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1、八年级英语下册Unit 10重点词汇句子精讲精练一、词汇讲解1.for/since(1) for与表示一段时间的词连用，表示“做某事多长时间了”，常用于现在完成时，表示从过去某时开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。for所在句子中的动词是延续性动词。例如：Ive lived inChinafor two years.我住在中国两年了。Ive known him for more than twenty years.我认识他20多年了。(2) since作连词，引导时间状语从句，从句用一般过去时，主句常用完成时。例如：I have studied English since I came here.自
2、从我来这里就学习英语。I have known her since I was five years old.自从我五岁就认识她。since还可以作介词，连接一个过去的时间点或一段时间+ago。例如：She has been ill since last weekend.她自从上周末就病了。She has been in Wuhan since four years ago.自从四年前她就在武汉。2.makermaker是名词，意为“生产者；制造者”，是由“动词make + 后缀-r”构成的。英语中，表示职业或身份的名词小结：(1) 以-ist结尾的有：pianist钢琴家 chemist化学
3、家 violinist小提琴家physicist物理学家 scientist科学家 (2) 以-er，-r或-or结尾的有：teacher教师 painter画家 writer作家 singer歌唱家 visitor参观者 actor演员 engineer工程师 inventor发明家 professor教授 reporter记者(3) 以-man结尾的有：postman邮递员 policeman警察 businessman商人 spaceman宇航员fisherman渔夫 dustman清洁工(4) 以-ian结尾的有：musician音乐家 politician政治家3.certaince
4、rtain作形容词，意为“某种；某事；某人”。例如：He decided to sell his certain books.他决定卖掉他的某些书籍。【拓展】certain作形容词，意为“确定的；无疑的”，相当于sure，对应的副词为certainly。certain常用于以下结构中：be certain / sure of sth.对某事有把握 be certain / sure to do sth.肯定做某事be certain / sure + that从句 确信 例如：They are certain / sure of success.他们有把握成功。Im certain / sur
5、e that he will come.我确信他会成功的。4.a 46-year-old husband and father46-year-old是复合形容词，这种形容词有两个特点：一是词与词之间要用连字符连接；二是数词之后的名词用单数形式。例如：a three-meter-long line一条三米长的绳子【拓展】岁数的表达方式小结：(1) 基数词 + years old。例如：He is 8 years old.他八岁了。(2) 基础词-year-old。例如：Lucy is an eighteen-year-old girl.Lucy是一位18岁的女孩。(3) 名词 + of + 基础
6、词。例如：Tom is a boy of 18.Tom是一位18岁的男孩。(4) at the age of + 基数词。例如：She is at the age of 18.她18岁了。5.shameshame是不可数名词，意为“羞耻；羞愧；惭愧”。可与不定冠词a连用，表示“可耻的人或事；可惜（遗憾）的事”。例如：He felt no shame for what he had done.他对自己所做过的事不感到羞愧。Its a shame that you cant stay for dinner.你不能留下吃晚饭，真遗憾。【拓展】shame常见的短语有：feel shame at因而感到
7、羞愧 in shame羞愧地 have no shame无羞耻心with shame羞愧地 to ones shame令某人感到羞愧的是 bring shame on使丢脸6.regardregard作及物动词，意为“注视；注意；认作”。常用短语regardas意为“将视为；把当作”，as为介词，其后可接名词或代词。例如：I regard you as my best friend.我把你当作我最好的朋友。We regard him as our brother.我们把他当成兄弟看待。7.opposite(1) opposite作介词，意为“在对面”，相当于across from，常与名词一起
8、构成介词短语，表方位。例如：They live opposite the bank.他们住在银行对面。 (2) opposite作形容词，意为“另一边的；对面的；相反的”。例如：We live on the opposite side of the road.我们住在马路对面。(3) opposite作副词，意为“在对面”。例如：Theres an old man living opposite.有一个老人住在对面。(4) opposite作名词，意为“相反的人或物；对立面”，常与介词of一起使用。例如：“Tall” is the opposite of “short”.“高”是“矮”的反义词
9、。8.considerconsider作动词，意为“考虑、认为”，它的后面跟名词、动名词或者从句作宾语。Please consider my suggestion.请考虑我的建议。Why dont you consider visiting Qing Dao？你为什么不考虑去青岛参观？I consider that he is a selfish man.我认为他是一个自私的人。【拓展】后接动名词作宾语的动词及短语可参考以下归纳：完成，实践，值得，忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy）；考虑，建议，不禁，想（consider, suggest, cant
10、help, feel like）；错过，习惯，（别）放弃（miss, be used to, give up）；继续，喜欢，（要）介意（keep on, enjoy, mind）。【练一练】I.英汉互译。1.多久_2.not any more _3.grow up_ 4.起初_5.as for _6.give up_7.至少_8.一年一两次_9.according to _10.in order to_II.根据句意及汉语提示写出所缺单词。1.All my life I have tried to be an _(诚实的) man.2.He tied a _(围巾) around his ne
