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1、优点英语压轴题01 阅读理解C、D篇 命题预测分析近几年高考阅读理解C、D篇可知，高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，着重考查考生对于语篇的理解能力以及信息处理能力。 题材多样，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站。内容涉及科技创新发明、人工智能类、医疗健身健康类、社会与文化研究报告、观念事理类、环境与保护类、动植物研究等多种领域，具有较强的思想性、趣味性、实际功用性和较强的时代感。从近年全国卷和各地高考试卷中科普类阅读命题的统计来看，高考阅读理解科普类文章的理论性和逻辑性强、生词多、句式结构复杂。六种命题类型都有所体现。命题尊重语篇的文体特征和行文特点，考查了考生理解说明文语篇
2、的能力，以及灵活运用各种阅读策略提取、归纳所读信息的能力，尤其加大了对概括能力和推断能力等高阶思维能力的考查。预测2024年高考对于科普说明文的考查仍然是重点。高频考法1. 推理判断题 2. 标题归纳题 3. 细节理解题 4. 词义猜测题 一、 说明文基本规律及解题要领高考中科普类阅读理解一般不给标题，反而经常要求考生选择最佳标题。说明文一般采用如下四部分：首段：一般即是文章的主题段，开门见山点明新发明或研究对象。背景: 交代问题的现状或研究的起因。主干: 部分介绍研究所取得的突破，作者往往会详细介绍研究对象、研究方法、研究理论或具体的实验、统计等过程。结尾: 通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研
3、究成果、预计的市场未来等与主题呼应。二、说明文的解题技巧1. 运用语篇结构（text structure），了解文章大意科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式较为固定。弄清文本结构有助于把握文章主旨和阅读重点。科技创新发明类文章通常是介绍一种新产品、新技术，更多运用描述法从功能、用途、材料和市场前景等方面进行介绍。 结构上一般采用上述四个部分，说明手法上常使用以下说明方法：描述法（包括举例子、下定义、列数据等）、因果法、问题与对策法。 实验研究型文章一般会以实验的过程进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、做对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响。 阅读时，首先用略读法
4、快速浏览每段的首尾句，根据英语说明文思维模式特征，作者一般都会开门见山，直奔主题。结尾通常也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应。因此在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。2. 定位标志词，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断 每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个标志词或者中心句。根据题干要求，用查读法快速定位到相关段落。再利用标志词所提供的逻辑关系找到细节信息，如列数据、举例子、原因和结果等。如果句子成分复杂，有生词，也不要烦躁退缩，分析主句和从句或非谓语动词之间的关系，一些出现在术语、抽象概念、长难句前后的同义词、近义词等，都是用以
5、理解文章的语境线索。通过这些对长句进行层层剖析，露出主干部分，就能明晰句意，弄懂作者的真实意图。3. 关注某人说到或推断观点态度题某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。4.关注转折关系的逻辑词 说明文中常会出现表示转折意义的词，如however, but, yet,while等。这些词后面才是作者真正想表达的意思，常常会在此处命题。5. 熟悉选项设置规律，关注细节正确选项：文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。干扰项：“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类
6、型。 01 科技创新发明类1.（2024河北二模）Therere plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables available in local markets. But while those red juicy strawberries look fresh, consumers have no way of knowing how long the fruit can be stored at home. The same goes for distribution centers and supermarkets.Now, the food techn
7、ology startup OneThird, located in the Netherlands, is looking to change that with an infrared (红外线) scanner that can accurately predict how long fresh fruits and vegetables will last. The startup is named OneThird because one-third of food is wasted due to spoilage (变质) every year.The startups foun
8、ders were inspired by a UK company that uses this type of technology in the medical field and decided to see if it was applicable for food. “I looked at the challenges in the food-supply chain and found out that 40 percent of food waste is fresh produce. One of the biggest causes of waste is that no
9、body knows shelf life.” founder and CEO of OneThird, Marco Snickers said.Quality inspections at farms and distribution centers are done manually (手动地). An inspector checks the fruits and vegetables and makes notes about the size and quality. Then the food is sent to consumers without considering tra
10、vel time or how long the produce will remain usable.Using the infrared scanner at the distribution center means that inspectors can use the information to approve shipments that will ensure the produce can be distributed on a timely basis. This means that a shipment of rip e tomatoes will not be sen
11、t long distances away.OneThirds scanner combines the technology of optical scanners, image modeling, and Artificial Intelligence to provide accurate shelf-life predictions.The startup found that the technology can reduce up to 25 percent produce waste that was caused by spoilage. “Global food waste
