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1、DEFINITION OF SIMILE Simile is a kind of rhetorical method connecting two different things which have some common features by using the words“as”or“like”.In general,simile is a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds(usually formed with“like”or“as”)明喻(Simile)是
2、常用as或like等词将具有某种共同特征的两种不同事物连接起来的一种修辞手法。明喻的表达方法是：A像B。说甲像乙，也就是说本体像喻体。明喻的本体、喻体、比喻词都出现，能明显地看出是在打比方的比喻词：“像（如、若”、“（如、若似的”、“像（如、若）一般”、“好比（好像、犹如、仿佛）”等。My heart is like a singing bird.（我的心像一只歌唱的小鸟。）1PARTS The expression method is:a is like b.It is said that ontology is like metaphors.Usually,it contains thre
3、e parts:the ontology(本体）,metaphors（喻体）and the metaphor words（比喻词）.It can be clearly seen in terms of parable word like“such as,if.”,“such as though,if”or“like”,“as if”,“as though”,“asas”,“as it were”2EXAMPLESArmy and people are as inseparable as fish and water.军队和人民像鱼水一样不可分离.Soldiers like the countr
4、ys steel wall,guarding the frontier of frontier 战士就像国家的钢铁长城一样，守卫祖国的边疆 3在英语中，也有很多习语也属于明喻As busy as a bee（极为忙碌）As cross as a bear(怒气冲冲)Like the bolt from the blue(晴天霹雳)To follow like sheep(盲从)To spring up like mushrooms(雨后春笋)4生动形象的明喻生动形象的明喻My love is like a red,red rose Thats newly sprung in June;My l
5、ove is like a melodyThats sweetly played in tune (Robert Burns)啊，我爱人象红红的玫瑰，啊，我爱人象红红的玫瑰，在六月里苞放；在六月里苞放；啊，我爱人象一支乐曲，啊，我爱人象一支乐曲，乐声美妙、悠扬。乐声美妙、悠扬。5 Shall I compare you to a summers day?我能把你比作夏日吗？我能把你比作夏日吗？(William Shakespeare)My heart is like a singing bird我的心就象正在唱歌的小鸟。我的心就象正在唱歌的小鸟。6任何明喻必须具备以下条件：任何明喻必须具备以下
6、条件：任何明喻必须具备以下条件：任何明喻必须具备以下条件：（1）本体和喻体分属不同性质的事物并同时出）本体和喻体分属不同性质的事物并同时出现在句中现在句中；猫的眼睛像老虎的眼睛。The tiger is as brave as the lion.It is not a simile,because the things compared have too many points of resemblance.（2）主体和喻体必须在某一点上（声色、形状、主体和喻体必须在某一点上（声色、形状、性质、性质、功能等）相似，即有所谓的相似点；功能等）相似，即有所谓的相似点；（similarity)The
7、 diamond is as blue as the great7常用比喻词有：常用比喻词有：(3)用比喻词之类的引导方式引导。p I wondered lonely as a cloud.常见的比喻词：常见的比喻词：plike;unlike;it was a bit like；can be likened to;as;as if;as though;pas it were；as comparable to;may be compared to;similar to;akin to;be analogous to;etc.8qAs if/as though 引导的启发型引导的启发型明喻，其特点
8、是通过暗示性的联明喻，其特点是通过暗示性的联想引发人们洞察深层的内涵，所想引发人们洞察深层的内涵，所设的比喻或许不一定能直接理解，设的比喻或许不一定能直接理解，但是一经思索，必达豁然，因此但是一经思索，必达豁然，因此这一比喻有言近意远的效果这一比喻有言近意远的效果。The woman made him fetch and carry just as if he was a great Newfoundland dog.这个女人叫他做这做那，简这个女人叫他做这做那，简直把他当作一条纽芬兰的大直把他当作一条纽芬兰的大狗。狗。9uThe ruby shall be redder than a red
