《NathalieCabrol_2015[娜塔莉.卡布罗尔][火星为何有可能保留了生命起源的秘密].pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《NathalieCabrol_2015[娜塔莉.卡布罗尔][火星为何有可能保留了生命起源的秘密].pdf（6页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Well,you know,sometimes the most important things comein the smallest packages.你们知道吗,有时最重要的信息会通过最细微的事物传达。00:12I am going to try to convince you,in the 15 minutes I have,that microbes have a lot to say about questions such as,Arewe alone?在接下来15分钟里,我将很确定的告诉你们:微生物可以从很大程度上解释这样的问题,比如,“我们是独一无
2、二生命的吗？”00:17and they can tell us more about not only life in our solarsystem but also maybe beyond,and this is why I am trackingthem down in the most impossible places on Earth,inextreme environments where conditions are really pushingthem to the brink of survival.微生物能告诉我们的还有很多,不仅是关于我们太阳系以内的生物,可能还包括
3、以外的,这就是为什么我正在地球上最恶劣的环境中寻找它们的踪迹,那些极端的环境会 把微生物推向生存危机的边缘。00:26Actually,sometimes me too,when Im trying to follow themtoo close.有时候试图追踪得太紧,连我自己也会面临生命危险。00:44But heres the thing:We are the only advanced civilization inthe solar system,but that doesnt mean that there is nomicrobial life nearby.然而重点是:我们是太阳
4、系里唯一的高级文明物种,但这并不意味着附近没有微生物生命。00:47In fact,the planets and moons you see here could host life-all of them-and we know that,and its a strong possibility.事实上,大家看到的这些行星和卫星 我们确信,都可能孕育着生命,而且可能性还很高。00:58And if we were going to find life on those moons and planets,then we would answer questions such as,are
5、we alone in thesolar system?如果我们能够在那些行星和卫星上找到生命,那么我们就能回答这样的问题,比如,在太阳系里我们是唯一生物吗？01:09microbes:n.细菌,微微生物;微生物类(microbe的复数形式)solar system:天太阳系 brink:n.(峭壁的)边缘 microbial:adj.微生物的;由细菌引起的Where are we coming from?我们是从哪里来的呢？01:19Do we have family in the neighborhood?我们的邻居中有我们的同类吗？01:21Is there life beyond ou
6、r solar system?太阳系以外有没有生命呢？01:24And we can ask all those questions because there has been arevolution in our understanding of what a habitable planet is,and today,a habitable planet is a planet that has a zonewhere water can stay stable,我们之所以能够提出这些问题 是因为我们对于“可居住星球”的理解有了革命性的发展,“适居行星”如今的定义是 一个具有可储存稳定状
7、态水地域的行星,01:28but to me this is a horizontal definition of habitability,because it involves a distance to a star,but there is anotherdimension to habitability,and this is a vertical dimension.但是对我来说,这是可居住性的横向定义,因为这可以涉及到另一个星球,其实可居住性还有另一个维度的定义,一个纵向的维度。01:44Think of it as conditions in the subsurface of
8、 a planet whereyou are very far away from a sun,but you still have water,energy,nutrients,which for some of them means food,and aprotection.把它想成 某个行星次地表的环境,在那里你离恒星很远,但你仍旧有水、能量、营养,对于其中一些生物来说,这意味着食物和保护。01:55And when you look at the Earth,very far away from anysunlight,deep in the ocean,you have life t
9、hriving and it usesonly chemistry for life processes.当我们再观察地球,在远离阳光的深海里,你会找到欣欣向荣的生命,它们的生命过程只涉及到化学反应。02:13habitable:adj.可居住的;适于居住的 habitability:n.可居住;适于居住 dimension:n.方面;数维;尺寸;次元;容积vt.标出尺寸/adj.规格的 subsurface:adj.地下的;表面下的/n.地表下岩石 nutrients:营养盐/食品营养素 thriving:adj.繁荣的;蒸蒸日上的;旺盛的/v.兴旺(thrive的ing形式)So when
10、 you think of it at that point,all walls collapse.因此当你这样考虑,所有的围墙都坍塌了。02:25You have no limitations,basically.你基本上不受任何限制了。02:31And if you have been looking at the headlines lately,then如果你最近有看新闻头条,你就会了解到我们发现了冰下海洋 在木卫二、木卫三、土卫二和土卫六TED演讲者：Nathalie Cabrol|娜塔莉.卡布罗尔演讲标题：How Mars might hold the secret to the
