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1、第四章笑语从句【概念】定语从句，也称为关系从句或形容词性从句，由关系代词或关系副词引导，用来限制，描绘或说明主句中 的某一个名词或代词(有时也可以说明整个主句或主句中的一部分)，即句子作定语.定语从句所修饰的对象被称 为先行词,定语从句按其作用可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句.关系代词和关系副词的作用有：连接作用:引导从句并同时连接主句和从句替代作用:在从句中替代它前面的先行词作成分：在从句中充当句子成分.如：主语(who,that,which);宾语(who,whom,which,that);表语(that,as);定语 (whose,.of whom/which);时间状语(when
2、),地点状语(where)和原因状语(why).说明:关系代词在从句中宾语时可省略，作其他成分时一般不可省略.(一)关系代词的用法1 .关系词用法分类关系词例词所修饰的 先行词在从句中所作的成 分省略情况关系代词who人主语，宾语，表语作宾语时可省略whom人宾语可省略which物主语，宾语，表语作宾语时可省略that人或物主语，宾语，表语作宾语时可省略as人,物或事主语，宾语，表语不可省略whose人或物定语不可省略关系副词when时间名词时间状语不可省略where地点名词地点状语不可省略why原因名词原因状语不可省略2 .关系代词that和which的用法限制性定语从句中，必须用关系代词t
3、hat的情况：当 先行词是不 定代词 all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none 等时.Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?You should hand in all that you have.当先行词被 the only,the very,any,few,little,no,all 等词修饰时.This is the very person that Im waiting for.The only thing that we can do i
4、s to give you some advice.当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时.This is the best way that has been used against pollution.This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时.This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.What is the first American film that you have seen?当先行词既有人又有物时.Do yo
5、u know the things and persons that they are talking about?当先行词指物时,定语从句中关系代词必须用which的情况：在非限制性定语从句中，只用which,不用that.Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,which,of course,made the others envy him.当定语从句中的介词提前时，只用which,不用that.This is the school in which I once studied.3 .关系代词who/tha
6、t,whom和whose的用法.当先行词指人： 在定语从句中作主语时，用who/that,不可省略在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/who/that,可以省略在定语从句中作定语时，用whose,不可省略She is the girl who/that lives next door.（先行词在定语从句中作主语）Thats the girl（whom/who/that）I teach.（先行词在定语从句中作宾语）This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.（先行词在定语从句中作定语）This is the house whose
7、 window broke last night.=This is the house,the window of which broke last night.=This is the house,of which the window broke last night.4 .介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词常用which或whom,关系代词不能省略.Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born?He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows,most of whic
8、h hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.In the dark street,there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.在限制性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which（指物）,that/whom/who（指人）作介词的宾语, 而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略.thatThis is the hero Y whowe are proud of.whom（可省略）thatThis is the pen J whichI wrote the letter
9、with.I （可省略） 介词+which/whom+不定式”结构The beggar has no money with which to buy food.=The beggar has no money to buy food with.=The beggar has no money that he can buy food with.5 .关系代词as引导的定语从句关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句,as在从句中作主语,宾语或表语.as引导限制性定语从句时常用于下列句式：such+名词+as像.一样的，像.之类的Ythe same+名工司+as泳.一样的
10、其中关系代词as在从句中担当主语,宾语或表语.We have found such materials as are used in their factory.（as 作主语）These houses were sold at such a low price as people expected.（as 作宾语）He is not the same man as he was.（as 作表语）（2）.such as.such为代词，意为”这样的人或物引导定语从句并在从句中担当成分，定语从句修饰先行词such.This book is not such as I expect.（as 作宾语
11、）6.关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别as引导的非限制性定语从句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还可插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从 句只能置于主句之后.相同的是两者都可替代整个主句的内容.The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could expert.As is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.=The moon travels round the earth once
12、 every month,as/which is known to everybody.（二）关系副词的用法1 .当关系词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词.其中when二表时间的介词（in,at,on,during）+which;where二表她点 的介词（in,at,on,under）+which;why二表原 因 的介词（for）+which.I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.（when=on which）Can you tell me the office where he works?（where=in whi
13、ch）Do you know the reason why he is absent?（why=for which）2 .有时先行词为抽象名词situation,stage,point等，表示模糊化的地点，可用where引导定语从句.The accident has reached a point where both their parents are to be called in.（三）定语从句用法的其他要点1 .定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词在人称，数方面应该与先行词保持一致.（Done of+复数名词+关系代词+动词
14、复数形式.Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.the only one of+复数名词+关系代词+动词单数形式Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as与which作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单 唾攵形式.Great changes have taken place in C
15、hina,as is known to all.2 .注意way和time后接定语从句的情况当先行词是way(意为”方式，方法)定语从句中缺宾语时，引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式：厂 thatThe way which he explained to us was quite simple.j不填而当定语从句中缺状语时，引导定语从句的关系词有以下三种形式：thatThe way in which he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.一不填先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系词that
16、引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作”一段时间”讲，应用 关系副词when或介词during+which引导定语从句.This is the second time(that)the President has visited the country.There was a time when/during which there were no radios,telephone or TV set.I borrowed the book sherlock Holmes from the library last week,my classmates recommended to me.
17、He may win the competition,in case he is likely to get into the national team.He wrote a letter he explained what had happened in the accident.A lot of language learning,has been discovered,is happening in the first year of life,so parents should talk much to their children during that period.The pr
18、ize will go to the writer story shows the most imagination.【炼灯】1 .Creating an atmosphere employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.2 .The number of smokers,is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.3 .The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere his employees en
19、joy their work.4 .Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon school education depends.5 .China Today attracts a worldwide readership,shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.6 .It is a truly delightful place,looks the same as it must have done 100 ye
20、ars ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.7. As the smallest child of his family,Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to beindependent.8.The books on the desk,covers are shiny,are prizes for us.9.Opposite is St.Pauls Church,you can hear some lovely music.1.1 1 didnt becom
21、e a serious climber until the fifth grade,I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.11 . A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.12 .Well reach the sales targets in a month we set at the beginning of the year.13 .The book has helped m
22、e greatly in my daily communication,especially at work a good impression is amust.14 .English is a language shared by several diverse cultures,each of uses it differently.15 .Students should involve themselves in community activities they can gain experience for growth.16.The exact year Angel and he
23、r family spent together in China was 2008.1.1 1 am looking forward to the day my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.18 .Please send us all the information you have about the candidate for the position.19 .Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children,is quite un
24、expected.20 . Among the many dangers sailors have to face,probably the greatest of all is fog.21 .The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform visitors can watch the bigglasshouses being built.22 .Many countries are now setting up national parks animals and plants can
25、 be protected.23 .We have launched another man-made satellite,is announced in todays newspaper.24 .John invited about 40 people to his wedding,most of are family members.25 .Finally he reached a lonely island was completely cut off from the outside world.26 .When I arrived,Bryan took me to see the h
26、ouse I would be staying.27 .The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those lives were affected.28 .The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China,he remembers starting as early as his childhood.29 .Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012,made one of the Chinese peoples long-held dreams come true.30 .Happiness and success often come to those are good at recognizing their own strengths.