9、 rose,uAnd the sapphire shall be as blue as the great sea.(O.Wilde)u红宝石将比红玖瑰还要红宝石将比红玖瑰还要红，红，u蓝宝石像大海一样蓝。蓝宝石像大海一样蓝。10uAsas,more than句型与形容词同级比较、句型与形容词同级比较、比较级的比较在语法和结构上是一致的，但它比较级的比较在语法和结构上是一致的，但它们不是简单的比较，而是属于两类不同性质事们不是简单的比较，而是属于两类不同性质事物之间的比较，在形容同级和比较级的结构中，物之间的比较，在形容同级和比较级的结构中，虽然也用虽然也用as as 或或more than把
10、二者联系起把二者联系起来，但它只是一种简单的比较，而不是比喻。来，但它只是一种简单的比较，而不是比喻。uHe is as tall as his father.uHe us taller than his father.11ulike pattern:uMy mind goes round and round like the earth.u我的大脑像地球一样不停地转动。uHe was like a cat on hot bricks before his driving test.u在驾驶考试之前，他紧张得像热锅上的蚂蚁。uSoccer is spreading like wildfire
11、through all the States.u足球像野火一样迅速传遍美国。uJenny and I was like peas and carrots.我和珍妮形影不离。uThey will never be able to save money to buy a new house they both spend money like water.他们将永远积攒不起钱买新房子他们两人都花钱如水。Some patterns of simile12 as pattern:as+adj.+as+n.That man cant be trusted.Hes as slippery as an ee
12、l.那个人不可信，他像鳝鱼一样滑。Im as poor as a church mouse.我一贫如洗。My money and goods are as dear to me as life itself.钱财对我来说如同生命一样宝贵。/我视财如命。13 Metaphor 暗喻.Definition Metaphor comes from Latin“metaphorn”,means“a transfer of a meaning”.Based on Websters New World Dictionary,metaphor is defined as“a figure of speech
13、 containing an implied comparison,in which one thing is applied to another.”14暗喻的结构特征可以分为3个类型：(1)喻体直述式：把本体和喻体说成是一件事。A book that is shut is but a block.总是合着的书只不过是一块砖头而已。15College is aCollege is a comma comma of a sentence of life.of a sentence of life.大学就是人生长句的一个逗号。大学就是人生长句的一个逗号。在上面两句中，喻体在上面两句中，喻体 bl
14、ock and commablock and comma一目了然，一目了然，十分明确地描写了本体的特十分明确地描写了本体的特征。征。My heart is a lonely My heart is a lonely hunterhunter that hunts on that hunts on a lonely hill.a lonely hill.我的心就像一名孤独的猎手，在寂寞的我的心就像一名孤独的猎手，在寂寞的山岗游猎。山岗游猎。16(2)喻体半隐式He doesnt have an idea of his own.He just parrots what other people s
15、ay.他没有自己的观点，只会鹦鹉学舌。A heavy silence blanketed the room.整个房子沉浸在一片沉默中。They stormed the speaker with questions.他们猛烈质问演讲者。17。(3)喻体全隐式 Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.一些书浅尝即可，另外一 些书则要囫囵吞下，只有少数的书才值得咀嚼和消化。把 book比作food,但 food 这个喻体并没有出现。取而代之的是 taste,sw
16、allow,chew,and digest.18EXAMPLES OF METAPHORnoun patternnoun pattern名词型名词型:A is BA is BTime is is money.时间就是金钱。Beauty without virtue is is a rose without fragrance.没有德行的美丽好比没有芬芳的玫瑰。Some people think that marriage is is a lottery.有些人认为婚姻是缘分。He is is the eyes and ears of the manager.他是经理的耳目。Look at th
17、at guy all meat and no potatoes.瞧那个家伙，浑身都是肉。I waswas,inwardly,all white flag.我内心里却妥协了。Greece waswas the cradle of Western culture.希腊是西方文化的发源地/摇篮。The old mans face is is a map of time.那老人脸就是岁月的写照。19verb patternverb pattern动词型动词型:Snow clothes the ground.雪覆盖了大地。The case snowballed into one of the most
