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1、 非谓语动词 语法讲解1 I.非谓语动词时态、语态形式对照表：及物与不及物 语态类别 时 态 vt.vi.主动语态被动语态 主动语态ing 一般式一般式:(与谓语动词同时与谓语动词同时发生发生)makingbeing madegoing完成式完成式:(先与谓语动词之先与谓语动词之前发生前发生)having made(不作定语）不作定语）having been made(不作定语）不作定语）having gone(不作定语）不作定语）ed只有一般式只有一般式:(不强调时间不强调时间先后，只说明原因、条先后，只说明原因、条件等件等)made(表被动表被动）gone(表完成）表完成）inf一般式一般
2、式:(与谓语动词与谓语动词(几几乎乎)同时发生同时发生)to maketo be madeto go 完成式完成式:(先与谓语动词之先与谓语动词之前发生前发生)to have madeto have been madeto have gone进行式进行式:(在谓语动词动作在谓语动词动作发生时正在进行发生时正在进行)to be making to be going22.2.非谓语动词在句中可作的语法成份非谓语动词在句中可作的语法成份 成份类别主主语语宾宾语语表表语语定定语语宾宾补补 状状 语语时时间间条条件件原原因因目目的的结结果果方方式式让让步步伴伴随随不定式现在分词过去分词动名词 31.非谓
3、语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等语、表语、定语、状语等.v1.To see you is glad.=Its glad to see you.v2.I want to see you.v3.I want him to see you.v4.My hope is to see you.v5.He is the man to see you.v6.Im glad to see you.v7.I went to see you.v8.He went so early as to see you（作主语）（作主语）(作宾语）作宾
4、语）（作宾补）（作宾补）(作表语）作表语）（作定语）（作定语）（作原因状语）（作原因状语）（作目的状语）（作目的状语）（作结果状语）（作结果状语）4v1.Swimming is his favourite sport.v2.He enjoys swimming.v3.I found him swimming in the river.v4.His favourite sport is swimming.v5.He is the man swimming in the river just now.v6.Swimming in Summer,we can get cool.(作主语）作主语）(作
5、宾语）作宾语）(作宾补）作宾补）(作表语）作表语）(作定语）作定语）(作状语）作状语）5v1.This cup is broken.v2.This is a broken cup.v3.I found the cup broken.v4.Broken by Tom,the cup cant be used.v过去分词一般不作主语、宾语.(作表语作表语(作表语）作表语）(作宾语补足语）作宾语补足语）(作状语）作状语）6v3.分词的用法比较vA.在时态上v1.China is a developing country =a country which is developing.v2.Japan
6、is a developed country =a country which has developed.v3.I found him gone.=that he had gone.(表完成）ing分词表分词表“进行进行”ed分词表分词表“完成完成”7B.在语态上，在语态上，ing分词表分词表“主动主动”，ed分词表分词表“被动被动”（多为及物动词）（多为及物动词）v1.I saw him writing a short novel.=that he was writing a short novel.v2.He was reading a novel written by Charles
7、Dickens.=which was written by Charles Dichens.在概念上，ing.表“抽象抽象、习惯”,不定式表“具体具体、偶然、将来”.*Swimming(抽象）抽象）is my favourite sport and I like swimming(习惯）习惯）every day,but I dont like to swim(具具体）体）today,I would like to swim(将来）将来）tomorrow.8C.分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，只分词的完成式一般不用来作定语，只能用作状语能用作状语.vThe platform having been
8、 built will be used to perform on.v1.The platform built will be used to perform on.The platform which has been built will be used to perform on.v2.Having given her opinion about the building,she left the meeting.Having been used for a long time,the computer needs repairing.作定语作状语9D.ed+主句（不强调时间先后）主句（
9、不强调时间先后）;Being ed+主句（强调主句（强调主句和从句动作同时发生）主句和从句动作同时发生）;Having been ed+主句（强主句（强调时间先后）如不强调时间先后可用调时间先后）如不强调时间先后可用ed,一般式来代替一般式来代替.v1.Used as a means of traffic in China,the bike is very useful.Written in simple English,the book is easy to readv2.Being used by me now,the bike cant be lent to you.v3.Having
10、been used for many years,the bike needs repairing.Having been told several times,可以写成=Told several times,he couldnt understand what I meant.104.非谓语动词的用法区别非谓语动词的用法区别不定式和动名词作宾语的区别：不定式和动名词作宾语的区别：v.下列动词常用不定式作宾语下列动词常用不定式作宾语：aim,ask,dare,appear,arrange,demand,help,hesitate,pay,plan,wait,fail,seek,prepare,
