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1、22 货币的发展史，从物物交换到数字货币2023年中考英语时事热点话题题型专练货币史：从物物交换到数字货币货币，让人类社会保持运转。它对人们日常生活有着不可估量的影响，然而我们对于其运作机制以及历史却知之甚少。今天我们来聊一聊货币体系的发展。通过了解货币体系的发展，我们最终会发现货币正逐渐回到真正的货币轨道上来。以物换物。也就是实物货币阶段。这一阶段的人类大部分是处于原始社会，因为没有统一的文化，统一的度量衡，但是却拥有同样的生理需求。所以部落和部落之间大概就是以物换物，用我的石器换取你的猎物。慢慢就出现了等价商品，比如贝壳，布帛，衣物，牲畜等等。随着部落的壮大，人类活动范围的扩大，人类之间的
2、交流逐渐变多。他们发现以物换物已经满足不了日常所需了。因为粮食，牲畜，贝壳等存在着天然的缺陷，要么就是数量过多，要么就是不易保存，显而易见的解决方法是使用硬币来提高交易效率，比如英国的先令。前提条件是交易双方可以就硬币的价值达成一种共识。在经济史上，从物物交换到通货的转换发生过一次又一次。然而，在某些情况下，物物交易依然存在。货币是什么？货币有何不同？所以，到底什么是货币？如果皮毛 贝壳可以被用作通货的话，是不是也是一种货币呢？并不是。货币与通货有几个细微却很重要的不同之处。货币必须是一种交换媒介。通俗来说，它必须可以在不同商品或服务之间交换货币必须是一种计量单位，是用来设定价格来和商品或服务
3、进行交换；货币必须便于携带，为了完成交易它可以随时从一个用户转移到另一个用户；货币必须是经久耐用的，历经长久不受磨损，价值不会消散；货币必须是可分割的，在不同的价格水平都可以使用；货币必须是可互换的，每一个单位都和其它的单位相同。1美元和另一1美元拥有相同的价值。纸币阶段。我国很早就出现了纸币，纸币最早出现在中国的唐朝，这种通货又叫飞钱，不像金属通货，这种钱很容易被风吹跑。不过基本上纸币流通不开，因为古代没有防伪技术。虽然纸币严格意义上讲并不是一种法定货币，初衷是可以用来兑换成金属通货，但却因为便捷性和可携带型而在商人中流行起来。第一个国家强制印刷的纸币最早出现在宋朝。只有朝廷官方发行的纸币才
4、可被认定为是通货，其背后有相应的金属作支撑。在元清时期，过度印刷没有足量的硬钱支撑的纸币让经济成为受害者。为了维持货币控制，金和银都被国家没收。慢慢的，为了提振经济，而带来的过度印刷导致了极端通胀，从而造成纸币大量贬值。明清时期，在经历过纸币的失败后，逐渐回到了硬通胀。而纸币的创新则逐渐向西传到了中东，以及欧洲。1601年，瑞典成为第一个发行纸币的欧洲国家。从中国漫长的货币史我们也可以看出，金属作为真正的硬通货最终还是会回归，因为它们不会印刷摧毁。在全球范围内的各个经济体，也正逐渐向硬通货靠拢，因为它们有自由市场的优势，而且由于稀缺性可以很好地抵御通胀。20世纪中，由于全世界的纸币都需要锚定金
5、或银，因此避免了极端通货膨胀的发生。在接受到了16世纪末期欧洲大陆通货膨胀的教训后，为了防止类似的错误发生，美国转向了另一种货币标准每一美元背后都有黄金或白银的支撑以保证通货有一定的内在价值。由于黄金要比白银更稀有，且不容易出现供应激增，它逐渐成了美国货币背后的标准支撑，可以和相同价值的黄金互换。在战争时代，各个国家暂时放弃金本位，人们开始囤积金属通货来保护资产，因为银行无力进行纸币的兑换。二战之后，布雷顿森林体系建立，世界上很多国家的通货都和美元锚定，而美元是金本位。这意味这全球的通货都和黄金的价值联系起来，形成了一套全球的通货标准。当然，声称其有黄金支撑和实实在在有黄金支撑是两回事。当越来
6、越多的国家不再愿意和美元兑换，而更是希望把通货兑换成黄金，问题就出现了：黄金兑换的需求量远远大于黄金的储备量。在尼克松任职期间，金本位走到了尽头。美国政府单方面关闭了美元兑换成等值黄金的通道。此举被认为是解决外汇兑换危机的一项成功举措，第二天道琼斯指数就实现了有史以来的单日最高涨幅。但自此，我们走到了浮动法定纸币时代。这一切看起来都太熟悉了，有没有？我们从真正的货币金银转向了可过量印刷的纸币。过度印刷导致的通货膨胀变成一个持续困扰全球的问题。一直到目前的数字化货币时代。简称为“无现金支付”，比如借记卡，信用卡等等，以及最近几年流行起来的微信支付，支付宝支付等等。占据了日常交易的绝大部分。截至2
7、017年12月底，微信支付绑卡用户已超过8亿人次。和纸币一样，这些电子形式的支付方式并不具有稀缺性，即便给生活带来了很多便利，但它们本质上和历史上的通货一样有着各种缺陷。当今接近无现金的状态折射出了持续走低的利率和通胀环境。和现金以及真正的货币相比，这样的电子通货缺乏货币独立性和隐私。最终，我们还将看到真正货币的回归。数字货币一、完形填空A篇On October 12th, Miss Wang, who works in Shenzhen, received 200 yuan in a lucky draw (抽奖). By downloading a certain app and _1_
