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1、内容r谵妄的流行病学r谵妄概念、主要特征和分类r谵妄的目前关注情况r谵妄的危害r谵妄的风险因素r谵妄评估及诊断r谵妄的预防r谵妄预防的集束化方案-ABCDE方案r谵妄治疗流行病学rDelirium occurs in up to 80%of patients admitted to intensive care units.Although under-diagnosed,delirium is associated with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality in critical patients.rICU患者谵妄发生率接近
2、80%r尽管谵妄诊断不足，谵妄与明显增加危重患者发病率和病死率相关流行病学rDelirium is common in the ICU,affecting 60%to 80%of mechanically ventilated patients and 20%to 50%of nonmechanically ventilated patientsr谵妄在ICU很常见r60-80%机械通气患者发生谵妄r20-50%非机械通气患者发生谵妄内容r谵妄的流行病学r谵妄概念、主要特征和分类r谵妄的目前关注情况r谵妄的危害r谵妄的风险因素r谵妄评估及诊断r谵妄的预防r谵妄预防的集束化方案-ABCDE方案r
3、谵妄治疗概念rDelirium in the intensive care unit(ICU)represents an acute form of organ dysfunction,which manifests as a rapidly developing disturbance of both consciousness and cognition that tends to fluctuate throughout the course of a dayr谵妄以急性器官功能障碍为表现形式：倾向于1天内波动性的、迅速发展的意识和认知紊乱。谵妄的主要特征rThe American Ps
4、ychiatric Association(APA)Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,fourth edition,text revision(DSM-IV)defines 4 key features of delirium:r(1)disturbance of consciousness with reduced awareness of the environment and impaired ability to focus,sustain,or shift attention;r(2)altered cogni
5、tion(eg,impaired memory,language disturbance,or disorientation)or the development of a perceptual（知觉）disturbance(eg,hallucinations（幻觉）,delusions（妄想）,or illusions（错觉）)that is not better accounted for by preexisting or evolving dementia（痴呆）;谵妄的主要特征r(3)disturbance that develops over a short period of t
6、ime(hours to days)and tends to fluctuate during the course of the day;r(4)evidence of an etiologic factor(ie,delirium due to general medical condition,substance-induced delirium,delirium due to multiple causes,or delirium not otherwise specified)谵妄分类-发病时间rThe classification of delirium can be subdiv
7、ided by course over time and motor subtypes.r1.The terminology,according to the course over time,includesra)prevalent(if it is detected at the time of admission);rb)incident(if it emerges during the hospital length of stay);rand c)persistent(if the symptoms persist over time)谵妄分类-运动亚型r2.The terminol
8、ogy according to motor subtypes includesr a)hyperactive delirium(in which there is an increase in the psychomotor activity and agitation,with attempts to remove invasive devices);rb)hypoactive delirium(characterized by psychomotor slowing,apathy(淡漠),lethargy（昏睡）and a decrease in response to external
9、 stimuli);rand c)mixed delirium(with unpredictable fluctuation of symptoms between the first two subtypes)谵妄分类r3.Additional definitions are described,which include rsubsyndromal delirium（亚临床谵妄）and rdelirium superimposed on dementia（谵妄叠加痴呆）谵妄分类-根据ICDSC评分工具r4.defined its presence,using the Intensive C
10、are Delirium Screening Checklist(ICDSC),in a population from an ICU.The ICDSC assigns a score from 0 to 8 points,rdelirium:a score 4 rsubsyndromal delirium:a score between 1 and 3 内容r谵妄的流行病学r谵妄概念、主要特征和分类r谵妄的目前关注情况r谵妄的危害r谵妄的风险因素r谵妄评估及诊断r谵妄的预防r谵妄预防的集束化方案-ABCDE方案r谵妄治疗目前ICU谵妄关注情况镇静和谵妄评估现状使用现有谵妄评估方法的频率IC
11、U谵妄评估的障碍护理人员对谵妄评估的看法内容r谵妄的流行病学r谵妄概念、主要特征和分类r谵妄的目前关注情况r谵妄的危害r谵妄的风险因素r谵妄评估及诊断r谵妄的预防r谵妄预防的集束化方案-ABCDE方案r谵妄治疗谵妄的危害rincreased risk for prolonged mechanical ventilation,catheter removal,self-extubation,and the need for physical restraints.rIn addition,delirium predisposes patients（有谵妄倾向患者）to longer hospit
12、al stays,with greater health care costs,increased risk of death during the hospitalization,and increased odds of institutionalization following discharge.rEven after hospital discharge,the amount of time a patient has been delirious in the ICU predicts long-term cognitive impairment,physical disabil
13、ity,and death up to a year later.内容r谵妄的流行病学r谵妄概念、主要特征和分类r谵妄的目前关注情况r谵妄的危害r谵妄的风险因素r谵妄评估及诊断r谵妄的预防r谵妄预防的集束化方案-ABCDE方案r谵妄治疗ICU谵妄的风险因素rThe average medical ICU patient has 11 or more risk factors for developing delirium,r11which can be divided into baseline(predisposing)and hospital-related(precipitating)f
