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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件So it was the fall of 1902,and President Theodore Rooseveltneeded a little break from the White House,so he took atrain to Mississippi to do a little black bear hunting outsideof a town called Smedes.1902年的秋天 西奥多罗斯福总统 需要一个暂别白宫的小假期 于是他坐火车去了密西西比 在一个镇外狩猎黑熊 这个镇叫斯密德思00:12The first day of the
2、 hunt,they didnt see a single bear,so itwas a big bummer for everyone,but the second day,thedogs cornered one after a really long chase,but by thatpoint,the president had given up and gone back to camp forlunch,so his hunting guide cracked the animal on the top ofthe head with the butt of his rifle,
3、and then tied it up to atree and started tooting away on his bugle to call Rooseveltback so he could have the honor of shooting it.在打猎的第一天他们没有看到熊 大家都觉得很无奈 然而第二天 猎犬在很长的追逐后把一只熊逼进角落 总统已经放弃了追逐 并回到营帐吃午餐 于是他的狩猎指导敲昏了动物 用他步枪的尾部去敲击熊头顶 然后把它绑在一棵树上 随后吹着号角嘟嘟地走了 他想让罗斯福回来时 享受射击的乐趣00:25The bear was a female.这是一只母熊0
4、0:51It was dazed,injured,severely underweight,a little mangy-looking,and when Roosevelt saw this animal tied up to thetree,he just couldnt bring himself to fire at it.它有些迷糊 也受了伤 体重严重不足 看起来脏脏的当罗斯福看到这个动物 被绑在树上时 他实在不忍心朝它开枪00:53outside of:在的外面;超出的范围 bummer:n.懒汉;游手好闲的人;吸食迷幻药的反效果 cornered:adj.有角的;被困得走投无路的
5、/vt.把逼入绝境(corner的过去式)butt:n.屁股;烟头;笑柄;靶垛;粗大的一端/vt.以头抵撞;碰撞 tooting:v.狂饮;吸入可卡因;吹奏出;使发出嘟嘟声(toot的ing形式)bugle:n.喇叭;军号;筋骨草属植物/vt.吹号集合/vi.吹号;吹喇叭 dazed:adj.头昏的;茫然的/vt.使眩晕;使惶惑(daze的过去式)severely:adv.严重地;严格地,严厉地;纯朴地 underweight:adj.重量不足的/n.重量不足;不符合要求的重量He felt like that would go against his code as a sportsman.
6、他觉得这样做会违反他的行为准则 和运动员精神01:05A few days later,the scene was memorialized in a politicalcartoon back in Washington.几天后 这个情景被记录了下来 出现在华盛顿的一个政治卡通中01:09It was called Drawing a Line in Mississippi,and it showedRoosevelt with his gun down and his arm out,sparing thebears life,and the bear was sitting on its
7、 hind legs withthese two big,frightened,wide eyes and little ears prickedup at the top of its head.它叫做在密西西比划清底线 画面展现了罗斯福放下了他的枪 给熊留了一条生路 这只熊坐在它的后腿上 两只大眼睛 睁得圆圆的 充满了恐惧 它的耳朵竖在头顶上01:14It looked really helpless,like you just wanted to sweep it upinto your arms and reassure it.它看起来很无助 你恨不得 想把它拥入怀中 让它不要担心01
8、:26It wouldnt have looked familiar at the time,but if you golooking for the cartoon now,you recognize the animal rightaway:在那时它看起来不太眼熟 但如果你现在看这个卡通 你能马上认出这个动物;01:31Its a teddy bear.它就是泰迪熊01:37And this is how the teddy bear was born.这就是泰迪熊诞生的故事01:39go against:不利于;违反;反对 sportsman:n.运动员;运动家;冒险家 memorial
9、ized:vt.纪念;请愿;提出请愿书 sparing:adj.节约的;贫乏的;保守的/n.抽出;宽恕;免去;给予(spare的ing形式)hind:adj.后部的/n.雌鹿 pricked:v.刺痛;受责备(prick的过去分词)/adj.刺痛的 reassure:vt.使安心,使消除疑虑 right away:立刻 teddy:n.连衫衬裤;泰迪玩具熊Essentially,toymakers took the bear from the cartoon,turnedit into a plush toy,and then named it after PresidentRoosevelt
10、-Teddys bear.简单说 玩具制造商将这个卡通中的熊 做成了毛绒玩具 并用罗斯福总统的名字 给它命了名;泰迪熊01:41And I do feel a little ridiculous that Im up here on this stageand Im choosing to use my time to tell you about a 100-year-old story about the invention of a squishy kids toy,我觉得自己有点傻 我站在这个舞台上 并决定用我的时间 来告诉你们一个一百年前的故事 关于一个软绵绵的儿童玩具的发明01:4
