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1、A byte is 8 bits, but a word may vary in size (16-bitsz 32-bits, etc.) from one architecture to another. ( V )一个字节是8位，但是一个字的大小可能会有所不同(16位，32位等)，从一个架构到另一个架构The term endian refers to the byte ordering, or the way a computer stores the bytes of a multiple-byte data element. ( V )术语位端指的是字节排序，或者计算机存储多字节数
2、据元素字节的方式。Accumulator architectures use sets of general purpose registers to store operands ( V )累加器体系结构使用一组通用寄存器来存储操作数A two pass assembler generally creates a symbol table during the first pass and finishes the complete translation from assembly language to machine instructions on the second.(V)双程汇编
3、程序通常会在第一遍中创建一个符号表，并在第二个汇编语言完成对机器指令的完整翻 译。The MAR, MBR, PC and IR registers in MARIE can be used to hold arbitrary data values.(X )MARIE中的MAR , MBR , PC和IR寄存器可用于保存任意数据值。A branch instruction changes the flow of information by changing the PC. ( V )分支指令通过改变PC来改变信息流。For increasing the overall performanc
4、e of a system, we have the options of CPU optimization, Memory optimization and I/O optimization. ( V )为了提高系统的整体性能，我们可以选择CPU优化,内存优化和I / 0优化。Registers are storage locations within the CPU itself. ( V )寄存器是c P u本身内的存储位置MARIE has a common bus scheme, which means a number of entities share the bus.(V)MA
5、RIE有一通用总线方案,这意味着许多实体共享总线。A fixed length instruction must have a fixed length opcode. ( x )一个固定长度的指令必须有一个固定长度的操作码。One million bytes can be represented as 1000K bytes. ( V )一百万字节可以表示为1000 K字节Manufacturers use standards so they can market their products to a wider audience than if they came up with sep
6、arate -and perhaps incompatible -specifications. ( V )制造商使用标准，以便他们可以向更广泛的受众推销他们的产品，而不是如果他们想出了单独的， 也许是不相容的规范。Amdahls Law states that the performance enhancement possible with a given improvement is limited by the amount that the improved feature is used. ( V )Amdahl定律指出，对于一个给定的改进，性能提升可能会受到改进特征的使用次数的限
7、制。As assembler is a program that accepts a symbolic language program and produces the binary machine language equivalent, resulting in a 1-to-l correspondence between the assembly language source program and the machine language object program. ( V )汇编程序是一种接受符号语言程序并生成二进制机器语言的程序，导致汇编语言源程序和机器语言 对象程序之间
8、一一对应。The core elements of an ISA include the memory model, registers, data types, instruction formats, addressing, and instruction types. ( V )ISA的核心元素包括内存模型，寄存器，数据类型，指令格式，寻址和指令类型。DRAM is often used for cache. ( x )DRAM通常用于高速缓存SRAM is faster than DRAM ( V )SRAM比 DRAM 快The Principle of Equivalence of
9、 Hardware and Software says that hardware and software are basically equivalent, and implementations done via either method will run at the same speeds. ( x )硬件和软件的等价原则说硬件和软件基本上是等价的，通过这两种方法完成的实现将以相同的速度、-z- 运仃A Hertz is one million cycles per second. ( x )赫兹是每秒100万个周期。? The micro-operation is the sam
10、e thing as a machine instruction. ( x )微操作与机器指令是一样的? The Von Neumann architecture includes all of the following : a. a stored program ; b. sequential processing of instructions; c. a CPU, memory and I/O system. ( V )冯诺依曼体系结构包括以下所有内容：a。一个存储的程序;b。指令的顺序处理;C。一个 CPU ,内存和I / O系统。If Moore s Law is to hold,
11、 Rock s Law must fall. ( V )如果摩尔定律成立，那么洛克定律就会下失效If a computer uses hardwired control, the microprogram determines the instruction set for the machine. This instruction set can never be changed unless the architecture is redesigned.(x )如果计算机使用硬连线控制，则微程序将确定机器的指令集。除非架构重新设计，否则这个指令 集是不能改变的。Both SIMD and
12、MIMD machines have multiple processors and can operate on different pieces of data in parallel ( V )SIMD和MIMD机器都有多个处理器，可以并行处理不同的数据If a computer uses microprogrammed control, the microprogram determines the instruction set for the machine. ( V )如果一台计算机使用微程序控制，微程序将决定机器的指令集。The best architecture for ev
13、aluating postfix notation is the stack-based architecture. ( V )评估后缀表示法的最佳体系结构是基于堆栈的体系结构。Indexed or based addressing techniques add the value in the index or base register to the operand to produce the effective address. ( V )变址或基址寻址技术将变址或基址寄存器中的值添加到操作数以生成有效地址。Most architectures today are accumulato
14、r based ( x )今天大多数体系结构都是基于累加器的LI cache is faster than L2 cache. ( V )Ll缓存比L2缓存更快RAID level 5 offers the best economy while providing adequate redundancy ( V )RAID级别5提供最佳的经济性，同时提供足够的冗余Anything that can be done with software can also be done with hardware, and anything that can be done with hardware c
15、an be done with software. ( V )任何可以用软件完成的事情也可以用硬件完成，任何可以用硬件完成的事情都可以用软件完成。The control unit carries out the logic operations and arithmetic operations required during the program execution. ( x )控制单元执行程序执行过程中所需的逻辑运算和算术运算。SRAM is often used for cache. ( V )SRAM通常用于高速缓存MPP (massively parallel processors) = few processors + shared memory + communication via memory ( x )MPP (大规模并行处理器)=少量处理器+共享内存+通过内存进行通信The geometric mean is more helpful to us than the arithmetic average when weare comparing the relative performance of two systems. ( V )当我们比较两个系统的相对性能时，几何平均值比算术平均值更有帮助。