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1、I Explain the following sentences in your own words, bringing out any implied meanings.（20*2=40）II Translate the following sentences into Chinese. （10*2=20）III Point out what figure of speech is used in each of the following sentences.（5*2=10）IV Find explanations of the italicized words in each sent
2、ence from the list that followed (A to J) and put the right letter in the bracket before each sentence（10*1=10）VRead the following two passages and choose the best answer to each question. Put the answers in the following two forms.（10*2=20）Lesson one Pub Talk and the Kings English1. And it is an ac
3、tivity only of humans.And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings.2. Conversation is not for making a point.Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of a conversation we should not try to establish the force of an idea or argument.3. In fact,th
4、e best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose.In fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view.4. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each others lives.People who meet each other for a drink in the b
5、ar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each others lives.5.it could still go ignorantly on.The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.6.They are cattle in the fields,but we sit down to beef(boeuf).These animals are calle
6、d cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields;but when we sit down at the table to eat,we call their meat beef.7.The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language.The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it di
7、fficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.8.English had come royally into its own.The English language received proper recognition and was used by the king once more.9.The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes.The phra
8、se,the Kings English,has always been used disparagingly and jokingly by the lower working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people.10.The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there.There still exists in the working people,as in the early Saxon pe
9、asants,a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.11.There is always a great danger,as Carlyle put it,that”words will harden into things for us.”There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to rep
10、resent.1.their marriage may be on the rocksOn the rocks:(colloquial) in or into a condition of ruin or catastrophe.2.they got out of bed on the wrong sideGet out of bed on the wrong side:to be cross or in a bad temper for the day.3.The conversation was on wings.On wings (on the wing): flying or whil
11、e flying;in motion or while moving or traveling.4.the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it.Turn up ones nose at:sneer at,scorn.5we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant.In anothers shoes: in anothers position.6.English had come royally into its own.Come into
12、 its own:to receive what properly belongs to one,especially acclaim or recognition.7.we sit up at the vividness of the phraseSit up at:(colloquial) to become suddenly alert.1.However intricate the ways in which animals communicate with each other,they do not indulge in anything that deserves the nam
13、e of conversation.动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也称不上谈话。2.Argument may often be a part of it,but the purpose of the argument is not to is no winning in conversation.闲聊中常有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中不存在输赢胜负。3.Perhaps it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own.或
14、许是由于我年轻时常常光顾英国小酒馆的缘故，我觉得酒馆里的闲聊别有一番韵味。4.I do not remember what made one of our companions say itshe clearly had not come into the bar to say it,it was not something that was pressing on her mindbut her remark fell quite naturally into the talk.我不记得一起聊天的人是在什么情况下说出那句话来的显然她不是有备而来，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话但是她那句话十分自
15、然地融进了我们的闲谈里。5.There is always resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for “English as it should be spoken.”每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制定一些条条框框时，总会遭到来自下层人民的抵制。6.Words are not themselves a reality,but only representations of it,and the Kings English,like the Anglo-French
16、of the Normans,is a class representation of reality.词语本身并不是现实，它不过是用以表达现实的一种形式而已。标准英语就像诺曼人的盎格鲁式法语一样，也是一种对现实的阶级表达。7.Perhaps it is worth trying to speak it,but it should not be laid down as an edict,and made immune to change from below.让人们学着去讲规范英语也许不错，但不应当把它当做一条必须执行的法令，也不应当使它完全拒绝来自下层的改变。8.There is no w
17、orse conversationalist than the one who punctuates his words as he speaks as if he were wrting,or even who tries to use words as if he were composing a piece of prose for print.要使有谁闲聊时像写文章那样标点分明，或者像写一篇要发表的散文一样咬文嚼字的话，那他一定是个最糟糕的聊天者。9.When E.M. Forster writes of “the sinister corridor of our age,”we si
18、t up at the vividness of the phrase,the force and even terror in the image.看到福斯特笔下写出“当今时代的阴森可怖的长廊”时，其用于之生动及有其所产生的有力甚至可怖的形象不禁令我们心头一震。10.There would have been no conversation the other evening if we had been able to settle at once the meaning of “the Kings English.”那天晚上，如果我们当场弄清了“标准英语”的定义，也就不可能有那一场交谈了
19、。Lesson two Marrakech1.The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth,like a derelict building-lot.The burying-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.2.A
20、ll colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact.All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).3.They rise out of the earth,they sweat and starve for a few years,and then they sink
21、 back into the nameless mounds of the graveyardThey are for a few years they work,toil and ly they die and are buried in graves without a name,and nobody notices that they are dead.4.A carpenter sits cross-legged at a prehistoric lathe,turning chair-legs at lightning speed.Sitting with his legs cros
22、sed and using a very old-fashioned lathe,a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.5.Instantly,from the dark holes all round,there was a frenzied rush of JewsImmediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited,all loudl
23、y demanding a cigarette.6.every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.Every one of these poor Jews looks on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.7.Still,a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.However,a white-skinned European is alw
24、ays quite noticeable./However,people always notice any one with a white skin.8.In a tropical landscape ones eye takes in everything except the human beings.If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region,you see everything but the human beings.9.No one would think of running cheap tri
