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1、名词性从句(二)考情分析从高考的考查的实际情况来看，名词性从句考得最多的是宾语从句，其次是主语从句，再次是表语从句，而 同位语从句考查得较少。一、名词性从句常用的连接词连接词作用whether/if 是否that （无词义）只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分who谁，whom谁，whose谁的which哪一个what什么，所.的在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语 在从句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语 在从句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语when什么时候，where什么地方 how怎样，why为什么除了起连接作用外，还在从句中作状语who,whom,whose,what, which,where,why,w
2、hen,how可以引导主语、宾语和表语从句。它们的特点: 1 有本身的词义；2 .在从句中担当句子成分，如：主语宾语或状语；3 .引导的从句一律用陈述句语序，不能用疑回句语序。I dont know who did it.我不知道这是谁干的。She asked me where I had been.她问之前我在哪儿。What you have done might do harm to other people.你所做过的事情有可能伤害另ij人。Where he went for his weekend is not known.不知道他去哪里过的周末。What I want to know
3、 is where he has gone for his weekend.我想知道的是他到哪里过周末去了。规律总结名词性从句的语序与陈述句语序相同，尤其注意那些由连接代who(m) ,whose,which,what和连接副词 when, where,why等引导的名词性从句，不要受它们在特殊疑问句中的用法的影响而误用疑问句语序。 Why was she crying?她为什么在哭？I dont know why she was crying.我不知道她为什么在哭。方法技巧what后的名词可以是复教可数名词或不可教名词，通常不是单数可数名词，并且后接名词时，有时可用 litle/few修饰，
4、两者的区别是：what+名词=所有的都，what little/few+名词=虽少但全部。如：What friends she has are out of the country.她的朋友全在国外。We gave him what little help we could我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。温馨提示whoever, whatever等可引导名词性从句。如：Whoever wants the book may have it.任何人想要这本书都可以拿去。Ill do whatever I can to help him.我将尽我所能来帮助他。另外，它们也可引导让步状语从句，意为“无论
5、”不管”，相当于no matter who/what等。 如：Whatever happenszyou must be calm.不管发生什么，你都必须镇静。(whatever二no matter what)He wont eat youzwhoever he is.不管他是谁，他也不会把你吃了。(whoever=no matter who) 常见错误注意以下易受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子： 任何人来都欢迎。误： Who comes will be welome./Anyone comes wil be welcome.正： Whoever comes will be welcome./Anyo
6、ne who comes will be welcome.温馨提示whoever引导名词性从句时可在从句中作主语，也可作宾语；作宾语时不宜用whomever,因为在现代英语 中whomever这个词已几乎被废弃。二、连接词的功能1 .从属连词：that (无任何词义)，whether/if (均表示是否，表明从句内容的不确定性)，as if/as though (均表示好像似乎)在从句中均不充当任何成分；2 .连接代词：what,whatever,who,Whoever,whom,whose,which,whichever,whomever；3 .连接副词：when,where,how,why
7、；4 .不可省略的连接词：(1)介词后的连接词(2)引导主语从句和同位语从句的连接词。That she was chosen made us very happy.她被选上了让我们很高兴。We heard the news that our team had won.我们听到了我们队获胜了的消息。5 .whether与if均为是否的意思。但在下列情况下，whether不能被if取代：(1)引导主语从句并在句首(2)引导表语从句或同位语从句(3)引导介词后的宾语从句(4)后紧接。r not”(5)后接动词不定式6 .大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用it充当形式主语。三、连接词在各从句
8、中的应用1 .主语从句(1) that引导主语从句时: that没在意义，但一般不能省略。(that引导宾语从句时有时可以省略)It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.她的头发正在变白，这使她有点不安。That she is a rich woman is known to us all.我们大家都知道，她是个富有的女人。(2)从句作主语时，多数情况下由it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在后面，尤其是谓语部分(包括宾语)较 短的情况下。It wasnt very clear what she meant.不太清楚她是什么意思。It i
9、s important that he should come on time.他按时来是很重要的。(3) whether可以引导主语从句并放在句首，但if不能。whether后面可以力口。not,而if不能与or not直 接连用。Whether I knew John doesnt matter.=It doesnt matter whether I knew John.我是否认识约翰没有关系。Whether or not shell come isnt clear.=Whether shell come or not isnt clear.=It isnt clear whether o
10、r not shell come.她是否来还不清楚。2 .宾语从句在谓语动词、介词、动词不定式、分词、动名词之后都可以跟宾语从句。某些形容词，如：sure,h叩py,glad, certain,pleased等之后也可以跟宾语从句。(1) that引导的宾语从句；that没有词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。I really feel (that) she*s making a mistake.我的确感到她正在犯错误。Hearing that his son was badly wounded,he hurried to the hospital to see him.听说儿子受了重伤，他急忙
11、赶到医院去看望他。(2) whether/if(是否)引导的宾语从句:如果要突出“究竟是还是不”常在whether后面加or not；if 一般不与or not直接连用。He asked me if/whether I knew John.他问我是否知道约翰。Let me know whether or not you can come.你能来还是不能来，告诉我一声。(3)当主句的谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,expect等时，宾语从句中的否定一般要转移到主句中，即将 think等词变为否定形式。I dont think the film is interesting.