12、has an enormous environmental impact; reducing global food waste cuts global greenhouse gas emissions and promotes global food security,” said Jacob Smith, a climate expert from the University of Maine.1What problem does OneThird aim to solve?AThe high cost of storing fresh fruits and vegetables.BIn
13、efficient quality inspections at distribution centers.CFood waste caused by uncertainty about its shelf life.DConsumers difficulty judging the freshness of produce.2What inspired OneThird to come up with the idea of using infrared scanner?AThe use of the device in another field.BObservation of the f
14、ood-supply chain.CConsumer demands for fresher produce.DExperts advice on food waste reduction.3What can we learn about the manual quality inspections?AThey are time-consuming and costly.BThey are not performed at a regular time.CThe inspectors tend to make wrong judgement.DThe shipping time is not
15、taken into consideration.4Whats Jacobs attitude to OneThirds effort?AApproving.BDoubtful.CTolerant.DDismissive.【答案】1C 2A 3D 4A【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了食品科技初创公司OneThird通过红外扫描仪准确预测新鲜水果和蔬菜的保质期。1细节理解题。根据第二段“Now, the food technology startup OneThird, located in the Netherlands, is looking to change that with a
16、n infrared (红外线) scanner that can accurately predict how long fresh fruits and vegetables will last. The startup is named OneThird because one-third of food is wasted due to spoilage (变质) every year.(现在，位于荷兰的食品科技初创公司OneThird正试图改变这一现状，他们发明了一种红外扫描仪，可以准确预测新鲜水果和蔬菜的保质期。这家初创公司之所以被命名为OneThird，是因为每年有三分之一的食物
17、因变质而被浪费)”可知，OneThird旨在解决由于不确定食物的保质期而造成的食物浪费。故选C。2细节理解题。根据第三段“The startups founders were inspired by a UK company that uses this type of technology in the medical field and decided to see if it was applicable for food.(这家初创公司的创始人受到一家英国公司的启发，该公司在医疗领域使用这种技术，并决定看看它是否适用于食品)”可知，设备在其他领域的使用激发了OneThird使用红外扫描
18、仪的想法。故选A。3细节理解题。根据第四段“Then the food is sent to consumers without considering travel time or how long the produce will remain usable.(然后，食品被送到消费者手中，而不考虑运输时间或产品的可用性)”可知，人工质量检验中，运输时间没有考虑在内。故选D。4推理判断题。根据最后一段“Global food waste has an enormous environmental impact; reducing global food waste cuts global g
19、reenhouse gas emissions and promotes global food security,” said Jacob Smith, a climate expert from the University of Maine.(“全球食物浪费对环境有巨大影响;减少全球食物浪费可以减少全球温室气体排放，促进全球粮食安全，”缅因大学气候专家雅各布史密斯说)”可知，雅各布对OneThird的努力持支持态度。故选A。2.（2024山东枣庄二模）Even if you havent held a conversation with Siri or Alexa, youve like
20、ly encountered a chatbot online. They often appear in a chat window that pops up with a friendly greeting: Thank you for visiting our site.How can I help you today? Depending on the site, the chatbot is programmed to respond accordingly and even ask follow-up questions.Chatbots are a form of convers
21、ational AI designed to simplify human interaction with computers. They are programmed to simulate human conversation and exhibit intelligent behavior that is equivalent to that of a human.Chatbots communicate through speech or text. Both rely on artificial intelligence technologies like machine lear
22、ning and natural language processing (NLP), which is a branch of artificial intelligence that teaches machines to read, analyze and interpret human language. This technology gives chatbots a baseline for understanding language structure and meaning. NLP, in essence, allows the computer to understand
23、 what you are asking and how to appropriately respond.With developments in deep learning and reinforcement learning, chatbots can interpret more complexities in language and improve the dynamic nature of conversation between human and machine. Essentially, a chatbot tries to match what youve asked t
24、o an intent that it understands. The more a chatbot communicates with you, the more it understands and the more it learns to communicate like you and others with similar questions. Your positive responses reinforce its answers, and then it uses those answers again.From customer service chatbots onli
