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1、Unit One ARTReading and ThinkingA SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTNG西方绘画艺术简史What is Western art? It is hard to give a precise definition. As there have been so many different styles of Western art, it is impossible to describe them all in a short text. Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is
2、 to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.什么是西方艺术?很难给出一个精确的定义。由于西方的艺术风格多种多样，在短短的一篇课文里不 可能进行全面的描述。也许了解西方艺术的最好方法就是看看几个世纪以来西方绘画的发展。The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th century)中世纪(5 世纪到 15 世纪)During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Chri
3、stianity. Thus, artists were not interested in painting realistic scenes. Their works were often primitive and two-dimensional, and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else to show their importance. This began lo change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337)
4、. While his paintings still had religious themes, they showed real people in a real environment. In particular, his paintings are set apart from other paintings by (heir realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.在中世纪，西方艺术的目的是向人们传授基督教。因此，艺术家对写实场景不感兴趣。他们的作品通 常较为粗糙且二维化，主体人物通常比其他人物大得多，以显示他们的重要性。这种
5、情况在13世纪时因 乔托迪邦多纳(1267-1337)而开始改变。尽管他的画仍然带有宗教主题，但它们展示的是真实的环境中 的真实人物。尤其是他的画作，因其逼真的人物面貌和深刻的情感冲击而从其他画作中脱颖而出。The Renaissance (from the 14th to the 17th century)文艺复兴时期(I4 世纪到 17 世纪)New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages. As a result, painters concentrated less on religious t
6、hemes. They began to adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. An important breakthrough during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio( 1401-1428) Intluential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo (1475-1564) and Raphael (1483-1520) built upon Giotto and Masaccios
7、innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen.新的思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的思想和价值观。因此，画家较少关注宗教主题。他们开始采取 一种更人性化的生活态度。这一时期的个重要突破是马萨乔(14011428)对透视法的运用。一些颇具影响力 的画家，例如昂纳多达芬奇、米开朗琪罗和拉斐尔，在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展，创造出欧 洲前所未见的一些最伟大的艺术作品。Another innovation was the use of oil paints. With their deep colo
8、urs and realism, some of the best oil paintings look like photographs. While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil, this technique reached its height with Reinbrandl (1606-1669), who gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light另一个创新是油画颜料的使用。由于其深沉的色彩和现实主义风格，一些最好的油画看上去就像是照 片。尽管早在达芬奇时代一些画家就
9、使用油彩绘画，但伦勃朗使得这种技艺达到顶峰，他拥有“光影大 可以教我们训练大脑解决问题。然而，游戏也会让人上瘾，所以平衡对于健康的生活方式很重要。我们会 因为做得太多而破坏了美好的事物。现在我更喜欢玩游戏，因为我能够在工作和游戏之间保持良好的平衡。Unit 3 ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTIONEarth provides enough to satisfy evety man s needs, but not every man s greed.Mohandas K. Gandhi.地球能满足人类的需要，但满足不了人类的贪婪。Reading and ThinkingCLIMATE
10、 CHANGE REQUIRES THE WORLD S ATTENTION气候变化需要全世界的共同关注We have known about climate change for decades. There is little doubt that Earth is getting warmer and wanner (see the graph). A wanning ocean and atmosphere along with melting ice and rising sea levels provide evidence of a dramatic change in the
11、global climate.我们了解气候变化已经有几十年了。亳无疑问，地球是在变得越来越暖(见表)。海洋和气候变暖以及 冰的融化和海平面的上升为全球气候的剧烈变化提供了证据。In 2013, a lot of people were shocked by a news photo of a dead polar bear that was found on Norways Arctic island of Svalbard. According to the scientists who found its dead body, all that reniained of the polar
12、 bear was skin and bones An expert who has studied polar bears for many years said that from the position of its dead body, the bear appeared to have starved and died. Experts claimed that low sea-ice levels caused by climate change meant that the bear could not hunt seals as before, so it had to tr
13、avel greater distances in order to find food. This alarming case showed how the increase in temperature had an impact on Earths ecology.2013年，一张关于那威北极岛的斯瓦尔巴群岛上发现一只北极熊死亡的新闻照片，震惊了很多人。根 据发现北极熊尸体的科学家的说法，北极熊只剩下“皮肤和骨头”。一位研究北极熊多年的专家说，从北 极熊尸体的位置看，北极熊似乎饿死了。专家声称，由于气候变化导致海冰面积下降，这只熊无法像以前 那样捕猎海豹，因此它不得不走很远的距离才能找到
14、食物。这个令人震惊的案例表明，温度升高如何影响 地球的生态。Then what is causing the increase in the global average surface temperature? Climate scientists often mention a key climate process called the greenhouse effect which has two common meanings: the natural greenhouse effect and the man-made greenhouse effect. The natural