11、origin of life|火星为何有可能保留了生命起源的秘密内容概要：While we like to imagine little green men,it.s far more likely that life on other planetswill be microbial.Planetary scientist Nathalie Cabrol takes us inside the search for microbes onMars,a hunt which counterintuitively leads us to the remote lakes of the Andes
12、 mountains.This extreme environment with its thin atmosphere and scorched land approximates thesurface of Mars about 3.5 billion years ago.How microbes adapt to survive here may just showus where to look on Mars and could help us understand why some microbial pathways leadto civilization while other
13、s are a dead end.尽管我们喜欢把外星生物想象成是小绿人，但是它们更可能会是微生物。行星学家 娜塔莉.卡布罗尔 带领我们进入到火星微生物的搜寻中，这次搜寻一反直觉地把我们带到遥远的安第斯山脉湖泊里去。那里极端的环境稀薄的大气和焦黄的土壤相当接近35亿年前火星的地表环境。微生物在此适应生存的方式，也许恰好能告诉我们要去火星哪里寻找它们，并且能够帮助我们理解为什么有些微生物会通向文明，而另一些则走向灭亡。And if you have been looking at the headlines lately,thenyou will see that we have discover
14、ed a subsurface ocean onEuropa,on Ganymede,on Enceladus,on Titan,了冰下海洋 在木卫二、木卫三、土卫二和土卫六上,02:33and now we are finding a geyser and hot springs onEnceladus,Our solar system is turning into a giant spa.现在我们又在土卫二上发现了间歇泉和温泉。我们的太阳系正在变成一个巨大的温泉浴场。02:42For anybody who has gone to a spa knows how muchmicrobes
15、 like that,right?去泡过温泉的人应该知道里边能有多少微生物,对吧？02:49(Laughter)So at that point,think also about Mars.（笑声）在这个前提下,再来想想火星。02:53There is no life possible at the surface of Mars today,but itmight still be hiding underground.现在的火星表面不可能有生命,但地下仍可能潜藏着生命。02:59So,we have been making progress in our understanding ofh
16、abitability,but we also have been making progress in ourunderstanding of what the signatures of life are on Earth.我们不仅在进一步理解宜居性,我们也在进一步了解 地球上有哪些生命的印记。03:05And you can have what we call organic molecules,and theseare the bricks of life,and you can have fossils,and you canminerals,biominerals,which is
17、 due to the reaction betweenbacteria and rocks,and of course you can have gases in theatmosphere.我们有所谓的 有机分子,这些是生命大厦的建筑材料,我们有化石,还有矿物质、生物矿物质,生物矿物质是由细菌和岩石发生反应所产生的,当然,我们还有大气中的气体。03:17limitations:n.局限性;(限制)因素;边界(limitation的复数形式)Titan:n.巨人;提坦;太阳神 geyser:n.喷泉;水文间歇泉;(英)烧水锅炉 spa:n.矿泉;温泉浴场;矿泉治疗地 signatures:n
18、.签名;鲜明特征(signature的复数)molecules:n.化学分子,微粒;化学摩尔(molecule的复数)fossils:n.古生化石(fossil复数形式)minerals:n.矿物;矿产,矿产品(mineral的复数);矿物质bacteria:n.微细菌And when you look at those tiny green algae on the right ofthe slide here,they are the direct descendants of those whohave been pumping oxygen a billion years ago in
19、 theatmosphere of the Earth.看看幻灯片右边 那些微小的绿藻,它们是十亿年前往地球大气中 输送氧气的生物的直系后裔。03:33When they did that,they poisoned 90 percent of the life atthe surface of the Earth,but they are the reason why you arebreathing this air today.当时它们制造的氧气,毒害了地球表面百分之九十的生命,但却造就了现如今你们呼吸的这种空气。03:43But as much as our understanding
20、 grows of all of thesethings,there is one question we still cannot answer,and thisis,where are we coming from?但是随着我们对所有这些事情的认知不断增长,我们仍然有一个问题无法回答,那就是:我们是从哪里来的？03:52And you know,its getting worse,because we wont be ableto find the physical evidence of where we are coming fromon this planet,and the rea