11、happen,mean,prove,expect,wish,hope,decide,refuse,offer,learn,agree,choose,promise,pretend,manage,care,determine,afford等。如：He offered to help us.I didnt expect to find you here They refused to accept his invitation The little boy pretended to be asleep when his mother came in11(2)下列动词通常用下列动词通常用ing形式作
12、宾语形式作宾语：vadmit,report,appreciate,deny,explain,mention,resist,stand,stop,imagine,recall,suggest,mind,finish,enjoy,keep,practise,miss,avoid,delay,excuse,escape,consider,advise等。等。如 ：1）Would you mind my smoking here?2）The girl was told to practise playing the piano for three hours every day 3）Good news
13、 keeps coming.Tina suggested spending the weekend on her farm 12(3)下列动词接不定式与接下列动词接不定式与接ing形式意义相近：形式意义相近：vlike，love,hate,dislike,begin,start,prefer，continue,intend，attempt等等.e.g：I prefer making(to make)an outline before I do my oral composition We all like playing(to play)table tennisv但也有细微区别区别：v*指具体
14、某次的行为常用不定式，指惯常的行为常用ing形式.v如：I like reading books of this kind(惯常行为)v I hate to say so，but really I cant go with you(具体某次行为)13I prefer to stay at home today(具体某次行为)He prefers walking to cycling(惯常行为)*一般说来不能用于进行时的动词如：realize，know，understand，see，lose等，多用不定式 如：I began to realize I had been wrong.We hate
15、 to lose the chance.Now we are beginning to see it more clearly.14(4)下列动词接不定式与接下列动词接不定式与接ing形式意义不同形式意义不同：vstop to do 停下停下(正在做的事正在做的事)去做另一件事去做另一件事/stop doing 停下正在做的事停下正在做的事e.g.：Seeing an old man carrying a big bag,I stopped to help him Hearing the bell,the students stopped playing and ran into the cl
16、assroomvforget to do忘记做某事忘记做某事(此事未做此事未做)/forget doing忘记曾做过某事忘记曾做过某事(此事已做此事已做)He forgot to post the letter when he walked past the post office Ill never forget seeing him for the first time15vremember to do记得要做某事记得要做某事(此事未做此事未做)/remember doing记得某事已做过记得某事已做过(此事已做此事已做)e.g.：I remember seeing her once so
17、mewhere You must remember to take your umbrella when you leave homevgo on to do继续做另一件事继续做另一件事 go on doing接着做同接着做同一件事一件事e.g.：She stood up and shook hands with me,and then she went on writing something AfterIfinishedmyhomework,1wentontoreadthenovelvtry to do企图想做某事企图想做某事 try doing试着做某事试着做某事(看看看看有什么后果发生
18、有什么后果发生)e.g.：We tried to persuade him to go with us,but he wouldnt listen Lets try doing the work some other way.16vmean to do (意思是意思是)打算做某事打算做某事 mean doing意味着做某事意味着做某事 e.g.：Revolution means librating the productive forceSorry,I didnt mean to hurt youvregret to do遗憾地做某事遗憾地做某事(通常后接通常后接say,tell等动词等动词)
19、/regret doing后悔做了某事后悔做了某事e.g.：I regret to tell that you didnt pass the exam againHe regretted having told her the bad news17(5)动词如：动词如：(permit,allow，admit，forbid，imagine，consider)advise sb to do sthadvise doing sthvadvise sb to do sthe.g.：The doctor advised me not to go to bed too late.Please permit
20、 me to introduce myself to you first You surely cant consider him to be a selfish man My parents forbid me to stay out after mid-night I allowed the children to play in my room for another five minutes.18v*注意：v*在在imagineconsider后通常用后通常用“to be”作宾语补足语。作宾语补足语。to be有时可省略。有时可省略。e.g.：Youd better imagine y
