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1、CHAPTER 6MEASURING AND EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF BANKS AND THEIR PRINCIPAL COMPETITORSGoal of This Chapter: The purpose of this chapter is to discover what analytical tools can be applied to a banks financial statements so that management and the public can identify the most critical problems in
2、side each bank and develop ways to deal with those problems Key Topics in This Chapter Stock Values and Profitability Ratios Measuring Credit, Liquidity, and Other Risks Measuring Operating Efficiency Performance of Competing Financial Firms Size and Location Effects The UBPR and Comparing Performan
3、ceChapter OutlineI.Introduction:II.Evaluating a Banks PerformanceA.Determining Long-Range ObjectivesB.Maximizing The Value of the Firm: A Key Objective for Nearly All Financial-Service InstitutionsC.Profitability Ratios: A Surrogate for Stock Values1.Key Profitability Ratios2.Interpreting Profitabil
4、ity RatiosD.Useful Profitability Formulas for Banks and Other Financial Service CompaniesE.Breaking Down Equity Returns for Closer AnalysisF.Break-Down Analysis of the Return on AssetsG.What a Breakdown of Profitability Measures Can Tell UsH.Measuring Risk in Banking and Financial Services1.Credit R
5、isk2.Liquidity Risk3.Market Risk4.Interest-Rate Risk5.Operational Risk6.Legal and Compliance Risk7.Reputation Risk8.Strategic Risk9.Capital RiskI.Other Goals in Banking and Financial Services ManagementIII.Performance Indicators among Bankings Key CompetitorsIV.The Impact of Size on PerformanceA.Siz
6、e, Location and Regulatory Bias in Analyzing The Performance of Banks and Competing Financial InstitutionsB.Using Financial Ratios and Other Analytical Tools to Track Bank Performance-The UBPR.V.Summary of the ChapterAppendix to the Chapter - Improving the Performance of Financial Firms Through Know
7、ledge: Sources of Information on the Financial-Services IndustryConcept Checks6-1.Why should banks and other corporate financial firms be concerned about their level of profitability and exposure to risk?Banks in the U.S. and most other countries are private businesses that must attract capital from
8、 the public to fund their operations. If profits are inadequate or if risk is excessive, they will have greater difficulty in obtaining capital and their funding costs will grow, eroding profitability. Bank stockholders, depositors, and bank examiners representing the regulatory community are all in
9、terested in the quality of bank performance. The stockholders are primarily concerned with profitability as a key factor in determining their total return from holding bank stock, while depositors (especially large corporate depositors) and examiners typically focus on bank risk exposure.6-2.What in
10、dividuals or groups are likely to be interested in these dimensions of performance for a bank or other financial institution?The individuals or groups likely to be interested in bank profitability and risk include other banks lending to a particular bank, borrowers, large depositors, holders of long
11、-term debt capital issued by banks, bank stockholders, and the regulatory community.6-3.What factors influence the stock price of a financial-services corporation?A banks stock price is affected by all those factors affecting its profitability and risk exposure, particularly its rate of return on eq
12、uity capital and risk to shareholder earnings. A bank can raise its stock price by creating an expectation in the minds of investors of greater earnings in the future, by lowering the banks perceived risk exposure, or by a combination of increases in expected earnings and reduced risk.6-4.Suppose th
13、at a bank is expected to pay an annual dividend of $4 per share on its stock in the current period and dividends are expected to grow 5 percent a year every year, and the minimum required return to equity capital based on the banks perceived level of risk is 10 percent. Can you estimate the current
14、value of the banks stock?In this constant dividend growth rate problem the current value of the banks stock would be:Po = D1 / (k g) = $4 / (0.10 0.05) = $80.6-5.What is return on equity capital and what aspect of performance is it supposed to measure? Can you see how this performance measure might
15、be useful to the managers of financial firms?Return on equity capital is the ratio of Net Income/Total Equity Capital. It represents the rate of return earned on the funds invested in the bank by its stockholders. Financial firms have stockholders, too who are interested in the return on the funds t
16、hat they invested.6-6 Suppose a bank reports that its net income for the current year is $51 million, its assets totally $1,144 million, and its liabilities amount to $926 million. What is its return on equity capital? Is the ROE you have calculated good or bad? What information do you need to answe