21、son being is that anything that isolder than four billion years is gone.事实上情况正在变糟,因为我们永远无法找到实物证据 证明我们起源于这个星球上的何处,原因是四十亿年前的所有事物都不在了。04:03All record is gone,erased by plate tectonics and erosion.所有记录都消失了,被板块运动和侵蚀抹得一干二净。04:16This is what I call the Earths biological horizon.我把这个称为“地球的生物视野”。04:21algae:n
22、.植藻类;植海藻 descendants:n.后代,晚辈(descendant的复数);子节点;衍生物 pumping:n.机抽吸;脉动;抽气效应/v.抽水(pump的ing形式)erased:adj.被清除的;断掉并留有不平均边的/v.抹去(erase的过去分词);消除 tectonics:n.建构造学,地质构造地质学 erosion:n.侵蚀，腐蚀Beyond this horizon we dont know where we are comingfrom.超出了这个视界范围,我们看不到我们的起源。04:25So is everything lost?Well,maybe not.那么是
23、否所有证据都丢失了呢？也许并没有。04:28And we might be able to find evidence of our own origin inthe most unlikely place,and this place in Mars.我们也许会在最不可能的地方找到我们的起源,这个地方就是火星。04:31How is this possible?这是如何做到的呢？04:39Well clearly at the beginning of the solar system,Mars andthe Earth were bombarded by giant asteroids a
24、nd comets,and there were ejecta from these impacts all over the place.我们知道,太阳系刚诞生的时候,火星和地球被巨大的小行星和彗星撞击过,这些强力撞击形成的喷出物到处都是。04:41Earth and Mars kept throwing rocks at each other for a verylong time.地球和火星曾经很长一段时间一直向对方丢岩石。04:52Pieces of rocks landed on the Earth.一片片岩石落到地球上。04:56Pieces of the Earth landed
25、 on Mars.一片片地球碎片落在火星上。04:58So clearly,those two planets may have been seeded by thesame material.很明显,这两个行星有可能是由同种物质孕育形成的。05:00So yeah,maybe Granddady is sitting there on the surfaceand waiting for us.所以是的,有可能老祖宗正坐在火星表面等着我们呢。05:05at the beginning of:在的开始 bombarded:v.轰炸(bombard的过去分词);炮击;向连续提问题/adj.被轰击
26、的;频频不断的 asteroids:n.天小行星(asteroid的复数)comets:n.天彗星(comet的复数)ejecta:n.喷出物;排泄物 impacts:n.影响(impact的复数);力冲击/v.压紧;冲撞;对产生不良影响(impact的三单形式)seeded:adj.已播种了的;去籽的But that also means that we can go to Mars and try to findtraces of our own origin.但这也意味着,我们可以在火星上试试寻找人类起源的蛛丝马迹。05:10Mars may hold that secret for u
27、s.火星有可能为我们保存了这个秘密。05:18This is why Mars is so special to us.这就是为什么火星对我们如此重要。05:20But for that to happen,Mars needed to be habitable at thetime when conditions were right.但是寻找的前提是:火星在曾经条件适宜的时候必须具备可居住性。05:23So was Mars habitable?那么,火星曾经具有宜居性吗？05:30We have a number of missions telling us exactly the sa
28、mething today.如今,一系列的研究行动正告诉着我们同一个答案。05:32At the time when life appeared on the Earth,Mars did havean ocean,it had volcanoes,it had lakes,and it had deltas likethe beautiful picture you see here.当地球上出现生命的时候,火星确实有过海、火山、湖泊,还拥有过图中那样的美丽三角洲。05:36This picture was sent by the Curiosity rover only a few wee
29、ksago.这张照片是仅仅几周前由好奇号发送回来的。05:47It shows the remnants of a delta,and this picture tells ussomething:water was abundant and stayed founting at thesurface for a very long time.照片显示一个三角洲的残骸,而且告诉我们:水资源曾经很丰富,并且很长一段时间在地表保持喷涌状态。05:51This is good news for life.这对于生命是个好消息。05:59Life chemistry takes a long time
30、 to actually happen.生命化学要用很长时间才能真正发生。06:01volcanoes:n.火山爆发,火山;火山群(volcano复数)deltas:n.(河流的)地理三角洲(delta的复数形式)rover:n.漫游者;流浪者;漂泊者/n.(Rover)人名;(英)罗弗;(意)罗韦尔/n.罗孚(汽车品牌)remnants:n.残余;残留物(remnant的复数)/adj.残存的delta:n.(河流的)三角洲;德耳塔(希腊字母的第四个字)www.XiYuS锡育软件So this is extremely good news,but does that mean that if
