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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件I want to start with a game.我想以一个游戏开始今天的演讲00:13And to win this game,all you have to do is see the realitythats in front of you as it really is.All right?要赢这个游戏 你只要看清眼前的一切 一切据实而观，好吗？00:16So,we have two panels here,of colored dots.这里有两个板子 上面有些彩色圆点00:23And one of those dots is the same in
2、the two panels.Okay?这两个板子上的圆点中有一对是相同的 清楚了吗?00:27And you have to tell me which one.你要告诉我是哪一对00:33Now,narrow it down to the gray one,the green one,and,say,the orange one.现在，将范围缩小到 灰色的，绿色的和橙色的00:35So,by a show of hands-well start with easiest one-Showof hands:how many people think its the gray one?大家举手
3、示意吧，我们从最简单的开始 多少人认为是灰色的？00:41Really?Okay.真的吗？好的00:48How many people think its the green one?有多少人认为是绿色的？00:50And how many people think its the orange one?那么又有多少人认为是橙色的？00:55Pretty even split.人数都差不多00:59Lets find out what the reality is.让我们来看看真相。01:02Here is the orange one.这是橙色的。01:05(Laughter)Here is
4、 the green one.（笑）绿色的。01:08And here is the gray one.还有灰色的。01:13to start with:adv.首先;作为开始(等于forastart)panels:n.面板(panel的复数);建嵌板;事务委员会/v.嵌镶(panel的第三人称单数形式)(Laughter)So,for each of you who saw that,youre acomplete realist.All right?（笑）你们这些猜对的人是纯粹的现实主义者01:17(Laughter)So,this pretty amazing,actually,isnt
5、 it?（笑）这挺神奇的，对吧？01:24Because nearly every living system has evolved the ability todetect light in one way or another.因为几乎所有的生命系统 都演变出了对光线的感应能力01:28So,for us,seeing color is one of the simplest things the braindoes.所以对我们的大脑来说，看见颜色是最简单的事情01:33And yet,even at this most fundamental level,context isevery
6、thing.然而，即便是在这个最基础的阶段 背景决定一切01:38What I want to talk about is not that context is everything,but why is context everything.其实我想谈论的并不是“背景决定了一切”这件事而是“为什么背景决定了一切”。01:43Because its answering that question that tells us not onlywhy we see what we do,but who we are as individuals,andwho we are as a societ
7、y.因为这不仅回答了关于 为什么我们可以看到我们所做的疑问，还告诉我们作为一个个体，在社会中扮演怎样的角色01:48But first,we have to ask another question,which is,What iscolor for?但首先，我们要提出另外一个问题，那就是，“颜色是用来做什么的”。01:59And instead of telling you,Ill just show you.与其讲给你们听不如演示给你们看02:03What you see here is a jungle scene.你所看到的是丛林的一景02:05And you see the surf
8、aces according to the amount of lightthat those surfaces reflect.你是根据这些表面反射光线的量 来看它的表面的。02:08realist:n.现实主义者;实在论者 surfaces:n.表面;曲面(surface的复数)/v.使成平面(surface的第三人称单数形式)Now,can any of you see the predator thats about to jumpout at you?现在谁能看见那个正朝你们扑来的凶猛野兽？02:12And if you havent seen it yet,youre dead.R
9、ight?如果你还没看见它就必死无疑了，对吧。02:17(Laughter)Can anyone see it?Anyone?No?（笑）有人能看见吗？没有？02:19Now,lets see the surfaces according the quality of light thatthey reflect.现在，让我们来根据这些表面反射光线的性质来观察它。02:23And now you see it.现在你能看见了吧。02:27So,color enables us to see the similarities and differencesbetween surfaces,acc
10、ording to the full spectrum of lightthat they reflect.所以颜色让我们 能够分辨外观上的异同 是根据他们表面反射的全部光谱02:30But what youve just done is,in many respects,但你刚刚所做的这些，从很多层面上是无法用数学方法论证的。02:38TED演讲者：Beau Lotto|包拉托演讲标题：Beau Lotto:Optical illusions show how we see|错觉中的视觉真相内容概要：Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab,a hybrid art
