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1、科技英语句式特点与翻译科技英语句式的总体特点01科技英语的句式的翻译02目录录CONTENTS一、科技英语句式的总体特点无灵名词无灵名词作主语（作主语（ImpersonalImpersonal）;语气正式语气正式(Formal in Mode of SpeechFormal in Mode of Speech););陈陈述述客客观观、简简洁洁、准准确确(Objective Objective and and Accurate Accurate in in StatementStatement););文体质朴文体质朴(Standard(StandardininLanguageLanguage);
2、);逻辑性强逻辑性强(Strict(StrictininLogic);Logic);专业术语性强专业术语性强(Concentrated in Technical TermsConcentrated in Technical Terms).).科技翻译的标准和科技写作的要求科技写作要求，科技翻译的标准，科技写作要求，科技翻译的标准，科科 技技 写写 作作 要要 求求 富富 有有 逻逻 辑辑，在在 语语 言言 表表 达达 上上 坚坚 持持 准准 确确（precisionprecision）、清清晰晰（clarityclarity）和和简简洁洁（brevitybrevity）的的三大顺序原则，三大顺
3、序原则，“These These three three criteria criteria are are highly highly desirable desirable in in scientific scientific writing writing but but they they should should always always be be considered considered in in that that order.”(David order.”(David Lindsay,Lindsay,A A Guide Guide to Scientific Wri
4、tingto Scientific Writing,p.38),p.38)科科技英语两个最显著的句式特点：技英语两个最显著的句式特点：广泛使用名词化结构，大量使用被动语态，二、科技英语的句式的翻译1 1、名词化结构、名词化结构2 2、被动语态、被动语态3 3非谓语动词形式非谓语动词形式1名词化结构 表表 达达 客客 观观 名词化结构名词化结构 行行 文文 简简 洁洁定义名名词词化化结结构构指指的的是是大大量量使使用用名名名名词词词词和和名名名名词词词词词词词词组组组组，即即在在日日常常英英语语或或其其他他功功能能和和题题材材里里用用动动动动词词词词、形形形形容容容容词词词词等等等等词词词词类类
5、类类充充当当某某种种语语法法成成分分，在在科科技技英英语语里里往往往往会会转转化化为为由由名名词词充充当当这这种种语语法法成分，成分，在日常英语中我们通常说在日常英语中我们通常说:You can rectify this fault if you insert a slash.You can rectify this fault if you insert a slash.插入一条斜线便可以插入一条斜线便可以纠正此错误纠正此错误。在科技英语中则通常说在科技英语中则通常说:RectificationRectificationRectificationRectification of of thi
6、s this fault fault isisisis achievedachievedachievedachieved by by insertioninsertioninsertioninsertion of a slash.of a slash.?Try to translate 1:We We can can improve improve its its performance performance when when we we use use super-super-heated steam.heated steam.可以可以使用超热蒸汽使用超热蒸汽改进其性能。改进其性能。An
7、 An An An improvement improvement improvement improvement of of its its performance performance can can be be effected effected by by the use ofthe use ofthe use ofthe use of super-heated steam.super-heated steam.?ate:?ate:?ate:?Try to translate 2:电子从负的锌板流向正的铜板。电子从负的锌板流向正的铜板。锌板锌板zinc plate zinc plat
8、e 铜板铜板copper plate copper plate 电子电子electronelectronThe The The The flow flow flow flow of of of of electronselectronselectronselectrons is is from from the the negative negative zinc zinc plate to the positive copper plate.plate to the positive copper plate.?ate:?ate:?ate:1.1 将汉语句子转换成名词词组1)1)地球绕轴自转
9、地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。，引起昼夜的变化。The The The The rotation rotation rotation rotation of of of of the the the the earth earth earth earth on on on on its its its its own own own own axisaxisaxisaxis causes causes the change from day to night.the change from day to night.2)2)这这种种疗疗法法要要想想获获得得成成功功在在很很大大程程度度上上似似乎
10、乎取取决决于于病病人人和和医医生之间的关系。生之间的关系。The The The The success success success success of of of of this this this this treatmenttreatmenttreatmenttreatment seems seems to to rest rest a a lot lot with with the the relationship relationship between between the the patient patient and and the the doctor.doctor.