31、 wego there,life will be easy to find on Mars?所以这是非常好的消息,但是这是否表示如果我们去火星,就能轻松找到生命呢？06:04Not necessarily.并不见得。06:10Heres what happened:At the time when life exploded at thesurface of the Earth,then everything went south for Mars,literally.事情是这样的:当生命在地球表面爆发时,火星上的一切是背道而驰的,真的是完全相反。06:12The atmosphere was
32、 stripped away by solar winds,Mars lostits magnetosphere,and then cosmic rays and U.V.bombarded the surface and water escaped to space andwent underground.大气被太阳风一揭而散,火星失去了它的磁层,接着宇宙射线和紫外线冲击了地表 然后水资源逃离到了空间中和地层下。06:20So if we want to be able to understand,if we want to be ableto find those traces of th
33、e signatures of life at the surface ofMars,if they are there,所以如果我们想要了解,如果我们想要在火星表面找到那些生命印记的蛛丝马迹,如果它们在那里的话,06:35we need to understand what was the impact of each of theseevents on the preservation of its record.我们需要了解这每一个事件 对于火星保存的记录有过怎样的影响。06:45Only then will we be able to know where those signatur
34、es arehiding,and only then will we be able to send our rover to theright places where we can sample those rocks that may betelling us something really important about who we are,只有这样我们才能知道那些生命的印记藏在哪里了,只有到那时我们才能将火星车发送到正确的地点,在那里提取那些可能蕴含重要信息的岩石,并借此解开关于我们是谁的秘密,06:52exploded:adj.爆炸了的;分解的;被破除的/v.爆炸(explod
35、e的过去分词)magnetosphere:n.磁气圈;磁层 cosmic:adj.宇宙的(等于cosmical)rays:n.射线;光线(ray的复数);日光浴/v.辐射(ray的三单形式);照射 preservation:n.保存,保留or,if not,maybe telling us that somewhere,independently,life has appeared on another planet.不然,或许它能告诉我们在某个地方 生命曾在另一个星球上独立地出现过。07:06So to do that,its easy.那么为了做到这件事,其实很简单。07:13You on
36、ly need to go back 3.5 billion years ago in the past ofa planet.你仅需要回到35亿年前 回到一个行星的过去。07:16We just need a time machine.我们只需要一个时光机。07:22Easy,right?很简单,对吧？07:24Well,actually,it is.事实上的确很简单。07:27Look around you-thats planet Earth.看看你的周围答案是地球。07:28This is our time machine.这就是我们的时光机。07:30Geologists are u
37、sing it to go back in the past of our ownplanet.地质学家正在利用这个时光机返回我们星球的过去。07:32I am using it a little bit differently.我所使用的方式稍有不同。07:36I use planet Earth to go in very extreme environments whereconditions were similar to those of Mars at the time whenthe climate changed,and there Im trying to understan
38、dwhat happened.我用地球去到非常极端的环境,过去在气候变化的时候 那里的环境条件和火星上的非常相似,在那里,我正试图理解曾经发生过什么。07:38What are the signatures of life?有什么生命的印记？07:49What is left?How are we going to find it?留下了什么？我们要如何找到它？07:51So for one moment now Im going to take you with me on atrip into that time machine.那么现在暂且由我带领你们和我一起 进行一次时光机旅行。07:
39、54independently:adv.独立地;自立地 Geologists:n.地质地质学家(geologist的复数形式)similar to:与相似;和相同And now,what you see here,we are at 4,500 meters in theAndes,but in fact we are less than a billion years after theEarth and Mars formed.现在大家看到的是,我们在4500米的安第斯山脉上,但事实上我们处在地球和火星形成后不到十亿年的时间。08:00The Earth and Mars will hav
40、e looked pretty much exactly likethat-volcanoes everywhere,evaporating lakes everywhere,minerals,hot springs,and then you see those mounds on theshore of those lakes?地球和火星应该看起来差不多就是这个样子:到处都是火山,到处都是热气腾腾的湖泊,矿物质,温泉,你们看到那些湖边的土丘了吗？08:11Those are built by the descendants of the first organismsthat gave us