11、 studio and science lab.With glowing,interactive sculpture-and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research-he.s illuminating themysteries of the brain.s visual system.包拉托的色彩游戏迷惑了你的视觉，却也突显出你平常所无法看到的:你的大脑如何工作。我们善变的视觉感官所得到的有趣并且直接的印象，展现了进化是如何渲染我们对真实事物之外的感知。But what youve just done is,in many respects,mathemati
12、cally impossible.方法论证的。02:38Why?Because,as Berkeley tells us,we have no direct accessto our physical world,other than through our senses.为什么？因为正如伯克利告诉我们的，我们没有进入外界世界的直接的方法 只能通过我们的感官。02:42And the light that falls on to our eyes is determined bymultiple things in the world-not only the color of objects
13、,but also the color of their illumination,and the color of thespace between us and those objects.而我们眼睛所接收的光线 是由很多因素决定的-不仅是物体的颜色，还有它们发出的光的颜色，以及我们与物体之间空间的颜色。02:50predator:n.动捕食者;动食肉动物;掠夺者 similarities:类似/相似之处 to the full:充分地;完全地 spectrum:n.光谱；频谱；范围；余象 mathematically:adv.算术地,数学上地 illumination:n.照明;光照度;
14、启发;灯饰(需用复数);阐明You vary any one of those parameters,and youll change thecolor of the light that falls onto your eye.你改变其中的任何一个参量 就会改变那些进入你眼睛的光的颜色03:01This is a huge problem because it means that the sameimage could have an infinite number of possible real-worldsources.这是一个很重要的问题，因为这代表 相同的影像可能来自于无限多的
15、真实世界的像源03:08So let me show you what I mean.Imagine that this is the backof your eye.让我来演示一下我所想表达的。试想一下这是你眼睛的背部03:16And these are two projections from the world.这里有两个来自外界的投影03:19They are identical in every single way.它们完全相同03:22Identical in shape,size,spectral content.在形状上，大小上，光谱含量上全部完全相同。03:25They a
16、re the same,as far as your eye is concerned.正如你肉眼所见，它们一模一样03:29And yet they come from completely different sources.但是它们却来自于完全相异的像源。03:33The one on the right comes from a yellow surface,in shadow,oriented facing the left,viewed through a pinkish medium.右边的这个 来自于一个黄色的表面，在阴影下，面向左侧 通过一个粉红色的媒介物观察到的。03:38
17、The one on the left comes from an orange surface,underdirect light,facing to the right,viewed through a sort of ablueish medium.左边的这个来自于一个橙色的表面，在直射光之下，面朝右侧，通过一个蓝色的媒介物观察到的。03:48real-world:adj.现实生活的;工作的 projections:n.预测,推测(projection的复数形式);数测投影;发射,规划;突出部分identical:adj.同一的；完全相同的/n.完全相同的事物 spectral:adj.
18、光光谱的;幽灵的;鬼怪的 oriented:adj.导向的;定向的;以为方向的/v.调整;使朝向(orient的过去分词);确定的方位 viewed:n.观察;视野;意见;风景/vt.观察;考虑;查看 pinkish:adj.略带桃色的;较为激进的Completely different meanings,giving rise to the exact sameretinal information.完全不同的意义，却造成了完全相同的视网膜信息。03:55And yet its only the retinal information that we get.并且这些仅有的视网膜信息是 所有
19、我们能得到的。04:01So how on earth do we even see?那么我们究竟是如何看的呢？04:05So,if you remember anything in this next 18 minutes,remember this:that the light that falls on to your eye,sensory information,is meaningless.如果你要记住以下18分钟内的任何事情，记住这个：这些进入你眼睛的光，感官信息是完全无意义的。04:08Because it could mean literally anything.因为它可以
20、意味任何事情04:17And whats true for sensory information is true forinformation generally.感官信息就如同一般的信息，04:20www.XiYuS锡育软件There is no inherent meaning in information.本身并没有意义。04:23Its what we do with that information that matters.我们如何运用这些信息才是最重要的。04:25So,how do we see?Well,we see by learning to see.那么，我们如何看？