11、?Try to translate 3:还有，所有机动车辆的还有，所有机动车辆的制动器工作时都需要摩擦制动器工作时都需要摩擦.Again Again in in the the case case of of all all motor motor vehicles,vehicles,friction friction is essential in the operation of the brake.is essential in the operation of the brake.?ate:?ate:?ate:1.2 将动宾结构转换成名词词组1)1)重要的一步是重要的一步是把种植单一作
12、物改为多种作物混合耕种把种植单一作物改为多种作物混合耕种。The The The The change change change change from from from from single single single single crop crop crop crop farming farming farming farming to to to to a a a a mixed mixed mixed mixed crop crop crop crop systemsystemsystemsystem would be one important step.would be o
13、ne important step.2 2)用这种方法测试机器用这种方法测试机器会损失一些功率。会损失一些功率。The The The The testing testing testing testing of of of of machines machines machines machines by by by by this this this this methodmethodmethodmethod entails entails some some loss of power.loss of power.entail entail 使使必然发生必然发生;势必造成势必造成?Try
14、 to translate 4:If If we we add add or or remove remove heat,heat,the the state state of of matter matter may may change.change.添加或者减少热量添加或者减少热量可以改变物体的状态。可以改变物体的状态。The The addition addition or or remove remove of of heat heat may may change change the the state of matter.state of matter.?ate:?ate:?a
15、te:?Try to translate 5:电视是通过电波发送和接收活动物体的图像的装置。电视是通过电波发送和接收活动物体的图像的装置。Television Television is is the the transmission transmission and and reception reception of of images of moving objects by radio waves.images of moving objects by radio waves.?ate:?ate:?ate:2.被动语态科科技文章常使用被动语态。技文章常使用被动语态。科科技技文文章章侧侧
16、重重叙叙事事推推理理，强强调调客客观观，而而被被动动语语态态可可以以使使叙叙述述显显得得比比较较客观客观，使读者的注意力集中于所叙述的事物。，使读者的注意力集中于所叙述的事物。根根据据英英国国利利兹兹大大学学John John Swales Swales 的的统统计计，科科技技英英语语中中的的谓谓谓谓语语语语至至至至少少少少三三三三分分分分之之之之一一一一是是被被动动语语态态。第第一一、二二人人称称使使用用过过多多，会会造造成成主主观观臆臆断断的的印印象象。因因此此尽尽量量使使用用第第三三人人称称叙叙述述，采采用被动语态。用被动语态。1)1)石石油油埋埋藏藏于于地地层层深深处处。因因此此，仅仅
17、仅仅靠靠研研究究地地层层表表面面，无无法法确定有无石油，必须对地下的岩石结构进行地质勘测。确定有无石油，必须对地下的岩石结构进行地质勘测。As As oil oil is is is is foundfoundfoundfound deep deep in in the the ground,ground,its its presence presence cannot cannot be be be be determineddetermineddetermineddetermined by by a a study study of of the the surface.surface.C
18、onsequently,Consequently,a a geological geological survey survey of of the the underground rock must underground rock must be carried outbe carried outbe carried outbe carried out.2)2)现现在在，牛牛奶奶从从母母牛牛身身上上一一挤挤出出，就就被被自自动动冷冷却却；而而且且是是放放在在大大的的冷冷藏藏罐罐里里，运运到到很很远远的的地地方方，然然后后进进行行加加工工、包包装装，以便放到杂货店的冷冻货柜里。以便放到杂货店
19、的冷冻货柜里。Today Today milk milk isisisis automatically automatically cooledcooledcooledcooled as as soon soon as as it it is is is is removedremovedremovedremoved from from the the cow;cow;it it is is is is carriedcarriedcarriedcarried long long distances distances in in large large refrigerated refrig
20、erated tanks tanks and and then then processed processed and and packaged packaged for for placement placement in in refrigerated refrigerated showcases showcases in grocery stores.in grocery stores.2.1 使用表示被动含义的介词“被、叫、受、为”等翻译为被动语态1)1)除了电压、电阻和电容之外，交流电流除了电压、电阻和电容之外，交流电流还受电感的影响还受电感的影响。Besides Besides
21、voltage,voltage,resistance resistance and and capacitance,capacitance,an an alternating alternating current current isisisis alsoalsoalsoalso influencedinfluencedinfluencedinfluenced by by inductanceinductance.2 2)在在欧欧洲洲和和北北美美每每年年都都有有成成吨吨成成吨吨的的水水果果和和奶奶制制品品被被扔扔掉掉。In In Europe Europe and and in in Nor
22、th North America,America,tons tons of of fruit fruit and and dairy productsdairy products areareareare thrownthrownthrownthrown awayawayawayaway every year.every year.2.2 汉语的无主句，把原句中的宾语译成主语，使用被动语态1)1)此外还此外还必须监测必须监测在食物、人体组织和体液中金属的含量。在食物、人体组织和体液中金属的含量。Among Among other other things,things,the the leve
23、ls levels of of the the metals metals in in food,food,human human tissues tissues and and body body fluids fluids mustmustmustmust bebebebe monitoredmonitoredmonitoredmonitored.2 2)这这些些人人说说如如果果能能使使人人脑脑上上当当，误误以以为为得得到到了了药药物物治治疗疗，那那么么人人脑脑就就会会像像真真的的得得到到了了药药物物一一样样行行事事，于于是是病病体体就就会会好好转。转。These These people