25、ps to the Distressed Areas.No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas (for these trips would not be interesting).10.for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless,backbreaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil.Life
26、is very hard for ninety percent of the can produce a little food on the poor soil only with hard backbreaking toil11.She accepted her status as an old woman,that is to say,as a beast of burden.She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community,that she was only fit for
27、doing heavy work like an animal.12.People with brown skins are next door to invisible.People with brown skins are almost invisible.13.Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniformsThe Senegalese soldiers were wearing second-hand ready-made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful,
28、well-built bodies.14.How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack the colonialist rulers?15.Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind.Every white man had this thought hidden somewhere in h
29、is mind.1.then lowered its head and tried to butt me.butt:to strike or push with the head or horns.2.An Arab navy working on the path nearby.navvy:abbreviation of “navigator”,a British word meaning an unskilled laborer,as on canals,roads,etc.3.When you go through the Jewish quarterquarter:an area of
30、 a town or city where a particular kind of people typically live or work.4.his left leg is warped out of shape.warp:to bend or twist and to be no longer in the correct shape.5.As the Jews live in a self-contained community.self-contained:having within oneself or itself all that is necessary;self-suf
31、ficient,as a community.6.they could not even work enough magic to get themselves a square meal.square: (colloquial) satisfying;solid;substantial.7.The plough is a wretched wooden thing.wertched:poor in quality;very inferior.8.All of them are mummified with age and the sun.mummified:thin and withered
32、,looking like a mummy.9.There is no question the the donkeys are damnably treated.damnably:outrageously,detestably.10.Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms.reach-me-down: ready-made,secondhand.11.It was the shy,wide-eyed Negro look.wide-eyed:with the eyes opened widely,as
33、 because of surprise,fear,lack of sophistication,etc.12.so had the officers on their sweating chargers.charger:a horse ridden in battle or on parade.1.When you walk through a town like this-two hundred thousand inhabitants of whom at least twenty thousand own literally nothing except the rags they s
34、tand up inwhen you see how the people live,and still more how easily they die,it is always difficult to believe that you are walking among human beings.当你穿行在这样的城镇其20万居民中至少有两万是除了一身勉强蔽体的破烂衫之外完全一无所有当你看到那些人的生活是如此艰难，而其死亡又是多么容易时，你很难相信自己身处在人类之中。2.When you go through the Jewish quarters you gather some idea
35、 of what the medieval ghettoes were probably like.当你走过这儿的犹太人聚居区时，你就会知道中世纪贫民区大概是个什么样子。3.Many of the streets are a good deal less than six feet wide,the houses are completely windowless,and sore-eyed children cluster everywhere in unbelievable numbers,like clouds of flies.这儿很多街道十分狭窄，宽不到6英尺，房屋根本没有窗户，眼睛
36、红肿的孩子随处可见，多得像一群群苍蝇，数也数不清。4.Even a blind man somewhere at the back of one of the booths heard a rumour of cigarettes and came crawling out,groping in the air with his hand.甚至一个住在后排窝棚里的盲人也听到有人在发烟的消息，于是急忙爬出来，伸手在空中乱摸。5.Ah,thats only for show!Theyre all money lenders really.“噢！那不过是做出样子来给人看的。事实上他们都是些放贷者。”
37、6.In just the same way,a couple of hundred years ago,poor old women used to be burned for witchcraft when they could not even work enough magic to get themselves a square meal.恰恰相似的是，一二百年前，常常也有些贫穷的老太婆被当成巫婆给活活烧死，然而事实上她们就连为自己变出一顿像样饭菜的魔法都没有。7.It takes in te dried-up soil,the prickly pear,the palm tree
38、and the distant mountain,but it always misses the peasant hoeing at his patch.那干巴巴的土壤、仙人掌、棕榈树和远方的山岭都可以尽收眼底，但那些在土地上耕作的农夫却往往每人看得见。8.Most of Morocco is so desolate that no wild animal bigger than a hare can live on it.摩洛哥的土地多半一片荒凉，那里最大的野生动物就是野兔了。9.Except for a day or two after the rare rainstorms there
39、 is never enough water.除了较为罕见的暴雨之后紧接着的那一两天外，这地方总是缺水。10.It seems to be generally the case in primitive communities that the women,when they get beyond a certain age,shrink to the size of children.在原始社会里，妇女超过了一定的年纪后，身体便萎缩得如孩童般大小，这似乎是一种普遍的现象。Lesson 3 Inaugural Address ( January 20,1961)1.And yet the sa
40、me revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe.Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from today this issue has not yet b
41、een settled in many countries around the world.2.This much we pledgeand more.We promise to do this much and we promise to do more.3.United,there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperatve ventures.United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint bold under
42、takings.4our last best hope in an age where the instrumens of war have far outpaced the instruments of peaceThe United Nations is our last and best hpe of survival in an age where the tools to wage war have far surpassed and exceeded the tools to keep peace.5.to enlarge the area in which its writ ma
43、y run.We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the areas in which its authority and mandate could continue to be in effect or in force.6.before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.Before the terrible forces of destruct
44、ion,which atomic bombs can now release,wipe out mankind,which may be planned or brought about by an accident.7.yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankinds final war.Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain bal
45、ance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankinds final war.8.So let us begin anew,remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weaknessLet us start over must bear in mind that being polite does not mean one is weak.9.Let both sides seek to invoke the won
46、ders of science instead of its terrors.Let both sides try to use science to produce good and beneficial things for man instead of employing it to bring frightful destruction.10.each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty.Americans of every generation have
47、 been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their countrys cause).11.With a good conscience our only sure reward,with history the final judge of our deeds,let us go forth to lead the land we loveWe will lead the country we love,knowing our sure reward will be
48、 a good conscience,and history will finally judge whether we have done our task well or not.1.the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago.prescribed:set down as a rule,direction;ordered;ordained.2.For man holds in his mortal hands the power.mortal:that must eventuall