11、8but Id argue that the invention of the teddy bear,inside thatstory is a more important story,a story about howdramatically our ideas about nature can change,and alsoabout how,on the planet right now,the stories that we tell但我想说在泰迪熊的发明的故事里 有个更重要的故事 这个故事关系到我们对自然的想法 可以如此戏剧化的变化 这也关系到此时在这个星球上 我们所讲述的故事 正
12、戏剧化地改变自然02:00TED演讲者：Jon Mooallem|乔恩 莫阿拉姆演讲标题：How the teddy bear taught us compassion|关于泰迪熊的奇怪故事，以及它所揭示的我们与动物之间的关系内容概要：In 1902,President Theodore Roosevelt legendarily spared the life of a black bear and prompted a plush toy craze for so-called teddy bears.Writer Jon Mooallem digs into thistoy story
13、and asks us to consider how the tales we tell about wild animals have realconsequences for a species.chance of survival and the natural world at large.1902年，总统西奥多.罗斯福传奇性地给了一只黑熊一条生路-这促使了人们对一个叫做”泰迪熊“玩具的狂热。作家乔恩.莫阿拉姆深入讲述了这个故事，并让我们思考我们如何讲述关于野外动物的故事对一个种类的生存机会，以及整个自然世界会有怎样真正的影响。about how,on the planet righ
14、t now,the stories that we tellare dramatically changing nature.Because think about the teddy bear.您想想泰迪熊02:18For us,in retrospect,it feels like an obvious fit,because bearsare so cute and cuddly,and who wouldnt want to give oneto their kids to play with,but the truth is that in 1902,bearswerent cute
15、 and cuddly.对于我们来说它像一个自然的产物 因为熊那么可爱 让人忍不住想抱 谁不想自己的孩子跟其玩耍呢？而在1902年 熊并不那么可爱 也不让人想拥抱02:20I mean,they looked the same,but no one thought of themthat way.我是说他们看起来一样 可是当时没人这么看待他们02:30plush:adj.豪华的;长毛绒做的;舒服的/n.长毛绒 ridiculous:adj.可笑的；荒谬的 squishy:adj.粘糊糊的;湿软的retrospect:n.回顾,追溯/vi.回顾,追溯;回想/vt.回顾;追忆 cuddly:adj
16、.令人想拥抱的;喜欢搂搂抱抱的;逗人喜爱的In 1902,bears were monsters.在1902年熊是野兽02:33Bears were something that frickin terrified kids.熊当时是让孩子们异常害怕的动物02:36For generations at that point,the bear had been ashorthand for all the danger that people were encounteringon the frontier,and the federal government was actuallysyste
17、matically exterminating bears and lots of otherpredators too,like coyotes and wolves.对几代人来说 熊一直象征着所有 人们在前线遇到的危险 联邦政府其实曾经 系统性地灭绝狗熊 以及其它捕食动物 比如说小狼和野狼02:39These animals,they were being demonized.这些动物当时被妖魔化02:52They were called murderers because they killed peopleslivestock.它们被称为杀人犯 因为它们杀害人们的家禽02:54One
18、government biologist,he explained this war on animalslike the bear by saying that they no longer had a place in ouradvancing civilization,and so we were just clearing them outof the way.一个政府生物学家解释说 针对动物的战争 比如说熊 是因为在我们日益发展的文明中 它们不再有一席之地 所以我们将它们清除掉02:58In one 10-year period,close to half a million wol
19、ves had beenslaughtered.在十年之间 将近50万只狼被屠杀03:11shorthand:n.速记;速记法/adj.速记法的 encountering:遭遇/邂逅/特殊经历 systematically:adv.有系统地;有组织地exterminating:vt.消灭;根除 predators:动捕食者/动食肉动物(predator的复数)coyotes:n.土狼(coyote的复数)demonized:vt.妖魔化;使成为魔鬼 biologist:n.生物学家 out of the way:偏僻的;不同寻常的;不挡道;把移开slaughtered:vt.屠宰,屠杀;杀戮;
20、使惨败/n.屠宰,屠杀;杀戮;消灭在95的原本属于灰熊的领地上 在那些曾经一时有3千万野牛穿越的平原上 你会听说这样的事儿;03:16living rivers of the animals could pour over the tracks,now,by 1902,there were maybe less than 100 left in the wild.活生生的动物如潮水一般穿过轨道 到1902年 这里只剩下不到100只野牛存活于野外03:30And so what Im saying is,the teddy bear was born into themiddle of this