24、 people say say that that if if the the the the mind mind mind mind is is is is fooledfooledfooledfooled into into thinking thinking it it got got medicine,medicine,then then it it will will act act as as if if it did,and the body will feel better.it did,and the body will feel better.2.3 判断句译成被动语态有有
25、些些“是是的的”结结构构，描描述述事事物物的的过过程程、性性质质和和状状态态可可以译为英语被动句。以译为英语被动句。1 1）这这个个汽汽车车制制造造厂厂的的动动力力是是是是一一台台原原子子能能发发电电机机提提供供的的的的。The The power power supply supply of of this this motor motor plant plant is is is is provided provided provided provided by an atomic generatorby an atomic generatorby an atomic generatorb
26、y an atomic generator.3使用非谓语动词形式英英语中非谓语动词形式：语中非谓语动词形式：现在分词、现在分词、过去分词、过去分词、不定式，不定式，它它们们通通常常与与主主句句保保持持着着时时间间、条条件件、因因果果、方方式式等等语语义义方方面面的的联联系系，在在科科技技英英语语中中广广泛泛使使用用，使使行行文文简简洁洁，结结构构紧紧凑凑。3.1 连动式分句译为非谓语动词1)1)太太阳阳风风使使地地球球磁磁场场的的形形状状发发生生很很大大的的变变化化，将将它它向向外外扯扯出出一条长尾一条长尾。The The solar solar wind wind grossly gross
27、ly distorts distorts the the earths earths magnetic field,magnetic field,dragging it out to a long taildragging it out to a long taildragging it out to a long taildragging it out to a long tail.2 2）用尖尖的木棍在地上戳出小洞用尖尖的木棍在地上戳出小洞，种子就种在这些小洞里。，种子就种在这些小洞里。Seeds Seeds were were planted planted in in little l
28、ittle holes holes in in the the ground ground made with a sharp stickmade with a sharp stickmade with a sharp stickmade with a sharp stick.3.2 复合式分句译为非谓语动词1)1)在在通通过过一一个个区区界界大大约约一一天天以以后后，北北半半球球所所有有暴暴风风的的总总旋旋转转速度下降了约速度下降了约1010；同时暴风强度减弱同时暴风强度减弱，随后又恢复正常。，随后又恢复正常。About About a a day day after after a a s
29、ector sector boundary,boundary,the the total total spin spin of of all all the the storms storms in in the the North North hemisphere hemisphere declines declines by by about about 10 10 per per cent,cent,making making making making the the the the storms storms storms storms less less less less sev
30、eresevereseveresevere,and then returns to normal.,and then returns to normal.2)2)例例如如，查查尔尔斯斯达达尔尔文文在在一一百百多多年年以以前前就就提提出出了了进进化化论论，而而且且为为好好几几代代的的严严肃肃学学者者所所接接受受，但但至至今今许许多多大大的的社社会会群群体体仍然拒绝接受这一理论。仍然拒绝接受这一理论。For For example,example,Charles Charles Darwins Darwins theory theory of of evolution,evolution,prop
31、osed proposed proposed proposed over over over over one one one one hundred hundred hundred hundred years years years years ago ago ago ago and and and and accepted accepted accepted accepted by by by by all all all all serious serious serious serious scholars scholars scholars scholars for for for
32、for generationsgenerationsgenerationsgenerations,is is still still rejected by large segments of society.rejected by large segments of society.3.3 定语译为非谓语动词这这种种在在赤赤道道附附近近繁繁殖殖的的原原生生动动物物，在在热热带带地地区区以以外外的的地地方方是不活跃的。是不活跃的。Bred Bred Bred Bred in in in in the the the the areas areas areas areas around arou
33、nd around around the the the the equatorequatorequatorequator,this this protozoan protozoan proves proves very very inactive inactive out out of of the the tropical tropical zone.zone.其它：科技英语专业术语性强，汉译英时强调科技英语专业术语性强，汉译英时强调术语翻译的准确性术语翻译的准确性。科科技技英英语语大大量量使使用用抽抽象象名名词词，汉汉译译英英时时，应应当当注注意意动动态态语语态和静态语态的转换态和静态语
34、态的转换。科技英语时态变化不明显汉译英时多采用科技英语时态变化不明显汉译英时多采用一般现在时一般现在时。科技英语科技英语陈述语气陈述语气较多，汉译英时应注意此类语气。较多，汉译英时应注意此类语气。科科技技英英语语被被动动语语态态和和非非人人称称句句使使用用较较多多，汉汉译译英英时时应应当当进进行必要的转换。行必要的转换。科科技技英英语语衔衔接接性性强强，汉汉译译英英时时应应注注意意增增添添必必要要的的衔衔接接手手段段以保证语意连贯。以保证语意连贯。Exercises:在发芽前给种子浇水。在发芽前给种子浇水。Before germination,the seed is watered.Befor
35、e germination,the seed is watered.可溶性晶体可以通过蒸发从溶液中分离出来。可溶性晶体可以通过蒸发从溶液中分离出来。solublesoluble可溶的可溶的 crystallinecrystalline结晶的结晶的A A soluble soluble crystalline crystalline solid solid may may be be separated separated from from a solution by evaporation.a solution by evaporation.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。火箭已经用来探索宇宙。Rockets Rockets have have found found application application for for the the exploration exploration of the universe.of the universe.