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1、形容词和副词 第1页v形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人性质或特征。形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人性质或特征。形容形容词性性质形容形容词叙述形容叙述形容词第2页v直接说明事物性质或特征形容词是性质形容词，它有级改变，能够用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。比如：hot。Today is very hot.Its a hot day.v叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级改变，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头形容词都属于这一类。如，afraid 错:Heisanillman.对：Themanisill.错:Sheisanafraidgirl.对：Thegirlisaf
2、raid.这类词还有：well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 第3页v（一）作定语v1前置定语v（1）形容词作定语普通需放在它所修饰名词之前并尽可能靠近被修饰词。在这种位置上定语叫前置定语。语序普通为“冠词（或其它限定词）+形容词+名词”。He is an honest boy.形容词功效及位置：形容词功效及位置：第4页v（2）若有多个形容修饰名词，它们位置要由它们与被修饰词亲密程度来决定。其排列次序通常是：（县官行令杀国材）v限定词描绘性形容词颜色国籍、地域用途、类别名：v县，即“限”，指限定词，如：the;a/
3、an;this;that;your;my;v官，即“观”，指观点或评价性词，如：lovely;interesting;v行，即“形”，指形状大小，如：large;big;small;little;round;v令，即“龄”，指年纪及新旧，如：new;old;ancient;oldv杀，即“色”，指颜色，如：red;green;orange;brownv国，指国家或出处，如：Chinese;Japanese;home-madev材，指材料，也就是用什么做。如：glass;stone;wood第5页1.Chinese,glass,a,beautiful,tableabeautifulChinese
4、glasstable2.wonderful,my,garden,new,largemywonderfullargenewgarden3.a,round,table,smallasmallroundtable4.a,old,dirty,brownshirtadirtyoldbrownshirt第6页vTony is going camping with _ boys.A.little two other B.two little other C.two other little D.little other two 答案：C.由“限定词-数词-描绘 One day they crossed th
5、e _bridge behind the palace.A.old Chinese stone B.Chinese old stone C.old stone Chinese D.Chinese stone old 答案A.年纪+国家+材料。第7页v2后置定语v（1）作不定代词定语v修饰someone,something,anyone,anything,nobody everyone,nothing,no one,等不定代词时，要后置。There is nothing new.She must have met something dangerous.v（2）前缀以a-组成形容词作定语时要求后
6、置。v 常见有afraid,alive,alike,asleep,awake等ThemanawakeatthattimewasMr.Smith.第8页v（3）形容词短语作定语时要后置。这些形容词短语多是由“形容词+介词短语/不定式短语”组成。It is a problem difficult to solve.v（4）形容词成对使用时，由and/or连接并列形容词成对使用时后置。Everyone,young or old,will do it.v（5）表示方位、时间和数量等习语、词组连用时后置 This is a river two hundred miles long.It is a bri
7、dge eight metres wide.第9页v（二）作表语v1在连系动词后要用形容词作表语：常见连系动词有:be，look，feel，smell，taste，sound，get/become/grow，remain,而行为动词则要用副词修饰。The cake tastes delicious.He looks very tired.第10页v2只能用作表语形容词：大多数形容词能够用作定语或表语，但有些形容词只能用作表语。v（1）以“a-”开头形容词和content,ill,drunk,sure,liable,unable,well等词。She is asleep now.The film
8、 is worth seeing.第11页v（2）有些形容词是以-ly结尾，我们轻易把它们误认为是副词，如lovely，friendly，orderly，motherly,lonely，likely，lively，ugly:（错）He spoke to me very friendly.（对）He spoke to me in a very friendly way.v但有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等：The Times is a weekly paper.The Times is published weekly
9、.v（3）作表语但不用人做主语形容词 convenient,possible,impossible,necessary,第12页v（三）用形容词表示类别和整体v（1）一些形容词前加上the变成名词化形容词，相当于名词，表示一类人，在句子中做主、宾等。the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind The young should respect the old.v（2）相关国家和民族形容词加上定冠词指这个民族整体，与动词复数连用，如the British，the English，the French，the Chinese等：The Englis
