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1、Grammar第1页语言言语义系系统语音系音系统文字系文字系统结构系构系统(语法法)第2页语法层次第3页语法结构五个层次词素(Morpheme)词(Word)词组(Phrase)分句(Clause)句子(Sentence)第4页morphemes 词素（morpheme)freeboundlexical(child)Functional(and)derivational(re-)Inflectional(s)第5页词(word)构词法简单词（Simple)派生词（Derivative）复合词（Compound）句法功效功效词（Function）实义祠（Content)第6页分句类型(Types
2、 of clauses)Independent(main;min S+V,complete)独立分句 (主干,主谓齐全，完整）I love linguistics.You believe me.Dependent(subordinate;SUB CONJ,incomplete)隶属子句 （隶属，需加连词，不完整）when she entered the room who delivered the lecture第7页句子类型(Types of sentences)简单句简单句Simple (one independent clause)She read the book.并列句并列句Comp
3、ound(2 independent clauses connected with co-ordinating conjunctions:并列连词)She read the book but she didnt like it。复合句复合句Complex(a combination of dependent(subordinate)and independent clauses：隶属连词、连接代词、连接副词)She read the book while she was in college.并列复合句并列复合句Compound-Complex(2 independent clauses+1(
4、)dependent clauses)He jumped for joy and screamed very loudly when his team won the game.第8页简单句：句子只包含一个主谓结构，且句子各个成份都是由单词或者短语表示。A school is an important place to students.Manypeoplehaveacloserelationshipwiththeirpets.ThestudentsIteachhavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks.第9页并列句：两个或两个以上相互独立主谓结构、由并列连词连
5、接。Olivercametotheparty,butRosedidnot.Everyroominthehousehasitsownfunctionanditisdifficulttoimaginethelifewithoutoneofthem.Tip:依据两个简单句之间关系结合、选择、转折，因果，选择不一样并列连词结合：and,bothand,as well as,not onlybut also选择：or,eitheror,neithernor.or else.Otherwise转折：but,yet,however,nevertheless,while,whereas因果：for,so,th
6、erefore,第10页复合句：两个或两个以上主谓结构，其中一个(或多个)主谓结构充当句子某一(些)成份，如：主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语。隶属连词、连接代词、连接副词This is an interesting book.This is the book which they talked about.Everythingdependsontheweather.Whetherwellgoonapicnictomorrowdependsontheweather.Hecamehereatseven.Hecameherewhenwewereabouttoleave.第11页主语从句隶属连词
7、：whether，that，Thatthedriverwasdrunkisobvious.Whetheryoucomeornotdoesntconcernme.连接代词:which,who,whoever,whose,what,whateverWhichteamwillwinthechampionshipisstillnotclear.Whowillbethemonitormakesnodifference.连接副词:how,when,where,why,Howhediditpuzzledusall.Whyhewasabsentfromclassisamystery.Tip:主语从句后置第12
8、页表语从句隶属连词：whether，that，asifHelooksasifhedidntcare.Thequestioniswhethertheywouldliketohelpus.连接代词:which,who,what,Theproblemiswhichroadweshouldtake.WhatIwanttoknowiswhocanfinishitinoneweek.连接副词:how,when,where,why,The question is when they will arrive.Thatiswhytheystayedtherefortwoweeks.第13页宾语从句隶属连词：wh
9、ether，that，ifIthinkthatyouwanttobeateacherispractical.Idontknowwhether/ifhissonisstilllivingwiththem.连接代词:which,who,what,I really want to know what he did yesterday.Tellmewhichyoulikemost.连接副词:how,when,where,why,Hetolduswherehefoundthatmissingboy.Iaskedhimwhyhedidntshowupatthepartylastnight.Tip:宾语从句
10、后置第14页定语从句引导定语从句关系词，除引导定语从句外，还在定语从句中负担一个句子成份。关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,thatThegirlwhogotthefirstplaceintheEnglishCompetitionismyroommate.Thepolicemanistalkingtoagirlwhoseiphonehasbeenrobbed.ThesearethebooksthatIboughtthroughon-linepurchasing关系副词：when,where,whyDoyoustillrememberthedayswhenweworkedtog
11、ether？She lived in Beijing for five years,where she studied Chinese.These are the reasons why they dont like their boss.第15页状语从句时间状语连词或词组：when/while/as,whenever,beforeafter,since,till/until,assoonas/themoment/theminute,hardlywhen/scarcelywhen/no soonerthan/instantly/directly,once,every/each timeIthi
12、nkthatyouwanttobeateacherispractical.Idontknowwhether/ifhissonisstilllivingwiththem.Wellleavetheminuteeverythingisready.Ihadhardlysatdownwhenthetelephonerang.Nosoonerhadhearrivedhomethanitbegantorain.地点状语连词：where,wherever,anywhereThepoliceorderedthesuspecttostaywherehewas.Helikestomakefriendswhereve