15、greenhouse effect refers to the fact that heal from the sun enters the atmosphere and warms Earths surface as short-wave radiation. The heat is released back into space at longer wave lengths. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as methane and carbon dioxide, trap some of the heat, keeping Eart
16、hs climate warm and habitable. Without this process, Earth could not sustain life. However, the man-made greenhouse effect has now become a big problem. When people produce huge amounts of extra greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuels, more heat energy is trapped in the atmosphere and causes Earths
17、 surface temperature to rise.那么，是什么导致全球平均表面温度上升?气候科学家经常提到一个称为“温室效应”的重要气候过 程，它有两个普遍的含义：“自然”温室效应和“人造”温室效应。“自然”温室效应是指太阳的热量进入 大气层，并以短波辐射的形式使地球表面变暖。热量以更长的波长释放回太空。大气层中的温室气体(如甲 烷和二氧化碳)吸收了部分热量，使地球的气候温暖宜居。没有这个过程，地球将无法维持生命。然而，“人 造”温室效应现在已成为一个大问题。当人们燃烧化石燃料产生大量额外的温室气体时，更多的热量被困 在大气层中，从而引起地球表面温度迅速上升。There is stro
18、ng and comprehensive evidence (hat (he rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serious damage, but also costing human lives. Climate scientists have warned that if we do not take appropriate actions, this warming trend will prob
19、ably continue and there will be a higher price to pay. In fact, news reports are frequently broadcast about extreme rainstorms and heatwaves causing deaths and economic losses有充分而全面的证据表明，温度升高导致全世界范围内极端天气和自然灾害增加，不仅造成了严重的 破坏，而且还造成了人员伤亡。气候科学家警告说，如果我们不采取适当的行动，这种变暖趋势可能会持 续下去，并且需要付出更高的代价。事实上，新闻报道经常播出极端暴雨和
20、热浪造成死亡和经济损失。Continued greenhouse gas emissions will result in further warming and long-lasting changes to the global climate. This requires the attention of people all over the world. Governments need to consider making policies and taking appropriate actions and measures to reduce greenhouse gas em
21、issions. We as individuals can also reduce our carbon footprint by restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce. It is our responsibility to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue
22、affecting all of us on【his planet. So what will you do to help?持续的温室气体排放将导致全球气候进一步变暖和持久变化。这需要全世界人民的关注。政府需要考 虑制定政策，采取适当的行动和措施以少温室气体排放。我们个人也可以通过限制生活方式产生的二氧化 碳量来减少“碳足迹二抓住每一个机会，对所有人进行全球变暖及其成因和影响的教育，这是我们的责 任，因为这是影响我们地球上所有人最严重的问题。那你会怎么做？REDUCING WATER POLLUTION IN THE LI RIVER减少漓江的水污染The beautiful Li Rive
23、r and its amazing surrounding scenery is one of the most well-known tourist destinations in Chinas Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It attracts millions of domestic and foreign visitors each year. However, its reputation as a top destination has had negative effects on the rivers water quality. Thi
24、s report looks at the problem of water pollution and some actions that have been taken to deal with it.美丽的漓江及其迷人的风景是中西壮族自治区最著名的旅游胜地之一。它每年吸引数百万的国内外游 客。然而，它作为顶级旅游胜地的声誉对河流的水质产生了负面影响。这份报告着眼于水污染问题以及为 解决这个间题而采取的一些行动。Previously, water quality in (he Li River had suffered greatly from an increasing volume o
25、f tourists, many of whom frequently threw garbage into the river. Many tour boats contributed to the problem too. Kitchens on board were using lots of oil. which was often thrown into the water. The growth in tourism also meant the local population rose rapidly, as well as the number of commercial a
26、nd industrial enterprises. Water pollution levels increased, with more household and commercial waste cndiiig up in the river. In order to feed more people, more chemicals were used to increase crop production. These chemicals led to severe water quality issues, causing a decrease in the number of f
27、ish species. Local officials were concerned that the pollution was damaging the natural environment and fell that urgent steps should be taken to restore (he rivers original beauty以往，漓江的水质因游客量的增长遭到了严重破坏，一些游客频繁将垃圾扔进江中。许多旅游船也导 致了这个问题。船上的厨房用了大量的油，这些油经常被扔入水中。旅游业的增长也意味着当地人口以及 商业和工业企业的数量迅速增加。水污染水平上升，更多的家庭
28、和商业废物最终流入河中。为了养活更多 的人，使用了更多的化学药品来增加农作物的产量。这些化学物质导致严重的水质问题，导致鱼类种类减 少。当地官员担心污染正在破坏自然环境，并认为应采取紧急措施恢复河流的原始美景。A comprehensive initiative was started, with a number of measures (ha( addressed (he issues. The construction of waste water treatment facilities improved the water quality and water conservation
29、. The collection and transport of household waste was also improved. Dozens of polluting enterprises were closed or moved. The local government set up strict regulations regarding further industrial development. New rules were also introduced regarding tour boat routes and garbage disposal methods.