10、h have wonderful sense of humor.第13页v(1)whole与all：v the whole+名词；all(of)the+名词。He was busy the whole morning.He can remember all the words he learns.v(2)real与true：vreal普通指东西真假,译为“真”；vtrue则指事情或消息可靠性,译为“真实”：This is a real diamond。-Is that true?-Yes.I heard it with my own ears.相关形容词使用方法辨析相关形容词使用方法辨析第14
11、页v(3)tall与high：v Tall 指身高高度，用于人和动物,反义词为short He is very short/tall.vHigh 指物体高度，另可形容价格,质量等,反义词为low The kite is flying very high.Tall和high都可用来指tree,building,tower等，但mountain只能用high形容。第15页v(4)too much与much too：vtoo much表示“太多”,修饰事物数量；vmuch too表示“太过,过分”,修饰形容词或副词：I am full because I have had too much rice
12、.That coat is much too dear.v(5)lonely与alone：vlonely是表示心理活动形容词,“孤独,寂寞”,作定语或表语；valone“独自,单独”,指无人陪同,仅作表语,(作为副词alone可作状语)：He lives alone but he doesnt feel lonely.第16页vquick、fast与soon：vquick往往指反应速度快,vfast往往指运动速度快,vsoon则表示时间上很快即将发生：After a quick breakfast,he hurried to school.A train is much faster than
13、 a bus.His father will be back to China very soon.第17页vother与else区分：vother放在名词前；velse修饰不定代词、疑问词、little、much,后置,另外,or else表示“不然”,是连词：The other students are on the playground Who else can work out this maths problem?Do you have anything else to say for yourself?第18页副词就是修饰或限制动词或形容词作用、表程度或范围词 v作状语作状语：v1
14、程度副词：much,little,very,rather,so,too,still,quite,enough,almost,hardly.(1)程度副词普通放在被修饰动词、形容词或副词前面，放在to be或第一个助动词和情态动词之后 I can hardly believe what he said.I am very happy to be with you.The last time I spoke to Bob,he seemed very sad.副词及其基本使用方法第19页v(2)too(that,this,as,so,how,however)+形容词+a/an+名词 Ive nev
15、er seen that big an apple.This is too difficult a question.v副词enough要放在形容词后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可：If I had a long enough holiday Id visit Europe.There is enough food for everyone to eat.=There is food enough for everyone to eat.第20页v2频度副词:often,sometimes,seldom,never,constantly,frequently,occasionally,
16、usually等。v通常在不需要强调时放在行为动词前，放在to be或第一个助动词和情态动词之后。惯用这类词：I often saw her walk in the park.He is always talking in the class.第21页v3方式副词carefully,properly,suddenly,normally,fast,well,politely,warmly,方式副词普通放在动词后 The girl danced beautifully.She speaks English very well.v被动语态中,方式副词普通放在be与谓语动词之间：The runner
17、was badly hurt.English is widely spoken in the world today.第22页v4时间副词，finally,yet,still,now,soon,lately,shortly,then,recently,already,before,early,late,today等。v时间副词,尤其是表示详细时间副词，普通放在句首或句尾 He will be back tomorrow.They have already been to the UK twice.第23页v5地点副词，away,abroad,everywhere,outside,around,
18、here,anywhere,somewhere,near,far,up,down等。v通常置于句尾，有时置于句首，普通不置于句中,惯用副词：The boys are playing outside.There you can see thousands of bikes flying.第24页v(2)作表语：作表语：v地点副词普通能够作表语,放在be等连系动词之后,说明人物所处位置：Imverysorryheisntinatthemoment.Ihavebeenawayfornearly20years.第25页v(3)作定语：时间副词(如now、then)以及许多地点副词都能够作名词定语,放在
19、名词后面：People now often have their dinners at restaurants.Women there were living a terrible life in the 1920s.v(4)作宾语补足语：地点副词普通能够作宾语补足语：Put your dirty socks away,Jim!v 注意“动词+副词”宾语假如是代词,则该副词应该放在代词之后：He wrote down the word.He wrote it down.第26页v(1)close与closely close意思是“近”；closely 意思是“仔细地”。比如：He is sit