12、我觉得这部电影没什么意思。I dont suppose we are going hiking tomorow.我认为我们明天不会去远足。(4)如果从句作宾语而后面还有补语，为了保持句子的平衡，用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句放在句尾。常跟这样的复合宾语的动词有：make,find,believe,feel,think,consider等George made it clear that he opposed this projecL乔治已明确表示他反对这个项目。They found it pleasant that they worked with us.他们发现与我们一起工作很愉快。(5)形
13、容词与b：一起构成系表结构，其后的从句也常被视为宾语从句。这种句型一般都用人作主语，所用 的形容词都是表示态度或情感的形容词，如 certain,sure,afraid,glad,happy,sorry,surprised,confident 等。I am sure/certain that hes at home now.我背定他现在在家。3 .同位语从句同位语从句常用的引导词为that,有时也用when, where等词。The idea that you can do the work well without thinking is quite wrong.你能不动脑筋就能做好这个工作
14、的想法是完全错误的。The difficulty lies in the fact that we are short of money.困难在于我们缺钱这个事实。注意；同位语从句的that只是引导词，没有其他语法作用，在从句中不作成分，不能省略。4 .表语从句可以引导表语从句的连接词主要有that, whether, wh-类连接词，because等。Thats why I have come.那就是我为什么来了。What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us.我想知道的是我们要去什么地方以及她是否会
15、加入我们。此外，表语从句还可由as if(好像)引导。It looked as if it was going to rain.看上去好像要下雨了。知识归纳连接词that引导宾语从句时有时可省略，但引导其他名词性从句时通常不省略。如：I hope(that)you enjoy your holiday我希望你假期过得愉快。That he likes you is very obvious.很明显他喜欢你。疑难突破why与because两者均可引导表语从句，但前者强调的是结果，后者强调的是原因。如：I had a cold.Thats why I didnt come.我感冒 了，因此我没来。I
16、 didnt come.Thats because I had a cold.我没有来，那是因为我感冒了。四、what从句的小结l.what从句表示,所的人/事物”，相当于the thing(s) that,that which或those whichwhat可以用于以下情况：(1)引导主语从句。What Im afraid of is their taking him to that place.我怕的是他们带他到那个地方去。What is gone is gone.过去的事过去 了。(2)引导表语从句。Hes not what he was a fe二鉴概您二不是几年前的他了。(3)引导宾
17、语从句。_He could not express what he felt.他不能表达他的感受。As a frend of yoaurs,! want to tell you what I hear.作为你的一个朋友，我想告诉你我所听到的。I dont care about money or what people call position.我不在乎金钱或者别人所谓的地位。2 .what从句可用作插入语、指代后面的成分。这和非跟制性定语从句正好相反，非限制性定语从句指代的是 前面的成分。Then I discovered,what was news to me,that his wife
18、was Marys niece.后来我发现，他妻子是Mary的侄女，这对我而言是个新闻。It is a useful book,and,what is more,not an expensive one.这是本很有用的书，再说也不贵。3 .what可用在让步状语从句中，表示“不管什么”。注意这种让步状语从句的语序。Do what she would,she could not invent a reason for not going.1=No matter what she would do,she could not invent a reason for not going.不管她会做什
19、么，她都编不出不去的理由。Come whal may,you should always keep it secret.=No matter what may come,you should always keep it secret.发生什么事，你都要一直保守秘密。知识归纳what是一个十分重要的引导词，它可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，但不用于引导同位语从句。它引 导名词性从句时有两个意思：一是表示“什么”，带有疑问意味；二是表示“所的”，相当于一个先行 词后接一个关系代词。如：I dont know what you want,我不知道你想要什么。I dont know what y
20、ou want is this.我不知道你所想要的是这个。温馨提示 what引导名词性从句时可用作限定词，修饰其后的名词。如：I gave him what books I had.我把我所有的书都给他了。He gave me what money he had on him,他把他身上的钱全给了我。it作形式主语一、基本用法当不定式、动名词、从句等用作主语时，为避免头重脚轻，通常在句首使用形式主语it,而把真正的主语放 在句子末尾：Is it necessary to tell his father everything?有必要把这一切都告诉他父亲吗？Its no good sitting
21、up too late.熬夜到太晚没有好处。It is quite clear that he has read the book.很显然，他读过这本书。It doesnt mater what he says.他说什么没关系。温馨提示it作形式主语时,还可用于其他固定句型,如：If式were not for.（若不是因为）,Its time that-（该了）等。二、代替从句作形式主语_1 .用作动词look,seem, appear,happen,occur,follow等的形式主语（后接that从句或as if从句）：It seems that he knows everything.他