41、 the first fossil on Earth.那些是由首个微生物的后代建造的,它们给了我们地球上的第一枚化石。08:25But if we want to understand whats going on,we need to goa little further.但是如果我们要了解正在发生什么,我们需要前进得更远一些。08:32And the other thing about those sites is that exactly like onMars three and a half billion years ago,the climate ischanging very
42、fast,and water and ice are disappearing.和火星三十五亿年前很像的一点是,那些地方的气候正迅速变化,水和冰正在消融。08:36But we need to go back to that time when everythingchanged on Mars,and to do that,we need to go higher.但是我们需要回到火星上一切都已变迁的时候,为此,我们需要向更高处前进。08:46Why is that?为什么呢？08:52Because when you go higher,the atmosphere is gettingt
43、hinner,its getting more unstable,the temperature isgetting cooler,and you have a lot more U.V.radiation.因为当你到了更高处,大气会变得更稀薄,更不稳定,温度会降得更低,你会得到更多的紫外线辐射。08:53evaporating:adj.蒸发作用的/v.蒸发(evaporate的ing形式)mounds:土丘/建土堆 organisms:n.生物生物体(organism的复数);生物有机体 thinner:adj.较薄的;较瘦的;较细的(thin的比较级)/n.(油漆的)稀释剂;冲淡剂;使变稀
44、薄者,加稀料的制漆工Basically,you are getting to those conditions on Mars wheneverything changed.基本上,你会更接近火星上一切都改变时的环境条件。09:03So I was not promising anything about a leisurely trip on thetime machine.我没有保证这次时光旅行会是一个安逸的旅行。09:10You are not going to be sitting in that time machine.在这个时光机里,你不会光坐着。09:16You have to
45、 haul 1,000 pounds of equipment to the summitof this 20,000-foot volcano in the Andes here.你要把1000磅的设备拖到安第斯山脉上 20000英尺高的火山山顶。09:19Thats about 6,000 meters.差不多有6000米。09:26And you also have to sleep on 42-degree slopes and reallyhope that there wont be any earthquake that night.而且你要在42度的斜坡上睡觉,并且希望那晚不要
46、发生任何地震。09:28But when we get to the summit,we actually find the lake wecame for.但是当我们到达峰顶,我们找到了我们此行想要寻找的湖泊。09:35At this altitude,this lake is experiencing exactly the sameconditions as those on Mars three and a half billion yearsago.在这个高度上,这一湖泊正经历着 跟三十五亿年前火星上一模一样的环境条件。09:40And now we have to change o
47、ur voyage into an inner voyageinside that lake,and to do that,we have to remove ourmountain gear and actually don suits and go for it.现在我们要改变路线,开始一段湖内的旅程,为此,我们要脱掉登山用具,穿上潜水服,然后就下水吧。09:48leisurely:adj.悠闲的;从容的/adv.悠闲地;从容不迫地 sleep on:留下;留待第二天解决 slopes:n.倾斜,斜坡;数斜率;山坡翱(slope的复数形式)go for it:努力争取;加油But at t
48、he time we enter that lake,at the very moment weenter that lake,we are stepping back three and a half billionyears in the past of another planet,and then we are going toget the answer came for.但是,当我们进入湖中的时候,就在我们踏入湖里的那一刻,我们正在返回到 三十五亿年前的另一个星球上,接着我们就要找到我们此行要找的答案。10:02Life is everywhere,absolutely every
49、where.到处都是生命,完完全全到处都是。10:16Everything you see in this picture is a living organism.你们在这个照片里看到的一切都是活生生的微生物。10:19Maybe not so the diver,but everything else.也许这个潜水员并不是,但所有其他都是。10:22But this picture is very deceiving.但这个照片很有欺骗性。10:27Life is abundant in those lakes,but like in many places onEarth right n
50、ow and due to climate change,there is a hugeloss in biodiversity.生命在那些湖泊里十分丰富,但是正如现在地球上很多地方,由于气候变化 生物多样性遭受了巨大损失。10:30In the samples that we took back home,36 percent of thebacteria in those lakes were composed of three species,andthose three species are the ones that have survived so far.在我们带回去的那些样本