20、ting close to me.Watch him closely.v(2)late 与lately late意思是“晚”；lately 意思是“最近”。比如：You have come too late.What have you been doing lately?兼有两种形式副词第27页v(3)deep与deeply deep意思是深，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上深度，深深地。He pushed the stick deep into the mud.Even father was deeply moved by the film.v(4)high与highly high表
21、示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much：The plane was flying high.I think highly of your opinion.第28页v5）wide与widely v wide表示空间宽度；vwidely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多地方”：He opened the door wide.English is widely used in the world.v6）free与freely v free意思是“无偿”；vfreely 意思是“无限制地”。He gives out free candies in the park.You may speak fre
22、ely;say what you like.第29页相关形容词使用方法辨析相关形容词使用方法辨析v7）ago、before使用方法：v“时间段+later/ago”“(多久)以后/以前”,用于过去时v“after/before+某个时刻”表示“在某时刻之后/之前”,此时两个词是介词。He had an accident a week ago.Some years later,the boy became a singer.vago与before：ago只能用于过去时,before用于完成时：Have you been there before?She told me that she had
23、left for BJ 2 days ago.第30页v8）too、also、either、nor使用方法：vtoo(“也”)用于必定句和疑问句末尾,且用逗号隔开；valso(“也”)用于必定句句子谓语动词之前,be动词之后；veither(“也”)用于否定句末尾,也用逗号隔开；vnor(“也不”)用于倒装句句首：Are you American,too?I am also a student.He is not happy and I am not happy,either.He didnt watch the football game.Nor did I.第31页v9）sometimes
24、、sometime、some times、some time使用方法：vsometimes(有时)用于普通现在时、vsometime(在未来某时)用于未来时、vsome times(数次)表示次数、vsome time(一些时间)表示一段时间 Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.I will meet your father sometime.I will stay here some time.I have been to HK some times.第32页v10）already、yet使用方法：v在完成时中,already普通用于必定句,y
25、et普通用于否定句和疑问句：Have you done it already?I have not had my breakfast yet.v11）hard与hardly使用方法：vhard作为副词意思是：“努力地,猛烈地”,vhardly是否定词,意思是：“几乎不”,普通与情态动词can/could连用：They study English very hard.You can hardly see a person in the street.第33页v12）“quite/what+a+形容词+名词”使用方法：vquite/such/what.+a+形容词+名词;vso/too/how+形
26、容词+a+名词;vrather+a+形容词+名词=a+rather+形容词+名词 I have never seen such a strange guy It is quite a nice day for a walk.第34页v13）rather与quite使用方法区分：同very一样,两个词都表示形容词或副词程度,quite表示“不到最高程度不过比预料好”,rather比quite更靠近very含义,含有令人诧异意思。见下列图对“nice”程度描绘：Its quite a nice film (可能意味着不是一部最好电影)Its rather a nice film (意味着比大多数电
27、影都好)第35页v14）farther与further使用方法区分：v表示地点、方向或距离时两个词同义,意思为“更远、较远”vfurther还表示“更多、深入、额外”等意思,此时不能换为farther They decided to go farther/further the next day.This problem will be further discussed.Every one of them had their further studies abroad.第36页v15）maybe、possibly、perhaps区分：vmaybe“可能,可能”,比另两个较不正式、可能性不大
28、；vpossibly“可能地,或者,可能”,可能性较大,在否定句和疑问句中表示“不论怎样”；vperhaps“可能”,较为惯用而且正式,可能性也不大 Maybe you are right.I couldnt possibly have finished this work in such a short time.I thought perhaps it was the dress you want.第37页v16）most、mostly区分：vmost作为形容词和名词时意思是“大多数、大部分”,作为副词时意思为“最,十分、很”；vmostly仅为副词,意为“主要地、多半地、大部分”地：I