21、 great spasm of extermination,and you cansee it as a sign that maybe some people deep down werestarting to feel conflicted about all that killing.所以我想说的是 泰迪熊诞生于 一个异常严峻的灭绝时代 你可以把它看成一个征兆 也许有些人从心底 开始对这些屠杀感到矛盾03:38America still hated the bear and feared it,but all of asudden,America also wanted to give
22、the bear a great bighug.美国始终痛恨熊 也害怕它 但突然间 美国也想要给熊一个大拥抱03:52So this is something that Ive been really curious about in thelast few years.这是我在过去几年来很好奇的事04:00How do we imagine animals,how do we think and feel aboutthem,and how do their reputations get written and thenrewritten in our minds?我们如何想像动物 我们如
23、何思考和感受它们 它们的名声如何形成 又是如何在我们的头脑里被改写04:02Were here living in the eye of a great storm of extinctionwhere half the species on the planet could be gone by theend of the century,and so why is it that we come to careabout some of those species and not others?我们生活在一个灭绝风暴迫在眉睫的时代 这个星球上一半的生物种类 都可能在这个世纪末消失 那么为什
24、么我们会关心 其中一部分种类 而不是其它的呢04:10spasm:n.临床痉挛;抽搐;一阵发作 extermination:n.消灭;根绝 conflicted:n.冲突,矛盾;斗争;争执/vi.冲突,抵触;争执;战斗all of a sudden:突然地,出乎意料地 reputations:n.名声,名誉;声望Well,theres a new field,a relatively new field of socialscience that started looking at these questions and trying tounpack the powerful and so
25、metimes pretty schizophrenicrelationships that we have to animals,and I spent a lot oftime looking through their academic journals,and all I canreally say is that their findings are astonishingly wide-ranging.社会科学有一个新的领域 一个相对新的领域 研究这些问题 具有神奇力量 却也令人费解的 这种关系我花了很多时间来阅读 他们的学术期刊 我能说的是他们的发现 广泛得让人吃惊04:22So
26、 some of my favorites include that the more television aperson watches in Upstate New York,the more he or she isafraid of being attacked by a black bear.我最喜欢的一些发现包括 一个人在纽约北部看越多的电视 他或她就越害怕 受到黑熊的攻击04:39If you show a tiger to an American,theyre much more likelyto assume that its female and not male.如果你
27、给一个美国人看一只老虎 他们更可能假设它是母的 而不是公的04:47In a study where a fake snake and a fake turtle were put onthe side of the road,drivers hit the snake much more oftenthan the turtle,and about three percent of drivers who hitthe fake animals seemed to do it on purpose.在一个研究中 一条假的蛇 和一只假的乌龟被放在路边 驾驶者撞击蛇的比例远大于乌龟 而在撞击假动
28、物的驾驶者中有3%是故意这么做的04:53social science:n.社会科学/社会科学学科 unpack:vt.卸下;解除的负担/vi.打开包裹 schizophrenic:adj.精神分裂症的/n.精神分裂症的患者 journals:n.学术期刊(journal的复数);日记;日记账 astonishingly:adv.令人惊讶地 wide-ranging:adj.广泛的 Upstate:adj.北部的;偏僻的/n.州的北部/adv.在州的北部;在州内远离大城市地区 on the side of:拥护;站在一边;赞助Women are more likely than men to
29、get a magical feelingwhen they see dolphins in the surf.相对于男人 女人更有可能 在冲浪时看到海豚而有美妙的感觉05:03Sixty-eight percent of mothers with high feelings ofentitlement and self-esteem identified with the dancing catsin a commercial for Purina.(Laughter)68具有强烈的权利和自尊感的母亲们 在观看Purina广告时 猫粮品牌 能和跳舞的猫能产生同鸣（笑声）05:09Americ
30、ans consider lobsters more important than pigeonsbut also much,much stupider.美国人觉得龙虾 比鸽子更重要 但也更加愚蠢05:18Wild turkeys are seen as only slightly more dangerous thansea otters,and pandas are twice as lovable as ladybugs.野生火鸡被认为比海獭更危险一点点 熊猫比瓢虫可爱两倍05:23So some of this is physical,right?这其中有些是因为外表的关系对吗？05:
31、32We tend to sympathize more with animals that look like us,and especially that resemble human babies,so with big,forward-facing eyes and circular faces,kind of a roly-polyposture.我们更同情看起来像我们的动物 尤其是那些像人类婴儿的 大而朝前的眼睛 圆形脸 类似不倒翁的姿势05:33This is why,if you get a Christmas card from,like,your greataunt in
32、Minnesota,theres usually a fuzzy penguin chick onit,and not something like a Glacier Bay wolf spider.这就是为什么如果你收到 你在明尼苏达州的姑姑寄来的圣诞卡 上面更可能有一只带绒毛的小企鹅而不是冰川湾狼蜘蛛 笑声05:42entitlement:n.权利;津贴 self-esteem:n.自尊;自负;自大 lobsters:n.无脊椎龙虾(lobster的复数)pigeons:n.鸽子(pigeon的复数);杂波 turkeys:n.突厥斯 lovable:adj.可爱的,讨人喜欢的 lady
33、bugs:n.瓢虫(等于ladybeetle)resemble:vt.类似,像 roly-poly:n.卷布丁;矮胖的人/adj.矮胖的 posture:n.姿势;态度;情形/vi.摆姿势/vt.作的姿势 fuzzy:adj.模糊的;失真的;有绒毛的 Glacier:n.冰河,冰川But its not all physical,right?但这也不完全是因为外表 对吧？05:49Theres a cultural dimension to how we think about animals,and were telling stories about these animals,and l
34、ike allstories,they are shaped by the times and the places in whichwere telling them.我们对动物的想法有文化的一面 我们讲述关于这些动物的故事 这些故事像所有故事一样 当我们讲故事的时候 用时间和地点给故事塑形05:52So think about that moment back in 1902 again where aferocious bear became a teddy bear.所以请想想那个时刻 回到1902年 一只凶猛的熊成为一只泰迪熊06:01What was the context?Wel
35、l,America was urbanizing.当时是什么环境？美国正经历城市化06:07For the first time,nearly a majority of people lived in cities,sothere was a growing distance between us and nature.历史上第一次 大部分人住到了城市 我们与自然的距离日益剧增06:10There was a safe space where we could reconsider the bearand romanticize it.我们有了一个安全的空间 可以重新想象熊 并将其浪漫化06
36、:15www.XiYuS锡育软件Nature could only start to seem this pure and adorablebecause we didnt have to be afraid of it anymore.于是自然开始显得这么纯粹和可爱 因为我们不再害怕06:20And you can see that cycle playing out again and again withall kinds of animals.你可以看到这个循环不断上演 一遍又一遍出现在所有动物身上06:25dimension:n.方面;数维;尺寸;次元;容积vt.标出尺寸/adj.规
37、格的 ferocious:adj.残忍的;惊人的 urbanizing:vt.使都市化;使文雅 romanticize:vi.浪漫化;传奇化/vt.使浪漫化;使传奇化 adorable:adj.可爱的;可敬重的,值得崇拜的 again and again:adv.再三地,反复地It seems like were always stuck between demonizing aspecies and wanting to wipe it out,and then when we getvery close to doing that,empathizing with it as an und
38、erdogand wanting to show it compassion.我们似乎总是这样 妖魔化然后灭绝一个物种 而当我们快要成功时 又开始怜惜弱者 展现出无限的同情心06:29So we exert our power,but then were unsettled by howpowerful we are.我们人类乐于运用自己的力量 却又为这能量之大而惶惶不安起来06:40So for example,this is one of probably thousands of lettersand drawings that kids sent to the Bush adminis
39、tration,begging it to protect the polar bear under the EndangeredSpecies Act,and these were sent back in the mid-2000s,when awareness of climate change was suddenly surging.举个例子 这是 几千封信件和图画之一 请求政府遵循濒危动物保护法案 保护北极熊 这些信是在2000至2010年寄出的 当时我们对气候变化的关注剧增06:46We kept seeing that image of a polar bear strande
40、d on alittle ice floe looking really morose.我们一直看到这样一个画面 一只北极熊被困在一小块冰上 看起来非常惆怅07:00I spent days looking through these files.我花了很多天看这些文件07:04demonizing:vt.妖魔化;使成为魔鬼 empathizing:移情/神会 underdog:n.比赛中不被看好者;失败者;受压迫者;斗败了的狗 compassion:n.同情；怜悯 unsettled:adj.未决定的;怀疑的;未处理的;不整齐的 drawings:n.图纸;图示;提用,金融提款(drawin