21、我们学习如何看然后看。04:29So,the brain evolved the mechanisms for finding patterns,finding relationships in information,and associating thoserelationships with a behavioral meaning,a significance,byinteracting with the world.因此，我们的大脑进化了这种寻找模式的机制，寻找信息间的关系，并且将这些关系 和行为上的意义 即与外界的互动联系起来。04:32meanings:n.含义;价值(meani
22、ng的复数)retinal:adj.视网膜的/n.生化视黄醛(等于retinene)sensory:adj.感觉的;知觉的;传递感觉的 inherent:adj.固有的；内在的；与生俱来的，遗传的 associating:n.姘居/v.结合;使联合;把联系在一起(associate的ing形式)behavioral:adj.行为的 interacting:n.相互作用;相互制约/v.互相影响;互相作用(interact的ing形式)Were very aware of this in the form of more cognitiveattributes,like language.我们很清
23、楚地意识到这种 较偏向于认知性质的形式，如同语言。04:45So,Im going to give you some letter strings.And I want youto read them out for me,if you can.现在我将给你们一些字母串并且希望你们为我读出来，如果你们可以的话。04:50Audience:Can you read this?观众：“你可以读这个吗？”04:54You are not reading this.“你并没有在读这个”04:57What are you reading?“你在读什么？”04:59Beau Lotto:What are
24、you reading?Half the letters aremissing.Right?包拉托:你们在读什么？有一半的字母不见了，对吧？05:01There is no a priori reason why an H has to go betweenthat W and A.这里没有一个优先的原因为什么 H 要在 W 和A”之间。05:04But you put one there.Why?但是你把它放在了那里。为什么呢？05:08Because in the statistics of your past experience it wouldhave been useful to
25、do so.So you do so again.因为根据你过去经验的统计 那样做会很有用。所以你再次这样做了。05:10And yet you dont put a letter after that first T.然而你并没有在第一个“T”之前放任何一个字母，05:15Why?Because it wouldnt have been useful in the past.为什么？因为过去这样做没有用。05:18So you dont do it again.所以你不会再这样做。05:21cognitive:adj.认知的，认识的 Beau:n.花花公子;喜修饰者;情郎/adj.美的;好的
26、 Lotto:n.一种对号码的牌戏 priori:adj.先验的;优先的(等于apriori)/adv.先验地(等于apriori)go between:调停;做中间人 statistics:n.统计;统计学;统计统计资料So let me show you how quickly our brains can redefinenormality,even at the simplest thing the brain does,which iscolor.那么让我来给你演示一下你的大脑能够多么迅速的重新定义常态，甚至于大脑所做的最简单的事情，也就是颜色。05:23So,if I could
27、have the lights down up here.如果我将这里的灯关掉05:29I want you to first notice that those two desert scenes arephysically the same.我希望你首先注视到这两个沙漠的景象是完全一样的05:32One is simply the flipping of the other.Okay?一个是另外一个的翻转，好吗？05:35Now I want you to look at that dot between the green andthe red.Okay?现在我要你们看着那个 在绿色和红
28、色之间的圆点，好吗？05:40And I want you to stare at that dot.Dont look anywhere else.而且我希望你们盯着这个圆点，不要看其它的地方05:45And were going to look at that for about 30 seconds,whichis a bit of a killer in an 18-minute talk.我们将看着它大约30秒，这就是这18分钟演讲中最迷人的一部分05:48(Laughter)But I really want you to learn.（笑）但是我其实是希望你们去学习05:52An
29、d Ill tell you-dont look anywhere else-and Ill tell youwhats happening inside your head.我将告诉你-不要看任何其它的地方-我将告诉你在你的脑袋里面都发生了些什么。05:55Your brain is learning.And its learning that the right side ofits visual field is under red illumination;the left side of itsvisual field is under green illumination.你的大脑
30、在学习。它在学习视野的右边 是在红色的照明之下；视野左边是在绿色的照明之下。06:00redefine:vt.重新定义 normality:n.常态;化学当量浓度;化学规定浓度 flipping:adj.非常的;糟透的/adv.非常;该死地/v.轻弹;急动;蹦蹦跳跳(flip的ing形式)stare at:凝视,盯住 a bit of a:一点,有点,有些;相当后接名词,常指不愉快的人或事Thats what its learning.Okay?这就是它正在学习的。是吧？06:08Now,when I tell you,I want you to look at the dot between