29、was at home most of the time when I was free.Most children are naughty.She is mostly out on Sundays.第38页v17）(be)worth、(be)worthy of区分：vworth普通被看作是介词,后面接名词或者动名词,用主动表示被动含义,还能够用副词well修饰；vworthy of表示“值得、配得上”,后面跟动名词被动形式 The car is worth￥3,000 This book is well worth reading several times.It is a thing wo
30、rthy of being seen.第39页v18）almost、nearly区分：两个词意思相近,都表示“几乎、快要”,大多数情况下能够交换,是否定词连用时用almost不用nearly.almost no 相当于hardly any(几乎没有)。We are almost/nearly there.He had done almost nothing today.第40页v19）a bit与a little区分：v这两个名词短语经常看成副词使用,修饰形容词或副词原级或比较级,能够交换,语气比rather弱。This digital camera is a bit(a little)exp
31、ensive.It is a little(a bit)colder than yesterday.v 另外,a little能够直接加不可数名词,a bit 则采取“a bit+of+名词(不可数或可数名词复数)”形式 I have got a bit of a cold.Go and get a little water for me,pleasev注意 not a bit(=not at all)意为“根本不”,v而 not a little则意为“非常,不是一点”。第41页v20）especially;specially;particular 尤其地、尤其地v(1)especially
32、 惯用于正式文体,通惯用来对前面所叙述事情作深入补充或说明，“尤其地、尤其地”。v(2)specially惯用于口语中，表示为了尤其目标、专门。v(3)particular含有“特有”和“个别”之意。指从众多事例中选出一个“个别”，但有时也表示特殊，意义与special相同。I love this city,especially in winter.He come here specially to see you.Any particular places you want to see?第42页v既是形容词也是副词单词有：early,late,long,last,next,first,ne
33、ar,enough,much,all,hard,alone,fast,slow,high,low,straight等等：It was a long holiday He stayed there very long.Think hard then you will find a way.He is a very hard(难对付)person.第43页v大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级改变，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物等级差v原级即形容词原形，比较级和最高级有规则改变和不规则改变两种。形容形容词、副、副词比比较等等级第44页组成法原级比较级最高级普通单音节词未尾加-er
34、,-esttalltallertallest以不发音e结尾单音词和少数以-le结尾双音节词只加-r,-stnicenicernicest以一个辅音字母结尾闭音节单音节词，双写结尾辅音字母，再加-er,-estbigbiggerbiggest以辅音字母+y结尾双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-estbusybusierbusiest少数以-er,-ow结尾双音节词未尾加-er,-estclevercleverercleverest其它双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来组成比较级和最高级importantmore importantmost important第45页原级比较级最高级
35、goodbetterbestwell（健康）worseworstbadill（有病）oldolder/elderoldest/eldestmuch/manymoremostlittlelessleastfar farther/furtherfarthest/furthest第46页v“most+形容词”可表示一个程度上非常高特征和品质，表示“非常”或“在很大程度上”，但却 不表示比较，这时most前普通无the。What he said is most interesting.Dont you know it is a most important question?v形容词、副词递减比较等级
36、组成v在形容词、副词前加less和least，表示“较不”和“最不”vInteresting less interesting least interestingvImportant less important least important第47页v有些形容词因为其本身涵义普通不用来比较。如：v表示“完全、尤其”意义形容词 final,hopeless,complete,excellent,perfect,total,whole,full,empty,impossible等v表示“极限、主次”意义形容词 chief,extreme,main,major,basic,first,most,w
37、onderfulv表示“处所、方位、时间”形容词 ahead,daily,weekly,here,now,present,then,outside,future,once等没有比较级和最高级形容词、副词第48页v表示“状态和强调”形容词 asleep,ashamed,awake,aware,blind,deaf,dead,favorite,hardly,own,simple,veryv表示“国籍、性质、材料”形容词 American,economic,scientific,true,false,illegal,v表示“独一无二”形容词 only,single,第49页v1）a bit,a li
38、ttle,rather,much,far,by far,many,a lot,lots,a great deal,any,still,even等。v2）还能够用表示倍数词或度量名词作修饰语。v3）以上词（除by far），必须置于比较级形容词或副词前面。v-Are you feeling _?v-Yes，Im fine now.A.any wellB.any better C.quite goodD.quite better 答案：B.any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well比较级为better.可修饰比较级词第50页v2）The experiment was_ easier tha