30、Furthermore, the local authorities began to use the media to spread environmental awareness and encourage greater use of clean energy. At the same time, they started to carry out inspections regularly and fine tourist organisations for abuses. With these measures, it is believed that the beauty of t
31、he Li River will be preserved for generations to come一项全面倡议启动了，采取了若干措施解这些问题。污水处理设施的建设改善了水质，节约了用水。 生活垃圾的收集和运输也得到了改善。数十家污染企业被关闭或搬迁。地方政府劝进一步发展工业制定了 严格的规定。有关旅游船路线和垃圾处理方法的新规定也已出台。此外，地方当局开始利用媒体宣传环境 意识，鼓励更多地使用清洁能源。同时，他们开始定期进行检查，并对旅游组织的陋习进行罚款。相信通 过这些措施，漓江之美将得以世代相传。In addilion, (he ambitious Waler Ten Plan i
32、s also now tackling water pollution across the country. Other initiatives, such as the River Chief System , hold senior officials responsible for reducing water pollution. With such campaigns in effect. Chinas waterways are heading towards a clean and sustainable future 另外，“水十条”的宏伟规划则是为了治理整个国家的水污染问题
33、。例如“河长制”这样的举措让高级官 员承担起减少水污染的职。随着这些行动(的展开)，中国的水资源正朝着洁净的、可持续发展的未来迈进。Reading and WritingSMALL WASTE, BIG PROBLEM小垃圾，大问题Many of us might not give a second thought to dropping a small piece of litter. After all it is so small, it cannot possibly be that harmful, can it? In todays world, the answer is cer
34、tainly Yes it can! With the growing use of plastic bags and the rising number of smokers, there is more litter being produced than ever before.我们很多人可能都不会去考虑掉一小块垃圾。毕竟它这么小，不可能有那么大的危害吧？在当今世界, 答案当然是“是的，有！ o随着塑料袋的使用和吸烟者的增加，产生的垃圾比以往任何时候都多。Although cigarette butts are small, they are bad for the environmen
35、t. Worldwide, about 4.3 trillion cigarette butts are littered every year. As well as spoiling the beauty of the environment, they contain toxic chemicals. These find their way into the water supply where they affect water quality and endanger plants and animals. Cigarette butts can take up to 25 yea
36、rs to break down, and the toxic chemicals add up to a large amount with so many littered. So, if people want to smoke they should dispose of the butts properly in a rubbish bin.烟头虽小，却对环境有害。全世界每年约有4.3万亿个烟头被乱扔。除了破坏环境的美丽，它们还含 有有毒的化学物质。这些物质会进入水源，影响水质，危害动植物。烟头需要长达25年的时间才能分解, 而有毒的化学物质会随着这么多烟头的乱扔而大量增加。所以，如
37、果人们想吸烟，应该把烟蒂妥善地丢弃 在垃圾箱里。Plastic bags are another common form of litter that is dangerous to the environment. They are easily blown by wind and float in water, so they can travel long distances. They find their way to rivers, parks, beaches and oceans, killing many birds, mammals, fish, and sea anima
38、ls each year worldwide. They can last for hundreds of years in ihe environment. We should not let plastic bags become litter. We should use fewer plastic bags, and reuse and recycle what we have already used.塑料袋是另一种常见的对环境有危害的垃圾。它们很容易被风吹动，漂浮在水面上，所以它们可以长 途跋涉。它们进入河流、公园、海滩和海洋，每年在世界各地杀死许多鸟类、哺乳动物、鱼类和海洋动物。
39、 它们可以在环境中持续数百年。我们不应该让塑料袋成为垃圾。我们应该减少使用塑料袋，并将已经使用 过的塑料袋再利用和回收。One way to reduce the use of plastic bags is to charge for them. Shops used to give plastic bags for free. But in some countries, including China, customers arc now charged for each bag. Some shops also have a bag-fbr-life scheme. They sell