8、her registration (注册), she can spend the money by using the app at over 3000 stores in Luohu district. From October 12 to 18, the Shenzhen government launched (发起) a test of digital currency (数字人民币). The aim is _2_ its usage, Miss Wang is among 50,000 people selected. The pilot app is easy to operat
9、e. _3_ running the app, users can swipe (刷卡) up to pay and swipe down to receive payment. The appearance of digital currency is similar _4_ paper money: It has the national symbol and Chinese characters for the Peoples Bank of China (PBOC). In fact, the digital currency is _5_ type of cash (现金) repo
10、rted CGTN (中国国际电视台). It is digitally created and issued (发行) by the PBOCIt has real monetary (货币) value. Although digital currency can be used _6_ to other e-payment services such as Alipay and Wechat Pay, theres a difference. When we use those e-payment tools, money is primarily taken from a bank a
11、ccount. When paying by digital currency, the money is directly placed into and _7_ from our e-bank. It is expected to make peoples lives more convenient and help protect the safety of the financial system (金融体系). It will speed up the _8_ of Chinas digital economy, _9_ Yi Gang, governor of the PBOCTh
12、e test in Luohu shows that the digital currency _10_ an important step forward. But the test is limited to small payments now, so it does not mean the digital currency will be launched in the market soon.1AfinishBfinishingCchoose2AadvancingBto loseCto advance3AWhileBWhatCHow4AonBtoCabout5AotherBanot
13、herCothers6AsimilarlyBsimilarCsamely7ApayBspendCspent8AgrowingBimprovementCgrowth9Athanks toBaccording toCbecause of10Ahas takenBreachCget to【短文大意】文章主要介绍了数字人民币的试用。【答案解析】1句意：通过下载某款应用并完成注册，她就可以在罗湖区3000多家商店中使用该应用程序进行消费。finish完成，动词原形；finishing完成，动词-ing形式；choose选择，动词原形。and前后连接并列结构，此处用finishing与downloadin
14、g并列。故选B。2句意：目的是促进其使用，王小姐是被选中的5万人之一。advancing促进，动词-ing形式；to lose失去，动词不定式；to advance促进，动词不定式。根据“The aim”可知is后用动词不定式，再由“the Shenzhen government launched a test of digital currency”可知此处是促进数字货币的使用。故选C。3句意：在运行该应用程序时，用户可以向上滑动来支付，向下滑动来接收支付。while当时；what什么；how如何。根据“users can swipe up to pay and swipe down to
15、receive payment”可知此处用While引导时间状语从句。故选A。4句意：数字货币的出现与纸币类似：它有国家符号和中国人民银行的汉字。on关于；to朝，向；about关于。be similar to与相似。故选B。5句意：事实上，据中国国际电视台报道，数字货币是另一种现金类型。other其他的；another另一；others其他人或物。根据“. type of cash”可知此处表示另一种现金类型，用another。故选B。6句意：虽然数字货币也可以像支付宝和微信支付等其他电子支付服务一样使用，但有一个区别。similarly相似地；similar相似的；samely千篇一律的。
