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1、优点英语压轴题06 阅读理解C、D篇 命题预测分析近几年高考阅读理解C、D篇可知，高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴题的形式存在，着重考查考生对于语篇的理解能力以及信息处理能力。 题材多样，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站。内容涉及科技创新发明、人工智能类、医疗健身健康类、社会与文化研究报告、观念事理类、环境与保护类、动植物研究等多种领域，具有较强的思想性、趣味性、实际功用性和较强的时代感。从近年全国卷和各地高考试卷中科普类阅读命题的统计来看，高考阅读理解科普类文章的理论性和逻辑性强、生词多、句式结构复杂。六种命题类型都有所体现。命题尊重语篇的文体特征和行文特点，考查了考生理解说明文语篇
2、的能力，以及灵活运用各种阅读策略提取、归纳所读信息的能力，尤其加大了对概括能力和推断能力等高阶思维能力的考查。预测2024年高考对于科普说明文的考查仍然是重点。高频考法1. 推理判断题 2. 标题归纳题 3. 细节理解题 4. 词义猜测题 一、 说明文基本规律及解题要领高考中科普类阅读理解一般不给标题，反而经常要求考生选择最佳标题。说明文一般采用如下四部分：首段：一般即是文章的主题段，开门见山点明新发明或研究对象。背景: 交代问题的现状或研究的起因。主干: 部分介绍研究所取得的突破，作者往往会详细介绍研究对象、研究方法、研究理论或具体的实验、统计等过程。结尾: 通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研
3、究成果、预计的市场未来等与主题呼应。二、说明文的解题技巧1. 运用语篇结构（text structure），了解文章大意科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式较为固定。弄清文本结构有助于把握文章主旨和阅读重点。人工智能类说明文通过对人工智能AI的说明，介绍人工智能的发展、运用及可能的市场。 结构上一般采用上述四个部分，说明手法上常使用以下说明方法：描述法（包括举例子、下定义、列数据等）、因果法、问题与比较法。 实验研究型文章一般会以实验的过程进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、做对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响。 阅读时，首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，根据
4、英语说明文思维模式特征，作者一般都会开门见山，直奔主题。结尾通常也是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应。因此在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。2. 定位标志词，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断 每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个标志词或者中心句。根据题干要求，用查读法快速定位到相关段落。再利用标志词所提供的逻辑关系找到细节信息，如列数据、举例子、原因和结果等。如果句子成分复杂，有生词，也不要烦躁退缩，分析主句和从句或非谓语动词之间的关系，一些出现在术语、抽象概念、长难句前后的同义词、近义词等，都是用以理解文章的语境线索。通过这
5、些对长句进行层层剖析，露出主干部分，就能明晰句意，弄懂作者的真实意图。3. 关注某人说到或推断观点态度题某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。4.关注转折关系的逻辑词 说明文中常会出现表示转折意义的词，如however, but, yet,while等。这些词后面才是作者真正想表达的意思，常常会在此处命题。5. 熟悉选项设置规律，关注细节正确选项：文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。干扰项：“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。 02 人工智能类1.
6、（2024浙江二模）The maker of ChatGPT recently announced its next move into generative artificial intelligence. San Francisco-based OpenAIs new text-to-video generator, called Sora, is a tool that instantly makes short videos based on written commands, called prompts. Sora is not the first of its kind. Goo
7、gle, Meta and Runway ML are among the other companies to have developed similar technology. But the high quality of videos displayed by OpenAI some released after CEO Sam Altman asked social media users to send in ideas for written prompts-surprised observers. A photographer from New Hampshire poste
8、d one suggestion, or prompt, on X. The prompt gave details about a kind of food to be cooked, gnocchi (意大利团子), as well as the setting an old Italian country kitchen. The prompt said: “An instructional cooking session for homemade gnocchi, hosted by a grandmother a social media influencer, set in a r
9、ustic (土气的) Tuscan country kitchen.” Altman answered a short time later with a realistic video that showed what the prompt described. The tool is not yet publicly available. OpenAI has given limited information about how it was built. The company also has not stated what imagery and video sources we
10、re used to train Sora. At the same time, the video results led to fears about the possible ethical and societal effects. The New York Times and some writers have taken legal actions against OpenAI for its use of copyrighted works of writing to train ChatGPT. And OpenAI pays a fee to The Associated P
11、ress, the source of this report, to license its text news archive (档案) . OpenAI said in a blog post that it is communicating with artists, policymakers and others before releasing the new tool to the public. The company added that it is working with “red teamers” people who try to find problems and
12、give helpful suggestions to develop Sora. “We are working with red teamers-express in areas like misinformation, hateful content, and bias who will be adversarially testing the model,” the company said. “Were also building tools to help detect misleading content such as a detection classifier that c
13、an tell when a video was generated by Sora.”1What makes Sora impressive?AIts extraordinary video quality.BIts ethical and societal influence.CIts artificial intelligence history.DIts written commands and prompts.2What can we infer from the text?ASome disagreements over Sora have arisen.BSora is the
14、first text-to-video generator in history.COpenAI CEO Altman wrote a prompt as an example.DAll the details about how Sora was built have been shared.3What is the main idea of Paragraph 6?AThe companys current challenge.BThe companys advanced technology.CThe companys problems in management.DThe compan
15、ys efforts for Soras improvement.4What is the authors attitude towards Sora?ANeutral.BOptimistic.CPessimistic. DCautious. 2.（2024河北一模）Many parents confused by how their children shop or socialize, would feel undisturbed by how they are taught this sector remains digitally behind. Can artificial inte