21、ourself(to be)in his placeThe situation was considered(to be)pretty goodv*在consider后，作宾补不定式主要是to be，行为动词to do则多用to have done 形式。如:We all considered him to have told a lie.19vadvisepermitallowadmitforbidimagineconsider doing sth.e.g.：The little boy admitted having broken the glassvThey shouldnt allow
22、 parking in the street;its too narrow.vCan you imagine my being so stupid?vI forbid smoking in my housevWe do not permit smoking in the office20即时巩固练习即时巩固练习用所给动词的to do 或doing 形式填空：v1)Little Tom regretted _(waste)so much time playing computer games.v2)They were expecting _(get)the results of the exam
23、ination.v3)Will you advise me which of them _(buy)?v4)On the bus the young man pretended _(not see)the old woman standing beside him.having wasted to get to buy not to see 21v5)We all consider John_(be)an honest boy.v6)Our boss forbids_(chat)during office hours.v7)The rules do not permit players _(s
24、tep)out of bounds.v8)The boy begged to permit him_(explain).v9)The young man imagined _(live)on a lonely island.v10)It was useless to forbid children _(play)here.to play living to explain to step chatting to be 22v11)Why have they delayed _(open)the new school?v12)She enjoys _(practise)_(dance)befor
25、e the large mirror.v13)By taking the back way,he escaped _(see).v14)Id prefer _(stay)here waiting for his arrival.v15)As the meeting was beginning,we all stopped _(talk).opening practicing being seen to stay talking dancing 23v16)This kind of car is nice but I cant afford _(buy)one.v17)Im sorry I fo
26、rgot _(tell)you about the meeting.v18)She tried _(comfort)me by saying some funny things v19)Going on waiting here means _(waste)our time.v20)They went on _(work)in the fields in spite of the heavy rain.working wasting comforting to tell to buy 242)现在分词和动名词作表语的区别：现在分词和动名词作表语的区别：v（1）现在分词用来说明主语的性质，可用v
27、ery 来修饰。v如：The news is surprising.(surprising 用来说明The news 的性质.可以说very surprising.)vHis words were encouraging.(encouraging 用来说明His words 的性质.可以说very encouraging.)v*动名词和主语说的是同一件事，不可用very 来修饰。v如：My job is teaching English.(My job=teaching English,不可说very teaching English.)vTeaching is also learning.(
28、Teaching=learning,不可说very learning.)25v(2)注意现在分词和动名词作表语与现在进行时的区别。v如：His view is very alarming(现在分词作表语表示主语的性质)vWhat he likes to do is staying at home alone and reading.(动名词作表语表示的是某一件事情)vHe is watching the football game on TV.(现在进行时表示某动作在进行)v*过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别。v如：My bike is broken.(broken 形容词作表语，表示“状态”)
29、。v My bike was broken by Jim(动词过去分词构成被动语态，表示“动作”)26(3)还要注意现在分词和过去分词作表语在意义上的区别。v*过去分词作表语表示人的感觉，主语通常是人。现在分词作表语表示事物本身的特点，主语通常是事物。v如：Im interested in English(我的感觉，觉得有趣.The film is interesting(电影本身的特点是使人有趣.)v类似情况还有：surprising surprised,exciting excited,tiring tired,disappointing disappointed,encouraging
30、encouraged，interesting interested，amazed amazing,bored boring,pleasing pleased,astonishing astonished.27即时巩固练习即时巩固练习v用所给动词的to do或doing形式填空：v1)The journey was quite_(tire)v2)The story is very_We are_ in it(interest)v3、The result of the exam made me _(disappoint)v4)This was really an _moment(excite)v5