39、n we had expected.A.more B.much more C.much D.more much 答案：C.much可修饰比较级，B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more v3）If there were no examinations,we should have _ at school.A.the happiest timeB.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time答案：D第51页v(1)表示二者之间没有差异时,使用句型：He is as excited as his yo
40、unger sister.They picked as many apples as the farmers.He is not so excited as his younger sister.They didnt pick as many apples as the farmers.原级、比较级和最高级使用方法原级、比较级和最高级使用方法主语1+谓动+as+形/副原级+as+主语2+.主语1+谓动(否)+as/so+形/副原级+as+主语2+第52页v(2)讲述二者有差异,使用句型：v A modern train is much faster than a car.I think Eng
41、lish is less difficult than math.v(3)讲述某人/物是最突出一个时,用最高级:v注意：形容词最高级前普通需加定冠词the；副词最高级前用或不用定冠词the都可。The Changjiang River is the longest in China.He jumped(the)highest of the three(boys).主语主语1+谓动谓动+(much/less)+形形/副比较级副比较级+than+主语主语2主语主语(sb./sth)+谓动谓动+(the)+形形/副最高级副最高级+in/of.第53页v比较级+and+比较级v惯用“比较级+and+比
42、较级”来表示“越来越 His voice got weaker and weaker.Take some medicine and youll get better and better.v“the+比较级,the+比较级”来表示“越，（就）越”The more clothes you wear,the warmer you will feel.第54页v“the+比较级+of the two”来表示“两个中最”v表示二者中较突出者，且比较级后又有名词，这时比较级前一定要加定冠词the:Joan is the taller of the two girls.v7“more A than B”表
43、示“与其说是B，不如说是A”He is more diligent than clever.第55页v“not+比较级+than”结构，意为“前者不如后者”，表示二者都含有该形容词属性，但前者不如后者v而“no+比较级+than”结构意为“和一样不 ”表示两个人都含有与该形容词相反属性His English is not better than mine.他英语不如我英语好。His English is no better than mine.他英语同我英语一样不好。(即一样差)You are not more careful than he is.你不如他仔细。You are no more
44、 careful than he is.你和他一样不仔细。(即一样粗心)第56页v表示倍数v(1)倍数+形容词(或副词)比较级+than This rope is twice longer than that one.v(2)倍数+as+形容词(或much)或副词原级+as This big stone is three times as heavy as that one.v(3)倍数+the size(length,width,height)of This street is four times the length of that one.v注意：假如形容词是修饰名词，要把名词放在形容
45、词后面。即：倍数+more+名词(可数，不可数)+than倍数+as many(或much)+名词+其它+as第57页v(1)比较对象必须是属于同一性质(范围)内人或物:误The weather of Shanghai is finer than Beijing.v这句表示是上海天气与北京相比，比较对象不一致。应改为：The weather of Shanghai is finer than that of Beijing.使用比较级要注意几点第58页v(2)要防止比较级中本身与本身比较。如:误Joan studies harder than any student in her class.
46、Joan属于any student中一位，没有排除本身比较。应改为:Joan studies harder than any other student in her class.Joan studies harder than any of the other students in her class.Joan studies harder than anyone else in her class.v上述三个正确句子可分别用以下结构表示:v any other+单数可数名词v 比较级+than+any of the other+复数可数名词v anyone/anybody/anythin
47、g elsev any of the others使用比较级要注意几点第59页v不过，不一样范围同类人或物进行比较时，则than引导从句中不用other。如:China is larger than any country in Europe.v(3)要防止重复比较。如:误 Mary runs more faster than Lucy.vmore是many/much比较级，它只能组成比较级而不能修饰比较级,应改为:Mary runs faster than Lucy.使用比较级要注意几点第60页vThe weather in China is different from_.A.in America B.one in America C.America D.that in America 答案：D.本题意为中国天气比美国热。比较是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成份不全，排除。B和D中，B中one惯用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。使用比较级要注意几点第61页