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1、2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smartpho
2、nes. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4can t find north, we have a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the
3、land.When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two uestions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area And where is the nearest water source Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. _9 , if you head downhill, and follow any
4、1120 you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights - you may be 11 how uickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense fore
5、st, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of 1ight pollution.18, assuming
6、 you re lost in an area humans tend to freuent, look forthe 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.Text 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday t
7、hat will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales
8、tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer , s purchase to a state where the business dicin t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn, t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were gener
9、ally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren* t charged it, but most didn t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed, Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality a
10、nd results in significant revenue losses to the States, he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule alimited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for bi
11、g chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is
12、 being shipped to. Amazon , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging
13、sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven? t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws reuiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state s sales ta
14、x from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with v
15、arious state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”31. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA better businesses relations with states.B put most on
16、line businesses in a dilemma.C make more online shoppers pay sales tax.D force some states to cut sales tax.32. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA have led to the dominance of e-commerce.B have cost consumers a lot over the years.C were widely criticized by onlin
17、e purchasers.ID were considered unfavorable by states.33. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA hindered economic development.B brought prosperity to the country.C harmed fair market competition.D boosted growth in states revenue.34. Who are most likely to welcome the
18、 Supreme Court rulingA Internet entrepreneurs.B Big-chain owners.C Third-party sellers.D Small retailers.35. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA gives a factual account of it and discusses its conseuences.B describes the long and complicated process of its making.C prese
19、nts its main points with conflicting views on them.D cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications.Part B Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For uestions 41-45, you are reuired to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list
20、 A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A These tools can help you win every argument - not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues th
21、at divide people. Learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments - from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding - then we change the very nature of what
22、 it means to win an argument.B Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too uickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good
23、arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility rcuires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes al so to accept reasons on the opposite side.C None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your
24、position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spel 1 out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise obje
25、ctions and listen carefully to their replies.D Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments
26、were even just competitions - like, say, tennis games. Pairsof opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E In his 1936 work How
27、to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: uThere is only one way,to get the best of an argument - and that is to avoid it. This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives - and in man
28、y ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their v i ews st
29、upid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win - in one way.G There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not
30、. If you yell, Yes, and I yell, No, neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with ano
31、ther reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other, s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41 - 42 一 F一 43 - 44 - C-45t C Directions:Read the following text car
32、efully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just h
33、ow bad much of the medical literature freuently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1. 17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia
34、. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science” ,
35、published on the Royal SocietyJ s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important uestion. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publica
36、tion, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been reuired for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the uality, then, cou
37、nt the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of uality as wel 1 as uantity into the assessment of an applicant s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been uoted elsewhere in th
38、e scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them
39、in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual , s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the 1ong-term costs of using simple uantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are
40、likely to be uite great. (50) If we are serious about-15-ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary School project of
41、your university. Write an email to answer the inuiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the email. Use “Li Ming instead. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-
42、200 words based on the picture below. Tn your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the implied meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题参考答案Section I Use of English1. C few2. C run3. B If4. D literally
43、5. A back6. B off7. D unfamiliar8. C way9. A so10. D eventually11. A surprised12. B option13 .D For example14 . C spot15 .B through16 .D breaks17 .A artificial18 .A Finally19 . B mark20 . C leadSection II Reading Comprehension Part AText 121 . A enhance bankers sense of responsibility22 .D ”short-te
44、rmism“ in economic activities23 .B adverse24 . C the approaches to promoting long-termisnr25 .B Patience as a Corporate VirtueText 226 .D The influence of consumer culture27 . A To help freshmen adapt to college learning28 . A obtain more financial support29 .C to be identical with each other30 .C a
45、nalyzing the causes behind itText 331 .C involves some concerns raised by AI today32 .D is too limited for us to reproduce it33 .B is still beyond our capacity34 .A affirmation35 .C The conscience of AI:Complex But InevitableText 436 . C make more online shopper pay sale tax37 . D were considered un
46、favorable by states38 . C harmed fair market competition39 .B big-chain owners40.A gives a factual account of it and discuss its conseuencesPart B新题型41. E42. D43. G44. B45. A1.ASomeB MostC FewD All2. AputB takeC runD come3. ASinceB IfC ThoughD Until4. AformallyB relativelyC graduallyD literally5.Aba
47、ckB nextC aroundD away6.AontoB offC acrossD along7. A unattractiveB uncrowdedC unchangedD unfamiliar8.AsiteB pointC wayD place9.ASoB YetC InsteadD Besides10.AimmediatelyB intentionallyC unexpectedlyD eventually11.AsurprisedB annoyedC frightenedD confused12.AproblemB optionC viewD result13.AAbove al 1B Tn contrastC On averageD For example14.AbridgeB avoidC spotD separate15.AfromB throughC beyondD under16.ApostsB linksC shadesD breaks17.AartificialB mysteriousC hiddenD limited18.AFinallyB ConseuentlyC IncidentallyD