31、)The _boy couldnt believe his ears(astonish)tiringtiringinterestedinteresteddisappointeddisappointedexcitingexcitingastonishedastonishedinterestinginteresting28即时巩固练习即时巩固练习v6)It was a _ storyWe didnt want to listen again(bore)v7)He seemed quite _at the idea(delight)v8)The problem was quite_(press)v9
32、)The present situation is _(encourage)v10)I was _at what she said(puzzle)boringboringdelighteddelightedpressingpressingencouragingencouragingpuzzledpuzzled294)不定式、分词和动名词作定语的区别：v(1)动词不定式作定语通常放在被修饰的名词后面。v如：I have something important to tell youv The poor children had little to eatv它和被修饰的名词有时有动宾关系。v如：T
33、here is some books for you to read(可看成：to read some books)vId like to get something to drink(可看成：to drink something)30v如果这这个作定语的不定式是一个不及物动词，注意不可忽略不定式短语中的副词或介词。v如：I need a pen to write with(可看成：to write with the pen)v She now has nothing to worry about(可看成：to worry about nothing)31(2)现在分词和动名词作定语的区别v*
34、现在分词和被修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系。单个分词作定语放在被修饰的名词的前面，分词短语放在被修饰的名词的后面。v如：A fishing boy was seen sitting at the end of the boat.v (a fishing boy=a boy who was fishing)v The soldier riding a horse was my brother v(the soldier riding a horse=the soldier who was riding a horse)v*动名词用来说明用途，和被修饰的名词在逻辑上无主谓关系。动名词作定语只能放在被
35、修饰的名词的前面。v如：There was only one fishing boat on the riverv (a fishing boat=a boat used for fishing)v The old man needs a walking stick when he goes outv (a walking stick=a stick used for walking)32(3)不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语有时在时态上有区别：v*不定式作定语表示将来的动作。v如：The bridge to be built next month is the third bridge ac
36、ross the riverv*现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作。v如：The bridge being built now is the third bridge across the riverv*过去分词作定语表示已完成的动作。v如：The bridge built last year is the third bridge across the river33即时巩固练习即时巩固练习v用所给动词的正确形式填空：v1)The man_(question)in the police station now is a spyv2)A man_(respect)others will be r
37、espectedv3)she can find no one _(make)friends withv4)Is there anybody _(answer)the question?v5)Half of the guests _(invite)to the conference were foreigners.being questionedbeing questionedrespectingrespectingto maketo maketo answerto answerinvitedinvited34v6)She would be the best _(agree)the opinio
38、n v7)The matter _(discuss)is very importantv8)That is the way _(operate)the machinev9)She was then a professor _(love)by all her studentsv10)With much money _(spend)，the boy formed a bad habitto agreeto agreebeing discussedbeing discussedto operateto operatelovedlovedto spendto spend355)不定式、现在分词、过去分
39、词作宾补的区别：v*现在分词作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有主动关系，强调动作在进行。v如：I saw him falling off his bike just at that moment v (看到他时他正从自行车上掉下来。)v He found himself lying on the ground when he came to himselfv (他苏醒过来时正躺在地上。)v*不定式作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有主动关系，强调动作的过程。v 如：I saw him fall off his bike and hurt his left leg36v(看到他从自行车上掉下来，并且摔伤了腿。动作有先后，
40、是全过程。)v They were made to work day and night v (他们被迫日夜干活，天天如此，不是某个时刻正在干活。)v*过去分词作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有被动关系。v 如：I heard my name called by someonev (我的名字被叫，my name和called是被动关系。)v I felt a great weight taken off my mind.v (重担被卸下来了，a great weight和taken off是被动关系。)37即时巩固练习即时巩固练习v用所给动词的正确形式填空：v1)I meant to buy an eve