40、 stronger bags that can be reused, and (hey replace them for free if the bags ever break.减少使用塑料袋的方法之一是收费。以前商店都会免费赠送塑料袋。但在包括中国在内的一些国家， 现在却要向顾客收取每个袋子的费用。有些商店还实行可重复使用的环保购物袋”计划。他们出售可以重 复使用的更结实的袋子，如果袋子破损，他们会免费更换。Waste is a big problem fbr the environment, so we need to do something. Not littering at all
41、or cleaning up small waste saves money spent on disposing of litter properly. However, ii would be better not to smoke or use plastic bags at allo垃圾是环境的一个大问题，所以我们需要做点什么。完全不乱扔垃圾或清理“小垃圾”，可以节省用于 妥善处理垃圾的费用。但是，最好不要吸烟或使用塑料袋。Unit4 ADVERSITY AND COURAGEGreat works are performed not by strength, but persever
42、ance.-Samuel Johnson业成于百折不挠，不论力量大小。一一塞缪尔-约翰逊。Reading and ThinkingA SUCCESSFUL FAILURE一次成功的失败经历Perce Blackborow joined an expedition with Sir Ernest Shackleton to Antarctica on the ship Endurance in 1914. Shackleton was one of the most famous explorers of his day and it was considered a great honour
43、to be part of his expeditions. Below are some of Blackborows diary entries.珀西布菜克博罗于1914年加入欧内斯特沙克尔顿爵的“坚忍”号轮船南极探险之旅。沙克尔顿是他 那个时代最负盛名的探险家，加入他的探险活动被认为是一种巨大的荣耀。下面是布菜克博罗的一些日记。31 October. 19141914年10月31日.Well, it so happened that one morning I bought a newspaper and read the advertisement about the Antarcti
44、c expedition.好吧，碰巧有一天早上我买了份报纸，看了一则关于南极探险队的广告。An expedition to the South Pole with the great Sir Emest Shackletonthis is the adventure that I have been dreaming of. And I was ready for it. At the age of 19,1 am fit and full of vigour. However, when I applied to join the expedition Shackleton turned m
45、e down because he thought I was too young and wasnt qualified. But I was so enthusiastic about the idea of going along with them that I secretly went aboard his ship, the Endurance, and hid in a small cupboard. Unfortunately, three days after we set off I was discovered. Shackleton did not want to t
46、urn back so he offered me a job, but only after he promised me. If anyone has to be eaten, then you will be the first! He assigned me (o be a steward, and I now serve meals for twenty-eight men, three times a day.同伟大的欧内斯特沙克尔顿爵士去南极探险一一这是我梦寐以求的冒险。我已经准备好了。19岁的时 候，我身体健康而且精力充沛。然而，当我申请加入探险队时，沙克尔顿拒绝了我，因为他认
47、为我太年轻, 不合格。但我对与他们同行的想法非常感兴趣，于是我偷偷地上了 “坚忍”号轮船，在一个小橱里。不幸 的是，我们出发三天后，我被发现了。沙克尔顿不想回头，所以他给我提供了一份工作，但他保证，“如 果有人要被吃掉，那你就是第一个!”他让我当一名伙计，我现在做28个人一天三顿的饭菜。How everyone will envy me when I come back and tell them about (he amazing laces I have been to.当我回来告诉他们我去过的神奇的地方时，大家好该会多么羡慕我啊！21 Nov 19151915年11月21日The jou
48、rney has not been easy. Endurance became stuck in the ice as we approached Antarctica. The ice froze around us and we were well and truly stuck! We saw the ship get crushed by the ice. And when the ship sank, our hearts sank with it.这段路程并不轻松。正当我们接近南极时，“坚忍”号被海土的浮冰卡住了。周围的冰都冻结了，我 们千真万确地被困住了!我们看到船被冰挤坏了。
49、当船沉没时，我们的心也随之沉没Before we abandoned the ship, Shackleton calmly called us together and told us to rescue our most essential suppliesthe small boats, our food, the cook stove candles, clothes, and blankets. This was no time to panic. We were not allowed to take most of our personal belongings, and Shackleton himself threw away all his gold. But to our surprise, he allowed Hussey to keep his banjo. Hu