31、the two desert scenes.现在，当我告诉你，我希望你看这个在两个沙漠图片中间的圆点。06:11So why dont you do that now?现在为何不做做看？06:16(Laughter)Can I have the lights up again?（笑）可以把灯打开吗？06:18I take it from your response they dont look the sameanymore.Right?我从你们的反应中得知它们不再看起来一致了，对吗？06:23(Applause)Why?Because your brain is seeing that sa
32、meinformation as if the right one is still under red light,and theleft one is still under green light.(鼓掌)为什么？因为你们的大脑正在以相同的信息看 正如同右边的仍然在红色灯的照射下，左边的仍然在绿色灯的照射下。06:27Thats your new normal.那就是你的新常态。06:35So,what does this mean for context?那么，这对背景意味着什么呢？06:37It means that I can take these two identical sq
33、uares,and Ican put them in light and dark surrounds.这意味着我可以将这两个完全相同的正方形，将它们放入明亮的和黑暗的环境当中，06:39And now the one on the dark surround looks lighter than theone on the light surround.现在这个在黑暗环境中的看起来比另一个在灯光环境下的要明亮些06:43Whats significant is not simply the light and dark surroundsthat matter.重要的不是简单的明暗环境06:
34、46Its what those light and dark surrounds meant for yourbehavior in the past.而是这些明暗环境对你过去的行为意味着什么06:50green light:绿灯;放行;准许 squares:n.广场;数正方形(square的复数形式);方钢;直角尺/v.使成直角;使符合的要求(square的第三人称单数形式)surrounds:n.挡板;环绕物(surround的复数)/v.围绕;包围(surround的三单形式)So Ill show you what I mean.Here we have that exact sam
35、eillusion.我来给你演示一下是什么意思。这里我们有 一模一样的错觉。06:54We have two identical tiles,on the left,one in a darksurround,one in a light surround.在左边有两个完全一样的瓷砖 一个在黑暗的环境中，另一和在明亮的环境中。06:58And the same thing over on the right.右边也是同样的情况07:02Now,what Im going to do is Im going to review those twoscenes.现在，我将检视这两幅景象07:04B
36、ut Im not going to change anything within those boxes,except their meaning.但是我并不会改变这些盒子中的任何东西，除了它们的意义。07:07And see what happens to your perception.然后看看你的感知发生了什么变化07:11Notice that on the left the two tiles look nearly completelyopposite:one very white and one very dark.注视左边的 两个瓷砖看起来几乎完全相反：一个十分的明亮一个十分
37、的黑暗07:13Alright?Whereas,on the right,the two tiles look nearly thesame.是不？然而，在左边的 这两个瓷砖看起来几乎完全相同。07:20And yet there is still one on a dark surround,and one on alight surround.但是它们仍然是一个在暗环境中，另一个在明环境中。07:24Why?Because if the tile in that shadow were in fact inshadow,and reflecting the same amount of l
38、ight to your eyeas the one outside the shadow,it would have to be morereflective-just the laws of physics.为什么？因为如果在那个阴影的瓷砖 是在真的阴影中的话，它所反射出的到你的眼睛的光 和另一个在阴影外的瓷砖反射的光将是同量 那么它应该反射出更多的光-这正是物理定理07:28tiles:n.建瓷砖(tile的复数形式)/v.铺砖(tile的第三人称单数形式)reflecting:adj.反射的;沉思的/v.反射;表明;考虑(reflect的ing形式)reflective:adj.反射的
39、;反映的;沉思的So you see it that way.所以你看见正是那种一明一暗的景象。07:40Whereas on the right,the information is consistent withthose two tiles being under the same light.然而在右边，那些信息是持续一致的 即这两个瓷砖在同样的照明下。07:42If they are under the same light,reflecting the same amountof light to your eye,then they must be equally reflect
40、ive.如果他们在同样的照明下，反射同量的光 向你的眼睛，那么他们必定有同等的反射力07:47So you see it that way.所以你所看到的就是同样明暗的两个瓷砖的景象07:53Which means we can bring all this information together tocreate some incredibly strong illusions.也就是意味着我们可以将所有这些信息组合在一起创造出不可思议的强烈的错觉07:55This is one I made a few years ago.这个是我多年前做的一张图07:59And youll notic