17、r this last question?The banks return on equity capital should be:ROE =Net Income =$51 million= .098 or 9.8 percentEquity Capital$1,444 mill.-$926 mill.In order to evaluate the performance of the bank, you have to compare the ROE to the ROE of some major competitors or some industry average.6-7What
18、is the return on assets (ROA), and why is it important? Might the ROA measure be important to bankings key competitors?Return on assets is the ratio of Net Income/Total Assets. The rate of return secured on a banks total assets indicates the efficiency of its management in generating net income from
19、 all of the resources (assets) committed to the institution. This would be important to banks and their major competitors.6-8.A bank estimates that its total revenues will amount to $155 million and its total expenses (including taxes) will equal $107 million this year. Its liabilities total $4,960
20、million while its equity capital amounts to $52 million. What is the banks return on assets? Is this ROA high or low? How could you find out?The banks return on assets would be:ROA =Net Income=$155 mill. - $107 mill.= 0.0096 or 0.96 percentTotal Assets$4,960 mill. + $52 mill.The size of this banks R
21、OA should be compared with the ROAs of other banks similar in size and location to determine if this banks ROA is high or low relative to the average forcomparable banks.6-9.Why do the managers of financial firms often pay close attention today to the net interest margin and noninterest margin? To t
22、he earnings spread?The net interest margin (NIM) indicates how successful the bank has been in borrowing funds from the cheapest sources and in maintaining an adequate spread between its returns on loans and security investments and the cost of its borrowed funds. If the NIM rises, loan and security
23、 income must be rising or the average cost of funds must be falling or both. A declining NIM is undesirable because the banks interest spread is being squeezed, usually because of rising interest costs on deposits and other borrowings and because of increased competition today.In contrast, the nonin
24、terest margin reflects the banks spread between its noninterest income (such as service fees on deposits) and its noninterest expenses (especially salaries and wages and overhead expenses). For most banks the noninterest margin is negative. Management will usually attempt to expand fee income, while
25、 controlling closely the growth of noninterest expenses in order to make a negative noninterest margin less negative.The earnings spread measures the effectiveness of the banks intermediation function of borrowing and lending money, which, of course, is the banks primary way of generating earnings.
26、As competition increases, the spread between the average yields on assets and the average cost of liabilities will be squeezed, forcing the banks management to search for alternative sources of income, such as fees from various services the bank offers.6-10. Suppose a banker tells you that his bank
27、in the year just completed had total interest expenses on all borrowings of $12 million and noninterest expense of $5 million, while interest income from earning assets totaled $16 million and noninterest revenues added to a total of $2 million. Suppose further that assets amounted to $480 million o
28、f which earning assets represented 85 percent of total assets, while total interest-bearing liabilities amounted to 75 percent of total assets. See if you can determine this banks net interest and noninterest margins and its earnings base and earnings spread for the most recent year.The banks net in
29、terest and noninterest margins must be:Net Interest =$16 mill. - $12 mill.Noninterest=$2 mill. - $5 mill.Margin$480 mill.Margin$480 mill.=.00833= -.00625The banks earnings spread and earnings base are:Earnings=$16 mill.-$12 mill.Spread$480 mill * 0.85$480 mill. * 0.75= .0392=.0333Earnings Base=$480
30、mill. - $480 mill. * 0.15=0.85 or 85 percent$480 mill.6-11. What are the principal components of ROE and what do each of these components measure?The principal components of ROE are:a.The net profit margin or net after-tax income to operating revenues which reflects the effectiveness of a banks expe
31、nse control program;b.The degree of asset utilization or ratio of operating revenues to total assets which measures the effectiveness of managing the banks assets, especially the loan portfolio; and,c.The equity multiplier or ratio of total assets to total equity capital which measures a banks use o
32、f leverage in funding its operations.6-12.Suppose a bank has an ROA of 0.80 percent and an equity multiplier of 12x. What is its ROE? Suppose this banks ROA falls to 0.60 percent. What size equity multiplier must it have to hold its ROE unchanged?The banks ROE is:ROE = 0.80 percent *12 = 9.60 percen