16、短文大意句子结构可知此处用副词修饰动词，表示数字货币支付和支付宝、微信等支付类似，用similarly。故选A。7句意：当使用数字货币支付时，钱直接存入我们的电子银行，并从我们的电子银行消费。pay支付；spend花费，动词原形；spent花费，动词过去式或过去分词。根据“the money is directly placed into and . from our e-bank”可知此处是并列的过去分词，用spent符合语境。故选C。8句意：中国人民银行行长易纲表示，这将加快我国数字经济的发展。growing成长，动词-ing形式；improvement改善，名词；growth成长，发展，
17、名词。根据“speed up”可推出是加快数字经济发展的进程，the后用名词growth符合语境。故选C。9句意：句意：中国人民银行行长易纲表示，这将加快我国数字经济的发展。thanks to多亏；according to根据， 据（所说）；because of因为。根据“Yi Gang, governor of the PBOC”可知此处表示据中国人民银行行长易纲所说。故选B。10句意：罗湖的测试表明，数字货币向前迈出了重要的一步。has taken采取，采用，现在完成时；reach到达，不及物动词；get to到达。take an important step迈出重要一步。故选A。B篇A
18、passage about e-payment in China was published in The New Times. The passage says it is surprising that most Chinese are using smart phones to _11_ everything. There are two reasons why mobile payment is _12_ spreading in China. First, its convenient. Second, China only _13_ a short history of using
19、 bank cards, so it makes people more open to new technology.After reading the passage, Mary from America decided to _14_ mobile payment in Beijing. “To see how far I could go in Beijing without a _15_, I spent a day only with my smart phone,” said Mary. “A beautiful day started with a great breakfas
20、t. I bought a Jianbing. No cash（现金）? It doesnt matter, _16_ my smart phone will do nicely. The shops owner showed me his QR code（二维码）, and I gave 6 yuan to him.”“When it came to transportation, I _17_ a car through Didi Chuxing. There were also bikes almost everywhere. I could use these _18_ by scan
21、ning（扫描）a QR code.” “I have to say that cash is becoming a thing of the _19_.”Another foreigner called Michael Kalenhauser says, “I live in China and even a week without using paper money is _20_. The West is left behind in terms of mobile payments and I suggest they copy whats happening in China.”1
22、1Asearch forBpay forCcall forDask for12AsuddenlyBdirectlyCquicklyDfinally13AhasBisCusedDwas14ApracticeBlearnCseeDexperience15AwalletBkeyCwatchDbag16AbecauseBwhenCifDalthough17AboughtBwashedCsawDordered18AcarsBbusesCbikesDtaxis19AfutureBpresentCpastDtime20AcommonBpopularCdifferentDhard【短文大意】本文讲述在中国，不