13、rhegoes.Comeinandsitanywhereyoulike.第16页状语从句条件状语连词或词组：if,unless,aslongas/solongas/sofaras,incase,suppose/supposing/providedthat/providing,onconditionthatIfyoucanpracticeenough,youaresuretopassthedrivingtestthistime.Idliketogoswimmingunlessthewateristoocold.Supposingthathedoesnthelp,whatshallwedo？原因状
14、语连词：because/since/as/nowthat,consideringthat,seeingSince youre not interested in this TV play,lets change the channel.Now thatyou are grown up,youshouldnotrelyonyourparents.第17页状语从句结果状语连词或词组：sothat/suchthat,sothat/Thisissuchaheavyboxthatnobodycanmoveit.Hiscarbrokedownhalfwaytothecompanysothathehadto
15、takeataxi.目状语连词：that/sothat/inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incaseThetwoboyswerewhisperingsothattheyshouldnointerruptotherstudents.Wemustcheckthecarregularlysothatitcanrunwell.Illshowyoutheplaceonthemaplestyoushouldgetlost.Youdbettertakeanumbrellawithyouincaseinrains.第18页状语从句方式状语连词或词组：as,asif,asthough,
16、Thelittlegirllikestodosomethingashermothertellsher.HespeaksChineseasifhewereaChinese.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.比较状语连词：than,asHestudiesmuchharderthanhisbrother.ThisParkisfarmorebeautifulthanIexpected.让步状语连词：though/although/as/while,evenif/eventhough,however/nomatterhowAlthoughheisyoung,hehasbeeninma
17、ycountries.Hewontgotoseethatkindoffilmeventhoughhehastime.Tryashemight,hecouldntmovethisstone.第19页同位语从句隶属连词：thatThereistruthintheoldsayingthatnecessityisthemotherofinvention.ThereisarumorthatMr.Zhanghasbeendismissed.连接副词:how,when,where,why,IhavenoideahowIcangetthecargoinginsuchcoldweather.Ihavenoide
18、awhyshedroppedoutofschool.第20页Summary:句子类型简单句(SimpleSentence)并列句(CompoundSentence)复合句(ComplexSentence)三种句子类型(结构)三种句子类型(用途)陈说句疑问句(普通/特殊/选择/翻译疑问)祈使句感叹句第21页句子结构主谓结构：S(主语）+Vi(谓语不及物动词）主谓宾结构：S(主语）+Vi(谓语及物动词)+O(宾语）主系表结构:S(主语)+LV(系动词)+P(表语)双宾语结构：S(主语)+Vt(谓语及物动词+InO(间接宾语)+DO(直接宾语）复合宾语结构：S(主语)+Vt(谓语及物动词)+O(宾语
19、)+C(宾语补足语)五种基本结构五种基本结构第22页(一)主谓结构：S(主语）+Vi(谓语不及物动词）Everyonelaughed.ThepricepeakedinAugust.Viewsontheissueinquestionvaryfrompersontoperson.Notionsabouteuthanasiadifferwidely.Thenumberoffemaleprofessorsdroppedsignificantlyin1970.Thenumberoffemaleprofessorsdroppedsignificantlyin1970.第23页(二)主谓宾结构：S(主语）+
20、Vi(谓语及物动词)+O(宾语Liverpool wonthegame.Travellingbroadensonesvision.WeoftenhearaboutanovernightsuccessInstead,theyliveinhigh-riseapartmentscomplexes.Weareallexposedtosuchadvertisementseveryday.Thetrainisbuildingupspeed.Thetrainisbuildingupspeed.第24页(三)主系表结构:S(主语)+LV(系动词)+P(表语)Thatcarismine.Sheisingoodh
21、ealth.Shelooksbeautiful.Theprimarypurposeofazooistoeducate.Firstofall,pigfarmingisstillanimportantindustryinChina.Inmostcountries,themostimportantanimalisanationalsymbol.Inmostcountries,themostimportantanimalisanationalsymbol.第25页Tip:惯用系动词 be,feel,look,sound,taste,smell,seem,appear,become,grow,get,t
22、urn,fall,go,come,run,remain,continue,stay,keep,rest,prove,turn outBack第26页(四)双宾语结构：S(主语)+Vt(谓语及物动词+InO(间接宾语)+DO(直接宾语Beckhamlentmehiscar.Someoneleftyouthisnote.Travellingtoforeigncountriesgivesusanopportunitytoexperienceanothercultureandbroadenourhorizon.Hismotherin-lawboughthimaluxuriouscarasthemarr
23、iagepresent.Hismotherin-lawboughthimaluxuriouscarasthemarriagepresent.第27页(五)复合宾语结构：S(主语)+Vt(谓语及物动词)+O(宾语)+C(宾语补足语)Theyelectedhimspokesman.Every scene on the screen keepsmeup-to-date.Shefounditalittledifficulttohandleallthesethingsonherown.Artfundingmaymakeartistsshiftthefocusfromcreativitytopleasin
24、gfundingbodies.Artfundingmaymakeartistsshiftthefocusfromcreativitytopleasingfundingbodies.第28页名词(短语）作补语In English people name lazy people couch potato.英语中人们称懒惰人为 couch potato.We elect him our new chairman.我们选他当我们新主席。形容词作补语We consider students evaluation of teachers emotionally Detrimental.不定式(短语)作补语I sincerely invite you to pay a visit to my hometown during the summer vacation.分词(短语)作补语I find the employment situation frustrating.我发觉就业形势令人沮丧。We should have the nuclear waste well disposed of.我们要妥善处理核废料第29页第30页