18、famous trials in U.S.history.这个案子像滚雪球似地最终成了美国历史上最著名的审判之一。A stranger then is still dogging us.一个陌生人仍在跟踪我们。My desk is flooded with paper.我的桌子上堆满了纸，就像洪水泛滥一样。The years have silvered her hair.岁月已使她的鬓发如霜。The population mushroomed in the postwar decades.战后数十年里人口快速增长。My heart was pumping.我的心怦怦直跳。He doesnt h
19、ave any idea of his own.He just parrots what other people say.他没有自己的观点，只会鹦鹉学舌。20adjective pattern形容词型形容词型:The mountainous waves swallowed up the ship.山一般的巨浪吞没了那艘船。I was all smiles,looking forward to a pleasant,homey evening.我满心欢喜，盼望度过一个家庭般舒适的夜晚。He gave Nancy a wintry smile.他给莱西一个冷笑。idiom pattern:We
20、mended our fences.我们重修旧好。21-of-phrase pattern:A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to stop.一位警察招手要我从长蛇般的车流中出来，并挥旗叫我停下。The lecturer looked down at the sea of faces beneath him.演讲者俯视下面无数的面孔。We have come a long way since then,in part as a fruit of his labors.从那以后，我们取得了巨大进展，其中
21、一部分是他努力的结果。They tied pillows on top of their heads as protection against the shower of rocks.他们把枕头绑在头上以防倾泻而下的岩石。22Note:The difference between simile and metaphor is that simile points out the similarity between two compared things directly,while metaphor does not do like that and its meaning is impl
22、ied,you have to read between the lines.Similes and metaphors must also meet the following two requirements:1)The tenor and the vehicle must represent things of different categories.2)There must be similarities between the tenor and the vehicle.23 借喻(METONYMY)借喻不同于一般的比喻，其特点不是想而是联想。它不直接说出要说的事物，而是用与该事物
23、有着不可分离关系的另一事物来表现，即相当于汉语的借代。借喻中本体、喻体均不出现，直接用喻体代替本体，表达形象、生动，语言简练。通过联想读者不仅知道所写的是什么，而且能想起所说事物的特征，留下深刻的印象。24 He chose the gun instead of the cap and gown.(分别借代Joined the armed forces和high education)他选择了参军，而不是深造。Have you ever read Shakes Peare(借代the works by Shakespeare)你读过莎士比亚的作品吗?The coat wonle be beyon
24、d his miserable pocke(借代money)他的钱少得可怜，买不起那件大衣。The pen is stronger than the sword(gun)(分别借代those who use the pen和those who use the sword(gun)笔杆子比枪杆子厉害。25借喻不是同类的概念,(similarity),而是接近的概念,两个概念关系密切,唇齿相依。如,White House指美国总统府；the Pentagon即美国国防部,Rhetorical Devices借喻中也含有本体和喻体，两者之间是一种借代关系。如：如。She was a girl who
25、 excited theemotions,but I was not the one to letmy heart rule my head,她十个让人动情的姑娘，而我则不是让感情支配理智的人。26借喻中的本体和喻体之间的关系可以通过下列几种方式进行表达：1,以典型的人体组织,器官或部位代人的抽象行为或能力；2,以作家名借代作品或观念；3,以容器借代被盛的东西；以局部地名代整体名,或以产地代产品名；4,以资料或工具代替事物的名称；5,以商标代产品；6 以特征指人或物27练习：请说出下面句子将什么借喻成什么。The buses in America are on strikenow.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses喻指司机drivers)。(2)The pen is mightier thanthesword.文人胜于武士（以pen，sword喻指使用这物的人）。英语中一些鸟兽鱼虫的名字，除本义外，常可转借喻人，形象生动，意味隽永。例如：(1)She is a social butterfly.她是一个交际花（以虫喻人）。282930