16、lligence boost the digital sector of classroom? ChatGPT-like generative AI is generating excitement for providing personalized tutoring to students. By May, New York had let the bot back into classrooms.Learners are accepting the technology. Two-fifths of undergraduates surveyed last y car by online
17、 tutoring company Chegg reported using an AI chatbot to help them with their studies, with half of those using it daily. Cheggs chief executive told investors it was losing customers to ChatGPT as a result of the technologys popularity. Yet there are good reasons to believe that education specialist
18、s who harness AI will eventually win over generalists such as Open AI and other tech firms eyeing the education business.For one, AI chat bots have a bad habit of producing nonsense. “Students want content from trusted providers,” argues Kate Edwards from a textbook publisher. Her company hasnt allo
19、wed ChatGPT and other AIs to use its material, but has instead used the content to train its own models into its learning apps. Besides, teaching isnt merely about giving students an answer, but about presenting it in a way that helps them learn. Charbots must also be tailored to different age group
20、s to avoid either cheating or infantilizing (使婴儿化) students.Bringing AI to education wont be easy. Many teachers are behind the learning curve. Less than a fifth of British educators surveyed by Pearson last year reported receiving training on digital learning tools. Tight budgets at many institutio
21、ns will make selling new technology an uphill battle. Teachers attention may need to shift towards motivating students and instructing them on how to best work with AI tools. If those answers can be provided, its not just companies that stand to benefit. An influent in l paper from 1984 found that o
22、ne-to-one tutoring improved the average academic performance of students. With the learning of students, especially those from poorer households, held back, such a development would certainly deserve top marks.5What do many parents think remains untouched by AI about their children?ATheir shopping h
23、abits.BTheir social behavior.CTheir classroom learning.DTheir interest in digital devices.6What does the underlined word “harness” in paragraph 2 mean?ADevelop.BUse.CProhibit.DBlame.7What mainly prevents AI from entering the classroom at present?AMany teachers arent prepared technically.BTailored ch
24、atbots cant satisfy different needs.CAI has no right to copy textbooks for teaching.DIt can be tricked to produce nonsense answers.8Where is the text most probably taken from?AAn introduction to AI.BA product advertisement.CA guidebook to AI application.DA review of AI in education.3.（2024北京西城一模）Eva
25、n Selinger, professor in RITs Department of Philosophy, has taken an interest in the ethics (伦理标准) of Al and the policy gaps that need to be filled in. Through a humanities viewpoint, Selinger asks the questions, “How can AI cause harm, and what can governments and companies creating Al programs do
26、to address and manage it?” Answering them, he explained, requires an interdisciplinary approach. “AI ethics go beyond technical fixes. Philosophers and other humanities experts are uniquely skilled to address the nuanced (微妙的) principles, value conflicts, and power dynamics. These skills arent just
27、crucial for addressing current issues. We desperately need them to promote anticipatory (先行的) governance, ” said Selinger. One example that illustrates how philosophy and humanities experts can help guide these new, rapidly growing technologies is Selingers work collaborating with a special AI proje
28、ct. “One of the skills I bring to the table is identifying core ethical issues in emerging technologies that havent been built or used by the public. We can take preventative steps to limit risk, including changing how the technology is designed, ”said Selinger. Taking these preventative steps and r
29、egularly reassessing what risks need addressing is part of the ongoing journey in pursuit of creating responsible AI. Selinger explains that there isnt a step-by-step approach for good governance. “AI ethics have core values and principles, but theres endless disagreement about interpreting and appl
30、ying them and creating meaningful accountability mechanisms, ” said Selinger. “Some people are rightly worried that AI can become integrated into ethics washing-weak checklists, flowery mission statements, and empty rhetoric that covers over abuses of power. Fortunately, Ive had great conversations
31、about this issue, including with some experts, on why it is important to consider a range of positions. ”Some of Selingers recent research has focused on the back-end issues with developing AI, such as the human impact that comes with testing AI chatbots before theyre released to the public. Other i
32、ssues focus on policy, such as what to do about the dangers posed by facial recognition and other automated surveillance(监视) approaches. Selinger is making sure his students are informed about the ongoing industry conversations on AI ethics and responsible AI. “Students are going to be future tech l