14、actors内容r谵妄的流行病学r谵妄概念、主要特征和分类r谵妄的目前关注情况r谵妄的危害r谵妄的风险因素r谵妄评估及诊断r谵妄的预防r谵妄预防的集束化方案-ABCDE方案r谵妄治疗谵妄评估rICU理想的谵妄评估工具r the scale used in this environment must ra)have the capacity to evaluate the primary components of delirium(for example,awareness,inattention,disorganized thought and fluctuation course);r b
15、)must have proven validity and reliability in ICU populations;rc)must involve a fast and easy evaluation;rand d)should not necessitate the presence of psychiatric professionalsICU谵妄评估工具r1.the Confusion Assessment Method-ICU(CAM-ICU)n把RASS评分整合到CAM-ICU确定有效的两个版本：葡萄糖牙版本和英国版本r2.the Intensive Care Deliriu
16、m Screening Checklist(ICDSC)CAM-ICUICU谵妄诊断rDSM-是目前谵妄最主要的诊断标准，较专业且繁琐r意识模糊评定法（意识模糊评定法（CAMCAM法）法）：包括4个方面1.急性起病，病程波动2.注意力障碍3.思维混乱4.意识清晰水平改变：清晰（阴性)、警惕、嗜睡、昏睡、昏迷诊断：1和2存在，加上3或者4的任意一条即为CAM(+),表示谵妄存在。敏感性86%，特异性100%。葡萄牙版本of CAM-ICUEnglish versions of CAM-ICURASS评分谵妄评分工具有效性谵妄鉴别诊断内容r谵妄的流行病学r谵妄概念、主要特征和分类r谵妄的目前关注情
17、况r谵妄的危害r谵妄的风险因素r谵妄评估及诊断r谵妄的预防r谵妄预防的集束化方案-ABCDE方案r谵妄治疗非ICU患者谵妄预防ICU谵妄预防rOn the whole,the constellation（系列）of risk factors for delirium affecting individual ICU patients varies from patient to patient and thus an individualized strategy for delirium prevention should be soughtr3 risk factors in partic
18、ular,sedatives,immobility,and sleep disruption,are widespread in the ICU通过镇静管理预防谵妄ravoidance of benzodiazepines is an important strategy when seeking to both prevent delirium and reduce its duration.通过疼痛管理预防谵妄rPain is a modifiable risk factor for delirium,and inadequate pain control is a frequent ca
19、use for agitation in the ICU.When pain is not assessed and treated,patients may be inappropriately given a sedative medication rather than an analgesic medication.rIn summary,these data suggest that opioids(阿片类)used to treat pain are protective against the development of delirium,whereas those used
20、at doses high enough to cause sedation may increase the risk of delirium.rTherefore,patients should undergo regular pain assessments,and when pain is detected effective doses of an analgesic（镇痛）medication should be given,taking care to avoid inducing heavy sedation.ICU患者早期活动预防谵妄rdatas suggest a role
21、 for early mobility in the reduction of the duration of delirium among critically ill patients.改善睡眠预防谵妄rSleep deprivation is nearly universal for ICU patients,with the average ICU patient sleeping between 2 and 8 hours in a 24-hour period.rNoise-reduction strategies(such as earplugs),normalizing day
22、-night illumination(白天照明),minimizing care-related interventions during normal sleeping hours,and interventions promoting patient comfort and relaxation are low risk and often inexpensive,and should be implemented to prevent delirium.药物干预预防谵妄rthere are currently no medications approved by the US Food
23、 and Drug Administration for the prevention or treatment of delirium.内容r谵妄的流行病学r谵妄概念、主要特征和分类r谵妄的目前关注情况r谵妄的危害r谵妄的风险因素r谵妄评估及诊断r谵妄的预防r谵妄预防的集束化方案-ABCDE方案r谵妄治疗预防谵妄-ABCDE Approach rDelirium in the ICU is frequently multifactorial,so it is unlikely that a single intervention can prevent or reduce delirium
24、with regularity(规则性)rTherefore,a bundled approach combining evidence-based practices in sedation management,ventilator weaning,delirium management,and early mobility and exercise,which is referred to as the ABCDE approach,has been proposed to improve multiple outcomes,including preventing and reduci
25、ng the duration of delirium in the ICUWhat Is the ABCDE Bundle?rThe ABCDE bundle is multicomponent approach designed to improve patient outcome by facilitating clinical team collaboration,standardizing care processes,and breaking the cycle of oversedation and prolonged ventilation.With many demands
26、on critical care staff there is a great need to align and support the people,processes,and technology focused on improving the comfort and outcome of patients who require admission to an ICU.The ABCDE bundle promotes patient wakefulness through sedation down-titration and optimal sedative and analgesic choice that facilitates early mobilization,delirium recognition,and extubation.谵妄监测与评估rRecent expert guidelines advocate（提倡）the use of the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU(CAM-ICU)or the Intensive Care Unit Delirium Screening Checklist(ICDSC)