41、g的复数)Endangered:adj.濒临灭绝的;有生命危险的 awareness:n.意识,认识;明白,知道 surging:v.冲击(surge的ing形式);浪涌 stranded:adj.搁浅的;陷于困境的;有股的(常用来构成复合词)/v.搁浅(strand的过去式和过去分词)floe:n.浮冰;大浮冰 morose:adj.郁闷的;孤僻的I really love them.This ones my favorite.我非常喜欢它们 这张是我的最爱07:06If you can see,its a polar bear thats drowning and then itsalso
42、 being eaten simultaneously by a lobster and a shark.您可以看到这是只被淹没的北极熊 与此同时它正被 一只龙虾和鲨鱼吃掉07:08This one came from a kid named Fritz,and hes actually got asolution to climate change.这个来自于叫一个叫弗利兹的孩子 他实际上已经找到对付气候变化方法07:15Hes got it all worked out to an ethanol-based solution.在乙醇的基础上他研究出了方案07:18He says,I fe
43、el bad about the polar bears.他说 我为北极熊感到难过07:20I like polar bears.我喜欢北极熊07:23Everyone can use corn juice for cars.From Fritz.大家可以用玉米汁来开车-弗利兹07:25So 200 years ago,you would have Arctic explorers writingabout polar bears leaping into their boats and trying todevour them,even if they lit the bear on fir
44、e,but these kidsdont see the polar bear that way,and actually they donteven see the polar bear the way that I did back in the 80s.200年前 极地探险家 会记载说北极熊跳到他们的船上 尝试活吞他们 即使他们在熊身上点火 然而这些孩子们不这么看北极熊 实际上他们看待北极熊的角度 也不同于我在80年代的看法07:31I mean,we thought of these animals as mysterious andterrifying lords of the Ar
45、ctic.我们认为这些动物 是北极神秘而恐怖的主人07:45simultaneously:adv.同时地 lobster:n.龙虾/龙虾肉 Fritz:n.德国人;德国佬 leaping:adj.跳跃的,跳跃而行的/n.跳跃/v.跳跃(leap的ing形式)devour:vt.吞食;毁灭;凝视 bear on:对施加压力;与有关;对有影响;瞄准 terrifying:adj.令人恐惧的;骇人的;极大的/v.使害怕,使恐怖(terrify的现在分词)lords:n.上议院;(前面与the连用)上院议员But look now how quickly that climate change has
46、 flippedthe image of the animal in our minds.然而你看现在气候快速地变化 这已经颠倒了我们对动物的看法07:49Its gone from that bloodthirsty man-killer to this delicate,drowning victim,and when you think about it,thats kind ofthe conclusion to the story that the teddy bear started tellingback in 1902,because back then,America had
47、 more or lessconquered its share of the continent.它们从嗜血的杀人犯 变成了纤弱垂死的受害者 如果你仔细想想 这也算泰迪熊的故事的 一个结论 因为在那时 美国或多或少 征服了属于它的领地07:54We were just getting around to polishing off these last wildpredators.我们当时正接近 消灭这些最后的野外捕食者08:10Now,societys reach has expanded all the way to the top ofthe world,and its made ev
48、en these,the most remote,themost powerful bears on the planet,seem like adorable andblameless victims.现在 社会的影响已经扩大 一路通往世界的最顶端这使那些甚至最遥远 世界上最凶猛的熊 看起来也像可爱的和无辜的受害者08:14But you know,theres also a postscript to the teddy bearstory that not a lot of people talk about.其实 泰迪熊故事还有一个 不为人知的后记08:26Were going to
49、talk about it,because even though it didntreally take long after Roosevelts hunt in 1902 for the toy tobecome a full-blown craze,most people figured it was a fad,it was a sort of silly political novelty item我想讲给大家听 因为即使没有过多久 在1902年罗斯福打猎之后 这个玩具成为完全的热潮 大多数人认为它只是一时流行 它只是一种无聊的政治新奇物品08:31flipped:快速翻动/入迷(
50、flip的过去式和过去分词)bloodthirsty:adj.嗜杀的;残忍的 more or less:或多或少 conquered:vt.战胜,征服;攻克,攻取/vi.胜利;得胜 polishing:n.机抛光;机磨光/v.机磨光;擦亮;修正(polish的ing形式)expanded:adj.扩充的;展开的/vt.扩大(expand的过去式)blameless:adj.清白的;无可责备的;无过失的 postscript:n.附言;又及 full-blown:adj.成熟的;(花)盛开的;(帆等)张满的 craze:n.狂热/vi.发狂;产生纹裂/vt.使发狂;使产生纹裂 fad:n.时尚;