most powerful force that has beenunleashed on this planet.所以这是一种力量 它是这地球上已经被释放的最最强大的力量06:25And in such a degree that I think that its become our,whowe are.强大到使我相信 技术变成我们人类自己06:31In fact,our humanity
35、,and everything that we think aboutourselves is something that weve invented.事实上，我们的人性，和一切关于我们自己的想法思考 都是我们后来发明的06:39agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的 transforming:v.转化,转变(transform的ing形式)trace back:追溯 unleashed:vt.释放,解放(unleash的过去分词形式)So,weve invented ourselves.Of all the animals that wevedomesticated the mo
36、st important animal that wevedomesticated has been us.Okay?所以，我们发明了我们自身。被我们驯服的所有动物当中，最重要的一个 就是我们自身。对吧？06:44So,humanity is our greatest invention.所以，人性是我们最伟大的发明。06:51But of course were not done yet.当然了，我们还没有完全做好。06:54Were still inventing.And this is what technology is allowingus to do.我们还在发明。这就是我们可以做
37、的技术。06:56Its continually to reinvent ourselves.继续再发掘人的潜力去重新发明。06:59Its a very very strong force.这是超强大的力量。07:02I call this entire thing,us humans as our technology,everything that weve made,gadgets in our lives,we call thatthe Technium.Thats this world.我们人类作为技术本身，这就是头等大事，我们创造的每一件事，日常生活每个工具，我们称之为技术元素。
38、这就是技术世界。07:04My working definition of technology is anything useful that ahuman mind makes.我现在对技术的定义是 人类创造的任何有用的东西。07:12Its not just hammers and gadgets like laptops.不仅仅指锤子，或者像笔记本的工具。07:17But its also Law.And of course cities are ways to make thingsmore useful to us.但也指规律，法则。当然对我们人类来说，城市是种方法使事情变得 更加
39、有用。07:19domesticated:adj.家养的;驯服的;喜欢家庭生活的/v.驯养(domesticate的过去分词);使习惯于家庭生活 inventing:v.发明(invent的现在分词);创造 continually:adv.不断地;频繁地 reinvent:vt.重新使用;彻底改造;重复发明(在不知他人已发明的情况下)gadgets:n.小配件;小工具(gadget的复数)hammers:n.锤子(hammer的复数)/v.锤击;使惨败(hammer的三单形式)laptops:笔记本电脑While this is something that comes from our mi
40、nd,it also hasits roots deeply into the cosmos.此时，我脑海中冒出的想法，技术也深深扎根于宇宙空间。07:26It goes back.The origins and roots of technology go back tothe Big Bang,in this way,in that they are part of this self-organizing thread that starts at the Big Bang and goesthrough galaxies and stars into life into us.追溯技术
41、，它的起源和最初的根源 要回到大爆炸，因此，技术的起源是 一个自组织的网，它开始于大爆炸，再穿过星系和恒星 进入到我们的生活。07:33And the three major phases of the early universe was energy,when the dominant force was energy.早期宇宙的三个主要阶段 是能量，那时主导力量是能量。07:48Then it became,the dominant force,as it cooled,becamematter.然后主导力量变化，随着能量冷却，它变成物质。07:52And then,with the i
42、nvention of life,four billion years ago,thedominant force in our neighborhood became information.40亿年前，随着生命物质的发展，在我们周边主导力量变为信息。07:55Thats what life is.Its an information process that wasrestructuring and making new order.这就是生活。信息处理就是 重新构建与重新排序的过程08:01So,those energy matter Einstein showed were equiv
43、alent,and now new sciences of quantum computing show thatentropy and information and matter and energy are allinterrelated,so its one long continuum.所以，爱因斯坦发现的这些能量物质 是可以相等转化的，现在新的 量子计算的科学显示熵/平均信息量 与信息，物质和能量 都是相互关联的，所以它是一个长期连续体。08:06cosmos:n.宇宙;和谐;秩序;大波斯菊 phases:n.阶段,时期(phase的复数形式)/v.逐步实行(phase的三单形式)
44、restructuring:n.调整;改组;重建/v.重组(restructure的现在分词形式)equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的/n.等价物,相等物 entropy:n.热熵(热力学函数)interrelated:adj.相关的;互相联系的/v.使相互联系(interrelate的过去式)continuum:n.数连续统;经连续统一体;闭联集You put energy into the right kind of system,and out comeswasted heat entropy,and extropy,which is order.当你把能量放到合适的体
45、系中，而产生了废热熵，和废除物，这就是规律08:21Its the increase in order.而且规律还在变化。08:30So,where does this order come from?Its roots go way back.那么，这规则是从哪来的？它的根源早就有了。08:32We actually dont know.我们竟然还不知道。08:34But we do know that the self organization trend throughoutthe universe is long,and it began with things like galaxi
46、es.但是我们知道整个宇宙的自我组织趋势 是很长远的，它起源于像星系的东西。08:36They maintained their order for billions of years.它们保持了数十亿年的规则。08:43Stars are basically nuclear fusion machines that self organizeand self sustain themselves for billions of years.星星们基本上是数十亿年自我组织 自我维持自己的核裂变化08:46This order against the entropy of the world.这
47、违背了世界普世的秩序。08:53And flowers and plants are the same thing,extended.花卉和植物是同样的东西，在发展延伸。08:55And technology is basically an extension of life.技术基本上是一个生命的延续。09:01So,one trend that we notice in all those things is that theamount of energy per gram,per second that flows throughthis,is actually increasing.
48、我们在所有这些事情里发现一个趋势是 每克每秒在这流动变化的能量 实际上是增加的。09:05the amount of energy is increasing through this littlesequence.能量通过这个小顺序在增加。09:14maintained:adj.被保持的/v.维护,维修;维持(maintain的过去分词)fusion:n.融合;熔化;熔接;融合物;物核聚变And that the amount of energy per gram,per second,thatflows through life is actually greater than a sta
49、r,because ofthe stars long lifespan,the energy density in life is actuallyhigher than a star.每克每秒在生命中流动变化的能量 实际上比一个星星能量要大得多，因为星星的长寿命，生命中的能量密度实际上要高于星星的能量密度。09:19And the energy density that we see in the greatest,that wesee anywhere in the universe is actually in a P.C.chip.我们所见到的最大的，在宇宙中的任何地方所看到的能量密度
50、实际上是储存在个人芯片。09:31There is more energy flowing through,per gram per second,than anything that we have any other experience with.它是每克每秒产生的能量 都比我们接触任何其他事物的能量要多得多09:37So,what I would suggest,is that if you want to see wheretechnology is going,we continue that trajectory,and we saywell whats going to bec