25、ne to personal assistants in our homes,chatbots have started to enter our lives. In almost every industry, companies are using chatbots to help customers easily navigate their websites, answer simple questions and direct people to the relevant points of contact. Personal assistants like Siri and Ale
26、xa are designed to respond to a wide range of scenarios and queries, from current weather and news updates to personal calendars, music selections and random questions.5Why does the author mention Siri and Alexa in Paragraph 1?ATo explain how a chatbot works.BTo show where to find a chatbot.CTo give
27、 examples of chatbots.DTo compare different chatbots.6What is the basis of chatbots?ALanguage study.BData transmission.CSocial interaction.DNatural language processing.7What does the underlined word “reinforce” in paragraph 4 mean?AInspire.BStrengthen.COrganize.DMatch.8What is the last paragraph mai
28、nly about?AThe future trend of chatbots.BThe authors predictions.CThe effects of chatbots.DThe applications of chatbots.【答案】5C 6D 7B 8D【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了聊天机器人的工作原理和应用。5推理判断题。根据第一段“Even if you havent held a conversation with Siri or Alexa, youve likely encountered a chatbot online. They often appear i
29、n a chat window that pops up with a friendly greeting: Thank you for visiting our site.”（即使你没有和Siri或Alexa进行过对话，你也可能在网上遇到过聊天机器人。它们经常出现在聊天窗口中，并弹出友好的问候：感谢您访问我们的网站）可知，为什么作者在第一段提到了Siri和Alexa是给出聊天机器人的例子。故选C项。6细节理解题。根据第三段“Both rely on artificial intelligence technologies like machine learning and natural l
30、anguage processing (NLP)”（两者都依赖于机器学习和自然语言处理(NLP)等人工智能技术。）可知，聊天机器人的基础是是自然语言处理。故选D项。7词句猜测题。根据上文“The more a chatbot communicates with you, the more it understands and the more it learns to communicate like you and others with similar questions.”（聊天机器人和你交流得越多，它就越能理解你，也就越能学会像你和其他有类似问题的人一样交流）以及下文“then it
31、uses those answers again.”（然后它会再次使用这些答案。）可知，“Your positive responses reinforceits answers”表达的意思是“你的积极回应强化了它的答案”，划线词reinforce与Strengthen“巩固，强化”意思一致。故选B项。8主旨大意题。根据最后一段“From customer service chatbots online to personal assistants in our homes,chatbots have started to enter our lives.In almost every ind
32、ustry, companies are using chatbots to help customers easily navigate their websites,answer simple questions and direct people to the relevant points of contact. Personal assistants like Siri and Alexa are designed to respond to a wide range of scenarios and queries,from current weather and news upd
33、ates to personal calendars, music selections and random questions.”（从在线客服聊天机器人到家庭私人助理，聊天机器人已经开始进入我们的生活。几乎在每个行业，公司都在使用聊天机器人来帮助客户轻松浏览网站，回答简单的问题，并将人们引导到相关的联络点。Siri和Alexa等个人助理的设计目的是响应各种场景和查询，从当前天气和新闻更新到个人日历、音乐选择和随机问题）可知，最后一段主要是关于聊天机器人的应用。故选D项。3.（2024江苏南京二模）Since the last ice age, humans have cleared nea
34、rly half of the earths forests and grasslands for agriculture. With the world population expanding, theres ever-increasing pressure on farmland to produce not only more food but also clean energy. In places such as Yakima County, Washington, its created competition for space as land-hungry solar pan
35、els (板) consume available fields. Last month, the state approved plans to cover 1,700 acres of agricultural land with solar panels, fueling concerns over the long-term impacts of losing cropland.A recent study from the University of California, however, shows how farmers may soon harvest crops and e
36、nergy together. One researcher, Majdi Abou Najm, explains that visible light spectrum (光谱) can be separated into blue and red light waves, and their photons (光子) have different properties. Blue ones have higher energy than red ones. While that gives blue light what is needed to generate power, it al