41、e you see a dark brown tile at the top,and abright orange tile at the side.你可以发现一个深褐色的瓷砖在顶部 和一个亮橙色的瓷砖在侧面08:01That is your perceptual reality.The physical reality is thatthose two tiles are the same.这是你感知的事实。但真实现实是 这两个瓷砖实际上是一样的。08:07Here you see four gray tiles on your left,seven gray tiles onthe rig
42、ht.你可以看见四个灰色的瓷砖在左边，七个灰色的侧转在右边08:14Im not going to change those tiles at all.我将不会对这些瓷砖做任何变化08:19But Im going to reveal the rest of the scene.但是我将显示其余的画面08:21And see what happens to your perception.然后看看你的感知发生了什么变化08:23consistent with:符合;与一致 perceptual:adj.知觉的;感知的;有知觉的The four blue tiles on the left ar
43、e gray.这四个在左边的蓝色瓷砖是灰色的08:26The seven yellow tiles on the right are also gray.这七个在右边的黄色瓷砖也是灰色08:30They are the same.Okay?他们是相同的，对吧？08:33Dont believe me?Lets watch it again.你不相信我？让我们再来看一看08:35Whats true for color is also true for complex perceptions ofmotion.对于颜色适用的道理也同样对动态的复杂感知适用08:39So here we have-
44、lets turn this around-a diamond.这儿我们有-让我们将这个菱形转动起来08:43And what Im going to do is,Im going to hold it here,andIm going to spin it.接下来我将做什么呢，我将把它拿到这里，然后我将旋转它08:51And for all of you,youll see it probably spinning thisdirection.你们大家都会看到它向着这个方向旋转08:57Now I want you to keep looking at it.现在我要你们持续看着它09:00
45、Move your eyes around,blink,maybe close one eye.转你的眼球，眨眼，或者闭上一只眼09:03And suddenly it will flip,and start spinning the oppositedirection.突然间他就翻转了，然后向着相反的方向旋转09:05Yes?Raise your hand if you got that.Yes?是吗？如果你得到同样的结果就请举手。是吧？09:09Keep blinking.Every time you blink it will switch.Alright?继续眨眼睛。每眨一次眼睛它就会
46、切换一次，对吧？09:12perceptions:n.认知;观念(perception的复数);理解 spinning:n.纺纱/adj.纺织的/v.旋转,纺织(spin的现在分词)blink:vt.眨眼;使闪烁/vi.眨眼;闪烁/n.眨眼;瞬间;闪光 blinking:adj.眨眼的;闪光的;可恶的;十足的;一眨眼的/v.眨眼睛;闪闪发光;对视而不见(blink的ing形式)/adv.非常;十足/n.闪烁;瞬目So I can ask you,which direction is it rotating?所以我问你，它在向哪个方向旋转？09:16How do you know?你如何得知？0
47、9:20Your brain doesnt know.Because both are equally likely.你的大脑不知道。因为两种可能性都很相似09:22So depending on where it looks,it flips between the twopossibilities.根据它从哪里看，它翻转在 两种可能性之间09:25Are we the only ones that see illusions?我们是唯一看到错觉的吗？09:30The answer to this question is no.答案是否定的09:32Even the beautiful bu
48、mble bee,with its mere one millionbrain cells,which is 250 times fewer cells than you have inone retina,sees illusions,does the most complicated thingsthat even our most sophisticated computers cant do.即便是美丽的大黄蜂，有着仅仅一百万个脑细胞比你一个视网膜上细胞的两百五十分之一还要少也一样看到错觉，即便它们处理最复杂的事情 甚至于我们最精密的电脑都做不到。09:34So in my lab,w
49、e of course work on bumblebees.在我的实验室里，我们当然研究大黄蜂09:47Because we can completely control their experience,and seehow that alters the architecture of their brain.因为我们可以完全的控制它们的经验 并且观察那些经验如何改变它们大脑的结构09:49And we do this in what we call the Bee Matrix.我们所做的这个叫做蜜蜂矩阵09:53rotating:adj.机旋转的/v.旋转;轮流(rotate的ing
50、形式)flips:n.菲力普类(酒的一种)/vt.掷;弹;轻击(flip的第三人称单数)bumble bee:大黄蜂,熊蜂;桁洩网渔船 retina:n.解剖视网膜 sophisticated:adj.复杂的；精致的；久经世故的；富有经验的/v.使变得世故；使迷惑；篡改(sophisticate的过去分词形式)bumblebees:n.昆大黄蜂 alters:改变 Matrix:n.数矩阵;模型;生物地质基质;母体;子宫;地质脉石And here you have the hive.You can see the queen bee,thatlarge bee in the middle th