23、用纸币，用手机支付很普遍；讲述外国人在中国体验手机支付的经历。【答案解析】11句意：文章说大多数中国人使用智能手机来为一切付钱，这是很让人吃惊的。search for搜寻；pay for付钱；call for呼吁，要求；ask for要求。根据“e-payment”电子支付，可知表达付钱，用短语“pay for”。故选B。12句意：为什么手机支付在中国快速传播，有两个理由。suddenly突然；directly直接；quickly快速；finally最后。根据“it is surprising that most Chinese are using smart phones”可知表达传播速度很
24、快，用副词“quickly”。故选C。13句意：第二，中国使用银行卡只有很多的历史，因此这使得人对新技术更开放。has有，主语是单数概念；is是，主语是单数概念；used使用，动词过去式；was是，过去式。根据“it makes”可知句子是一般现在时，主语“China”是单数概念，根据“a short history”可知表达“有”，用“has”。故选A。14句意：读了这篇文章之后，美国的玛丽决定在北京感受一下手机支付。practice练习；learn学习；see看到；experience经历。根据“To see how far I could go in Beijing”可知，句子表达她去体
25、验，用动词“experience”。故选D。15句意：去看看没有钱包我在北京能走多远。wallet钱包；key关键，钥匙；watch手表；bag包。根据“I spent a day only with my smart phone”及“No cash”可知，句子表达没有钱包，只有手机，用名词“wallet”。故选A。16句意：没关系，因为我的手机就可以做得很好。because因为；when当时；if如果；although尽管。根据“No cash? It doesnt matter”及“my smart phone will do nicely”可知，后面讲述的是原因，用连词“because”
26、。故选A。17句意：当乘坐交通工具的时候，我通过滴滴出行预订了一辆车。bought买；washed洗；saw看到；ordered预订，命令。根据“a car through Didi Chuxing”，可知句子表达在手机上用应用程序预订车，用动词“ordered”。故选D。18句意：我可以用手机扫描条形码来使用这些自行车。cars轿车；buses公交车；bikes自行车；taxis的士。根据“There were also bikes almost everywhere”可知，句子表达使用自行车，用名词“bikes”。故选C。19句意：我不得不说现金正变成过去的事物了。future未来；pre
27、sent现在；past过去；time时间。根据“No cash? It doesnt matter”及前文讲述手机支付，可知，句子表达现金成为过去了。故选C。20句意：我住在中国，甚至一周不用纸币是平常的。common常见的，共有的；popular受欢迎的；different不同的；hard难的。根据“The West is left behind in terms of mobile payments and I suggest they copy whats happening in China”可知手机支付在中国很平常，不用纸币是很寻常的事，用形容词“common”。故选A。二、阅读单选
28、A篇It was not long ago that the US Federal Reserve (美联储) kept the idea toward whether it was necessary to launch (发行) an official digital (数字化的) US dollar. But for Russia, the US appeared to give Biden enough courage to take an important step toward the government backed digital money. With the techn
29、ological fast development, it has become a general need for the worlds digital currency (货币). This is the background and one of the reasons why central banks from Europe to Asia are stepping up work on researching and developing their own digital currencies.China has become a front-runner in develop
30、ing a digital currency of the Chinese yuan. With a large number of the digital yuan tested, China has already got a great deal of work experience over the years.The whole worlds development has reached a point when the US does not have the great advantages in the worlds trade and many other fields.