33、t.If ROA falls to 0.60 percent, the banks ROE and equity multiplier can be determined from:ROE = 9.60% = 0.60 percent * Equity Multiplier Equity Multiplier = 9.60 percent = 16x. 0.60 percent6-13.Suppose a bank reports net income of $12, before-tax net income of $15, operating revenues of $100, asset
34、s of $600, and $50 in equity capital. What is the banks ROE? Tax-management efficiency indicator? Expense control efficiency indicator? Asset management efficiency indicator? Funds management efficiency indicator?The banks ROE must be:ROE = = 0.24 or 24 percent Its tax-management, expense control, a
35、sset management, and funds management efficiency indicators are:Tax Management=$12Expense Control=$15Efficiency indicator$15Efficiency Indicator$100= .8 or 80 percent=.15 or 15 percentAsset Management=$100Funds Management=$600Efficiency Indicator$600Efficiency Indicator$50= 0.1666 or 16.67 percent=
36、12 x6-14.What are the most important components of ROA and what aspects of a financial institutions performance do they reflect?The principal components of ROA are:a. Total Interest Income Less Total Interest Expense divided by Total Assets, measuring a banks success at intermediating funds between
37、borrowers and lenders;b. Provision for Loan Losses divided by Total Assets which measures managements ability to control loan losses and manage a banks tax exposure;c. Noninterest Income less Noninterest Expenses divided by Total Assets, which indicates the ability of management to control salaries
38、and wages and other noninterest costs and generate tee income;d. Net Income Before Taxes divided by Total Assets, which measures operating efficiency and expense control; ande. Applicable Taxes divided by Total Assets, which is an index of tax management effectiveness.6-15.If a bank has a net intere
39、st margin of 2.50%, a noninterest margin of -1.85%, and a ratio of provision for loan losses, taxes, security gains, and extraordinary items of -0.47%, what is itsROA?The banks ROA must be:ROA = 2.50 percent - 1.85 percent - 0.47 percent = 0.18 percent6-16.To what different kinds of risk are banks a
40、nd their financial-service competitors subjected today?a. Credit Risk - the probability that loans and securities the bank holds will not pay out as promised.b. Liquidity Risk - the probability the bank will not have sufficient cash on hand in the volume needed precisely when cash demands arise.c. M
41、arket Risk - the probability that the value of assets held by the bank will decline due to falling market prices.d. Interest-Rate Risk - the possibility or probability interest rates will change, subjecting the bank to lower profits or a lower value for the firms capital.e. Operational Risk the unce
42、rtainly regarding a financial firms earnings due to failures in computer systems, employee misconduct, floods, lightening strikes and other similar events.f. Legal and Compliance Risk the uncertainty regarding a financial firms earnings due to actions taken by our legal system or due to a violation
43、of rules and regulationsg. Reputation Risk the uncertainty due to public opinion or the variability in earnings due to positive or negative publicity about the financial firmh. Strategic Risk the uncertainty in earnings due to adverse business decisions, lack or responsiveness to changes and other p
44、oor decisions by managementi. Capital Risk the risk that the value of the assets will decline below the value of the liabilities. All of the other risks listed above can affect earnings and the value of the assets and liabilities and therefore can have an effect on the capital position of the firm.6
45、-17.What items on a banks balance sheet and income statement can be used to measure its risk exposure? To what other financial institutions do these risk measures apply?There are several alternative measures of risk in banking and financial service firms. Capital risk is often measured by bank capit
46、al ratios, such as the ratio of total capital to total assets or total capital to risk assets. Credit risk can be tracked by such ratios as net loan losses to total loans or relative to total capital. Liquidity risk can be followed by using such ratios as cash assets to total assets or by total loan
47、s to total assets. Interest-rate risk may be indicated by such ratios as interest-sensitive liabilities to interest-sensitive assets or the ratio of money-market borrowings to money-market assets. 6-18.A bank reports that the total amount of its net loans and leases outstanding is $936 million, its assets total $1,324 million, its equity capital amounts to $110 million, and it holds $1,150 million in deposits, all expresse