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1、免疫Hapten 半抗原： A hapten is a small molecule which can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one which also does not elicit an immune response by itself.Complementarity determining region (CDR)互补决定区： A complementarity determining region (
2、CDR) is a short amino acid sequence found in the variable domains of antigen receptor (e.g. immunoglobulin and T cell receptor) proteins that complements an antigen and therefore provides the receptor with its specificity for that particular antigen.Complement 补体： The complement system is a biochemi
3、cal cascade that helps clear pathogens from an organism. It is part of the larger immune system that is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individuafs lifetime; as such it belongs to the innate immune system. However, it can be recruited and brought into action by the adaptive i
4、mmune system.MHC 主要组织相容性复合物：The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large genomic region or gene family found in most vertebrates. It is the most gene-dense region of the mammalian genome and plays an important role in the immune system, autoimmunity, and reproductive success.Leukocyte diffe
5、rentiation antigen 白细胞分化抗原：The cell surface markers which express or disappear on the different cells in the different stages of differentitation and activation.APC 抗原提呈细胞：An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays foreign antigen complexed with MHC on its surface. T-
6、cells may recognize this complex using their T-cell receptor (TCR).Somatic hypermutation 体细胞高度突变:Somatic hypermutation (or SHM) is a mechanism inside cells that is part of the way the immune system adapts to the new foreign elements which confront it (for example, microbes).Negative selection 负选择：Th
7、e death of autoimmune lymphocytes shortly after they develop. Also known as clonal deletion.Anergy 无反应性： Anergy is a term in immunobiology that describes a lack of reaction by the bodys defense mechanisms to foreign substances, and consists of a direct induction of peripheral lymphocyte tolerance.Re
8、gulatory T cell 调节性 T 细胞:Regulatory T cells (sometimes known as suppressor T cells) are a specialized subpopulation of T cells that act to suppress activation of the immune system and thereby maintain immune system homeostasis and tolerance to self-antigens.AICD 激活诱导的细胞死亡：activation-induced cell death (AICD) recognition and deletion of T lymphocytes that have been induced to proliferate by receptor-mediated activation, preventing their overgrowth.