37、so results in higher temperatures. “From a plant angle, red photons are the efficient ones,” says Abou Najm. “They dont make the plant feel hot.”A goal of the study is to create a new generation of solar panels. He sees potential in the organic solar cells, which come from carbon-based materials. Th
38、in and transparent, the cells are applied like a film onto various surfaces. This new technology could be used to develop special solar panels that block blue light to generate power, while passing the red light on to crops planted directly below. These panels could also provide shade for heat-sensi
39、tive fruits during the hottest part of the day.By 2050, well have two billion more people, and well need more food and more energy. By maximizing the solar spectrum, “were making full use of an endlessly sustainable resource,” says Abou Najm. “If a technology kicks in that can develop these panels,
40、then the sky is the limit on how efficient we can be.”9What problem does the first paragraph focus on?ALosing cropland to solar panels.BDistribution of the world population.CReduction in forests and grasslands.DCompeting for land between farmers.10What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2
41、refer to?AGeneration of solar power.BHot weather increasing efficiency.CBlue photons having higher energy.DSeparation of visible light spectrum.11What do we know about the organic solar cells?AThey make fruits heat-sensitive.BThey can cool down in hot days,CThey allow red light to pass through.DThey
42、 can store carbon-based materials.12What does Abou Najm think of the future of the new solar panels?ALimited.BPromising.CUncertain.DChallenging.【答案】9A 10C 11C 12B【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了一项研究表明，可以通过开发新一代太阳能电池板来收获红色和蓝色的光波，分别满足农业和发电的需要，最大限度地利用太阳能。9主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“With the world population expanding, theres eve
43、r-increasing pressure on farmland to produce not only more food but also clean energy. In places such as Yakima County, Washington, its created competition for space as land-hungry solar panels (板) consume available fields. Last month, the state approved plans to cover 1,700 acres of agricultural la
44、nd with solar panels, fueling concerns over the long-term impacts of losing cropland.(随着世界人口的增长，农田不仅要生产更多的粮食，还要生产清洁能源，农田的压力越来越大。在华盛顿州亚基马县等地，由于需要土地的太阳能电池板消耗了可用的田地，这就造成了空间竞争。上个月，该州批准了用太阳能电池板覆盖1700英亩农田的计划，这加剧了人们对失去农田的长期影响的担忧。)”可知，第一段主要讲述了太阳能电池板占据农田，导致农田空间减少。故选A。10代词指代题。that为指示代词，常用来指代上文提到的事物。根据画线词前一句“B
45、lue ones have higher energy than red ones.(蓝色的光子比红色的光子能量高。)”可知，that指代的是蓝色光子有更高的能量，更高的能量给予了产生电所需的蓝光。故选C。11细节理解题。根据第三段中的“This new technology could be used to develop special solar panels that block blue light to generate power, while passing the red light on to crops planted directly below.(这项新技术可以用于开
46、发特殊的太阳能电池板，该电池板可以阻挡蓝光发电，同时让红光传给正下方种植的作物。)”可知，这种有机太阳能电池板能够阻挡蓝光，让红光通过。故选C。12推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“By maximizing the solar spectrum, were making full use of an endlessly sustainable resource, says Abou Najm. If a technology kicks in that can develop these panels, then the sky is the limit on how efficient we
47、can be.(Abou Najm说，通过最大限度地利用太阳能光谱，我们正在充分利用无尽的可持续资源。如能够开发出这些面板的果一项技术生效，那么我们的效率就是无限的。)”可知，Abou Najm认为有机太阳能电池板能够最大限度地利用无尽的太阳能资源，让人类的效率变得无限，由此可推测出，他认为有机太阳能电池板非常有前景。故选B。4.（2024山东一模）With the help from an artificial language (AL) model, MIT neuroscientists have discovered what kind of sentences are most li
48、kely to fire up the brains key language processing centers. The new study reveals that sentences that are more complex, because of either unusual grammar or unexpected meaning, generate stronger responses in these language processing centers. Sentences that are very straightforward barely engage these regions, and meaningless orders of words dont do much for them either. In this study, the researchers focused on language-processing regio