41、ning paper,but I didnt see anyone _(sell)them.v2)I know that _(be)a fact.v3)Paul doesnt have to be made _(learn).He always work hard.v4)The patient was warned _(not eat)after the examine.v5)Just now I saw a man_(walk)in the street,with a little girl _(seat)on his shouldersellingsellingto beto beto l
42、earnto learnnot to eatnot to eatwalkingwalkingseatedseated38v6)The lady loved to have her luggage _(weigh).v7)Who did the teacher have _(clean)the blackboard just now?v8)Businesses are beginning _(develop)new methods of reaching customers.v9)The thief was caught_(steal)goods in the supermarket again
43、 v10)-What happened to Mr.White early this morning?v -Oh，he was seen_(knock)down and the driver_(drive)awayweighedcleanto developstealingknockeddrove396)不定式和现在分词作状语的区别：不定式作状语表示：原因，结果，目的；分词作状语表示：原因，结果，时间，伴随情况v(1)不定式和分词表示原因时的区别：v *不定式表示原因通常跟在某些表示感情的形容词后，用来说明产生这种感情的原因。v如：I was so excited to hear the ne
44、ws(不定式to hear the news表示激动的原因。)vWe were surprised to see such great changes in that villagev(不定式to see such great changes in that village表示惊讶的原因。)v *分词表示原因时，它相当于一个原因状语从句。v如：Being a monitor,she takes lead in everything v (Being a monitor=As she was a monitor)v Knowing some English,he offered to be an
45、 interviewer for us.v (Knowing some English=As he knew some English)40v(2)不定式和分词表示结果时的区别：v *不定式表示结果，含有没有预料到的情况的意味。v如：I got up only to find it was raining outside(起来时没有料到在下雨。)v He was too excited to say a word (太激动了说不出话，是没有预料到的情况。)v*分词表示结果包含着一种必然发生的情况。v如：His parents died，leaving him a lot of money(父母
46、去世，钱留给儿子。这是自然的事。)vThe output of iron decreased by 23last year,reaching 80，000 tonsv (产量下降，到了80，000吨，这是必然结果。)41即时巩固练习即时巩固练习v用所给动词的正确形式填空：v1)-Why was the official meeting called?v-_(select)new officersv2)_(get)back my story,he refused the invitationv3)The beautiful girl tried to kill herself only _(sa
47、ve)v4)When_(face)with a strong enemy,they had always retreatedv5)_(wear)out after a long walk,Henry called and said he couldnt comeTo selectTo selectTo getTo getto be savedto be savedfacedfacedWornWorn42v6)He was said to have refused a gift from her,_(know)that it meant a bribe.v7)The president expr
48、essed his satisfaction with the co-operation,_(add)that he had enjoyed his stay here v8)The president promised to keep all the board members_(inform)of how the negotiations were going onv9)_(allow)to develop his talent,he could become an excellent artistv10)_(invite)to go to camping,Paul ordered a n
49、ew sleeping bagknowingaddinginformedHaving been allowedHaving been invited434使用非谓语动词的注意事项：v1)动词不定式可以和疑问代词或副词when，what,where,why,who,whom,which,how一起构v成不定式短语，但不说why to do(Why not do?，它表达一种建议，和此部分所说的to dov无关。)“疑问代词或副词+to do”的作用相当于一个名词性从句。v如：My teacher didnt tell me what to do next(=what I should do ne
50、xt)vHe said he knew how to do it(=how he should do it)vThis is the first time I have come to this dryI dont know which way to go(=which way I should go)444使用非谓语动词的注意事项：v2)形式主语和形式宾语v*形式主语：当作主语的不定式或动名词短语过长，谓语部分太短，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放到后面，以保持句子的平衡。v如：It is easy to work out this problem vIt is my duty to h