31、It is the reason why the US needs to step up research and development efforts in digital areas such as digital currency. but it doesnt necessarily mean that it can enlarge its advantage of the dollar to the digital currency area.Generally speaking, it is not a bad thing for the US to join the digita
32、l currency race, which may allow the US to make friends with other countries. But if the USs interest in the research and development of government-backed digital currency is to control others, market risks will only go against to the dollars place.21With the technological development, digital curre
33、ncy _.Atake an important stepBhas become a general need in the worldChas reached a high pointDhas great advantages in the worlds trade22The underlined word “front-runner” means “_” in English in Paragraph 3.ApioneerBplayerCfighterDprotector23According to the passage, we can learn _.Adigital currency
34、 has taken the place of the US dollarBcentral banks from Europe are working on researching and developing digital currenciesCChina is still on the way to developing a digital currency of the Chinese yuanDthe US needs to research and develop digital currency because the US has great advantages24From
35、Paragraph 4 and Paragraph 5 of the passage, we can infer _.Athe US will stop using the US dollar in the worlds trade because of the digital currency raceBthe US has developed to such a high point that its government will control other developing countriesCthe US will play the most important role in
36、the development of the government backed digital areaDwith the USs joining the digital currency race, the US has to change their attitude to other countries【短文大意】本文主要讲述了目前有关数字货币的发展情况。【答案解析】21细节理解题。根据“With the technological fast development, it has become a general need for the worlds digital currenc
37、y (货币).”可知，随着技术的发展，数字货币已成为世界的普遍需求。故选B。22词句猜测题。根据“China has become a front-runner in developing a digital currency of the Chinese yuan. With a large number of the digital yuan tested, China has already got a great deal of work experience over the years.”可知，中国已成为开发人民币数字货币的领跑者。随着大量数字人民币的测试，中国多年来已经积累了大量
38、的工作经验。front-runner表示“领跑者”，与“pioneer”意思一致。故选A。23细节理解题。根据“This is the background and one of the reasons why central banks from Europe to Asia are stepping up work on researching and developing their own digital currencies.”可知，欧洲央行正致力于研究和开发数字货币。故选B。24推理判断题。根据“But if the USs interest in the research and
39、 development of government-backed digital currency is to control others, market risks will only go against to the dollars place.”可知，随着美国加入数字货币竞赛，美国必须改变对其他国家的态度。故选D。B篇Money is what people use to buy things they need or want. A long time ago, people didnt use money. So how did they get the things they
40、 wanted? Well, there is a long and interesting story about this.At first, they would exchange something they had for something they needed. For example, if the shoemaker needed some bread, he would give the baker (面包师) shoes and the baker would give him bread. This was called “bartering”. Bartering
41、worked well for a while. But after the baker had too many shoes, the shoemaker still needed more bread. What could they do? The solution to this problem was money.Money was basically an agreement among people. People agreed that some metal (金属) or paper would be worth a certain amount of bread or a
42、certain number of shoes.There were many earlier forms of money, such as cattle (家畜), salt, grain and shells. But it was not easy to move them or store them. So coin began to take the place of things. Metal tool money was used in China as early as 1000 BCCoins had a set value and could be stored. It
43、became possible for people to trade in a standardized (标准的) way. A coin says right on it how much it is worth. Different coins are worth different amounts. About three hundred years ago, paper money came into wide use. Paper money is cheaper to make than coins. It is also easier to carry around. Now
44、 people use paper money and coins in most countries.25A long time ago, people got the things they wanted by _.Agiving the baker shoesBgiving the shoemaker breadCusing coins and paper moneyDexchanging things they had for things they needed26The meaning of the underlined word “bartering” is “_”.A讨价还价B
45、强买强卖C以货易货D清仓甩卖27There were many earlier forms of money except _.AsaltBgrainCcattleDbread28Which of the following is true according to the passage?ADifferent coins are worth the same amounts.BMoney was basically an agreement among people.CMetal tool money was used in China before 1000 BCDIf the shoem
46、aker needed some bread, he would give the baker bread and the baker would give him shoes.29This passage mainly talks about _.Athe use of moneyBmoney is everythingCthe birth of moneyDpeople like money【短文大意】本文介绍了钱币的发展历史。从开始的“以物易物”到后来的以牛，盐，谷物或贝壳等作为固定钱币买东西，后来人们用易携带的金属钱币，最后发明的纸币，纸币一直沿用到现在。【答案解析】25细节理解题。根
47、据第二段“At first, they would exchange something they had for something they needed.”可知，很久以前，人们通过交换他们所拥有的东西来获得他们想要的东西。故选D。26词句猜测题。根据第二段“For example, if the shoemaker needed some bread, he would give the baker (面包师) shoes and the baker would give him bread.”例如，如果鞋匠需要一些面包，他会给面包师鞋子，面包师会给他面包。可知，“bartering”表示“以货易货”。故选C。27细节理解题。根据第五段“There were many earlier forms of money, such as cattle (家畜), salt, grain and shells.”可知，早期有许多货币形式，如牛、盐、谷物和贝壳；没有提到面包。