33、eaders. Now is the time to help them think about what goals their companies should have and the costs of minimizing ethical concerns. Beyond social costs, downplaying ethics can negatively impact corporate culture and hiring, ” said Selinger. “To attract top talent, you need to consider whether your
34、 company matches their interests and hopes for the future. ”9Selinger advocates an interdisciplinary approach because _.Ahumanities experts possess skills essential for AI ethicsBit demonstrates the power of anticipatory governanceCAI ethics heavily depends on technological solutionsDit can avoid so
35、cial conflicts and pressing issues10To promote responsible AI, Selinger believes we should _.Aadopt a systematic approachBapply innovative technologiesCanticipate ethical risks beforehandDestablish accountability mechanisms11What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?AMore companies will use
36、AI to attract top talent.BUnderstanding AI ethics will help students in the future.CSelinger favors companies that match his students values.DSelinger is likely to focus on back-end issues such as policy.4.（23-24高三浙江阶段练习）Users of Google Gemini, the tech giants artificial-intelligence model, recently
37、 noticed that asking it to create images of Vikings, or German soldiers from 1943 produced surprising results: hardly any of the people depicted were white. Other image-generation tools have been criticized because they tend to show white men when asked for images of entrepreneurs or doctors. Google
38、 wanted Gemini to avoid this trap; instead, it fell into another one, depicting George Washington as black. Now attention has moved on to the chatbots text responses, which turned out to be just as surprising.Gemini happily provided arguments in favor of positive action in higher education, but refu
39、sed to provide arguments against. It declined to write a job ad for a fossil-fuel lobby group (游说团体), because fossil fuels are bad and lobby groups prioritize “the interests of corporations over public well-being”. Asked if Hamas is a terrorist organization, it replied that the conflict in Gaza is “
40、complex”; asked if Elon Musks tweeting of memes had done more harm than Hitler, it said it was “difficult to say”. You do not have to be a critic to perceive its progressive bias.Inadequate testing may be partly to blame. Google lags behind OpenAI, maker of the better-known ChatGPT. As it races to c
41、atch up, Google may have cut corners. Other chatbots have also had controversial launches. Releasing chatbots and letting users uncover odd behaviors, which can be swiftly addressed, lets firms move faster, provided they are prepared to weather (经受住) the potential risks and bad publicity, observes E
42、th an Mollick, a professor at Wharton Business School.But Gemini has clearly been deliberately adjusted, or “fine-tuned”, to produce these responses. This raises questions about Googles culture. Is the firm so financially secure, with vast profits from internet advertising, that it feels free to try
43、 its hand at social engineering? Do some employees think it has not just an opportunity, but a responsibility, to use its reach and power to promote a particular agenda? All eyes are now on Googles boss, Sundar Pichai. He says Gemini is being fixed. But does Google need fixing too?12What do the word
44、s “this trap” underlined in the first paragraph refer to?AHaving a racial bias.BResponding to wrong texts.CCriticizing political figures.DGoing against historical facts.13What is Paragraph 2 mainly about?AGeminis refusal to make progress.BGeminis failure to give definite answers.CGeminis prejudice i
45、n text responses.DGeminis avoidance of political conflicts.14What does Eth an Mollick think of Geminis early launch?ACreative.BPromising.CIllegal.DControversial.15What can we infer about Google from the last paragraph?AIts security is doubted.BIt lacks financial support.CIt needs further improvement
46、.DIts employees are irresponsible.5.（2024山东模拟预测）Traditionally, people have been forced to reduce complex choices to a small handful of options that dont do justice to their true desires. For example, in a restaurant, the limitations of the kitchen, the way supplies have to be ordered and the realiti
47、es of restaurant cooking make you get a menu of a few dozen standardized options, with the possibility of some modifications (修改) around the edges. We are so used to these bottlenecks that we dont even notice them. And when we do, we tend to assume they are the unavoidable cost of scale (规模) and eff
48、iciency. And they are. Or, at least, they were.Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to overcome this limitation. By storing rich representations of peoples preferences and histories on the demand side, along with equally rich representations of capabilities, costs and creative possibilities on the supply side, AI systems enable complex customization at large scale and low cost. Imagine walking into a restaurant and knowing that