22、好像什么者B知道。It happened that I had no money with me.碰巧我没带钱。From this witness it follows that he must be guilty.根据该证人的证词判断，他一定有罪。2 .当系表结构后接有if或when引出的状语从句时，通常在系表结构前使用形式主语表示说话人对某情况的看 法：It was a great surprise to me when he did a thing like that.他做那样的事时我彳艮吃惊。It would be a tragedy if anything went wrong.如果
23、出了什么问题，那会是一个悲剧。三、代替动名词作形式主语l.It is no use/no good/fiin/great fiin/a new experience/a great honour/.doing stho 如：Ifs fun working for him.为他工作很有意思。Ifs great fun sailing a boat.扬帆驾舟十分有趣。Its no use shotuting at him一hes deaf.向他叫喊是没有用的他耳聋。It has been a great honour your coining to visit us.你来看望我们已是极大的荣幸。2
24、.It is good/nice/useless/interesting/pleasant/tiring/.doing sth.。 知：It was pleasant sitting there,坐在那里很愉快。Ifs so nice sitting here with you.和你坐在这儿真是愉快It*s good hearing English spoken.听到人讲英语很好。Its terribly tiring working late like this.这样工作到深夜是非常累人的。3.1t is worthwhile doing sth.。 如：lt,s worthwhile do
25、ing the work.这项工作值得做。Do you think its worthwhile quarrelling with me?你认为和我吵值得吗？温馨提示在以下句子中it代替动名词作形式主语。如：It doesnt matter wasting a little money,浪费一点钱没有关系。It felt funny dressing up as a peasant girl.装扮成村姑感觉怪怪的。Whats it like being married?结婚是什么样的？温馨提示除be外，其他动词也有跟名词的情况。例如：It seems a pity to waste the f
26、ood,浪费这些食物看起来很可惜。It requires efforts to master a foreign language.掌握一门夕卜语需要努力。四、代替不定式作形式主语1 .It+is/ was +adj./n.+to do sth.It is a great pleasure to do this.这样做是很大的荣幸。It is a good idea to think this way.这样考虑问题是个好办法。其中，形容词或形容词短语作表语时，分两种情况：(1) 下歹II形容词：kind,good,nice,clever,foolish,wise,unwise,stupid,r
27、ude,careless,cruel,brave,naughty,polite,selfish 等词作表语时，不定式前常可加一个由of引起的短语，来说明不定式指的是谁的情况。形容词表示不定式逻 辑主语的特征，即形容词用来描述不定式行为者的性格品行等。例如：I was foolish of you to leave school.你中途退学，真是傻瓜。It was brave of her to speak out in pulblic.她能当众大声讲话，真勇敢。(2)其他形容词作表语，常见的形容词有：necessary,hard,important.difficult,easy,possibl
28、e,common 等。It is necessary to use a short-wave radio to pick up the programmes.有必要用短波收音机收到节目。如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加for+名词/代词。名词或代词作不定式的逻辑主 语，即表示不定式所指动作的执行者。在此句型中，形容词只对不定式行为者作某种描述，而不涉及其品 行。例如：It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.对于一个人来说做点好事并不难。It is common for leaves to fall from the trees
29、in the fall.秋天树叶从树上落下是常事。2.lt+v.+.+to do sth.动词不定式作主语时除动词be以外，动词take,cost,need,require,make,sound,occur等也可用it作形式主语，而 把动词不定式放在后面。例如：It took us three years to complete the project.我们花费三年时间才完成了这项工程。It sounds reasonable to do it this way.听起来这样做有道理。It needed hard work to finish the job.要完成这项工作需要努力地工作。It
30、didnt occur to me to ask him to help me.我没想到要找他帮忙。误区警示易误用形式主语的几种情形：1 .在该用it作形式主语的地方误用其他词：Isnecessary to tell his father everything?A.itB.that C.what D.he此题的正确答案应是A (it用作形式主语)，不能选D。2 .在不该用形式主语的地方误用形式主语：must be something wrong with the machine.A.There B.It C.He D.That此题应选A, there be句型与情态动词must连用。3 .比较
31、以下两组句子：is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun. is kown o us all that the earth turns around the sun.前一句填As, as用以引导一个非限制性定语从句；后一句填 it, it为形式主语，真正的主语是其后的that从句。is diffcult to persuade her to stay. is difficult is to persuade her to stay.前一句填t, it为形式主语；后一句填What, what用以引导主语从句。注意后一句比前一句在不 定式前多了个is。温馨提示for后的宾语不能作句子的主语。