11、ck.3.Please _(检查) your answer again.4.Its very comfortable to step on the _(柔软的) ground in the spring.5.During the 1830s, countries all over the world started to build _(铁路).6.He is the tallest one _(在当中) the boys.7.In judging him you should _(仔细考虑) his youth.8.I have many pleasant _(回忆) of our frie
12、ndship.9.My little son can _(数数) from one to ten.10.Miss Li _(搜寻) on the Internet for the information she needed.III.用since或for填空。1.Jill has been inIreland_ Monday.2.Jill has been inIreland_ three days.3.My aunt has lived inAustralia_ 15 days.4.Margaret is in her office.She has been there _ 7 oclock
13、.5.Indiahas been an independent country _ 1947.6.The bus is late.Weve been waiting _ 20 minutes.7.Nobody lives in those houses.They have been empty _ many years.8.Mike has been ill _ a long time.He has been in hospital _ October.【参考答案】I.英汉互译。1.how long 2.不再 3.长大 4.at first 5.至于 6.放弃 7.at least 8.onc
14、e or twice a year 9.根据；按照 10.为了II.根据句意及首字母和汉语提示写出所缺单词。1.honest 2.scarf 3.check 4.soft 5.railway 6.among 7.consider 8.memories 9.count 10.searchedIII.用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。1.since 2.for 3.for 4.since 5.since 6.for 7.for 8.for; since二、重点句型解析1.How long have you had that bike over there?how long意为“多长时间”，询问某一动
15、作或状态持续了多久，故句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词或表示状态的连系动词。例如：How long do you watch TV? 你看电视多长时间了？How long can I keep the book? 这本书我可以借多久？【拓展】how long; how often; how soon的辨析：how long表示“多长时间”，主要对时间段提问。例如： How long is he staying? 他打算待多久？ Hes staying for a week.他打算待一个星期。how often表示“多久一次”，主要对频率进行提问。例如： How often do you watc
16、h TV?你多久看一次电视？ Twice a week.一周两次。how soon意为“还要多久”，多用在一般将来时中。例如： How soon will he be back? 他要多久才回来？ In an hour.一小时以后。2.Because I dont read it any more.notany more意为“不再”。not常位于be动词、情态动词或助动词之后，any more常位于句末，相当于no more。no more常位于句中，放在be动词之后，实义动词之前，两者经常可以互换。例如：He doesnt live here any more.= He no more li
17、ves here.他不再住在这里了。【拓展】表示“不再”的词还有notany longer或no longer。二者的区别在于：(1) notany more = no more，表示数量或程度上的“不再”增加，通常修饰终止性动词。例如：The baby isnt crying any more.= The baby is no more crying.这个婴儿不再哭了。(2) no longer = notany longer表示时间或距离上的“不再”延长，通常修饰延续性的动词。例如：I cant stand it any longer.我对此再也不能忍受下去了。3.Amy thinks i
18、ts hard to sell her old things.It is/was + adj.+ to do sth.意为“做某事是的”，to do sth.为句子的真正的主语，而it为形式主语，形式主语不能用别的词来代替，句中可在形容词后加for sb.，意为“对于某人来说，做某事是的”。例如：Its important for us to learn a foreign language.对我们来说，学习一门外语是相当重要的。Its necessary for us to eat more fruit and vegetables.对我们来说，多吃蔬菜和水果是必要的。【拓展】这个句型中的f
19、or sb.有时也可以用of sb.二者意义有区别：(1) 在Its + adj.+ for sb.to do sth.中，for sb.意为“对某人来说”，句中的形容词是用来说明to do sth.的，形式主语只能用it。例如：Its necessary for the students to do some housework.对于学生们来说，做些家务是十分必要的。(2) 在Its + adj.+ of sb.to do sth.中of sb.意为“某人”，句中形容词可与逻辑主语sb.构成系表结构，即形容词是用来说明或形容sb.（某人）的。例如：Its very kind of you t
20、o help us.你能帮助我们真是太好了。4.Jim has been inJapanfor three days.(1) been是be动词的过去分词形式。(2) have been in 是be in的现在完成时形式，一般与段时间状语连用。例如：He has been in hospital for two months.他住院已经有两个月了。【拓展】have been to; have been in 与have gone to的辨析：(1) “have/ has been to + 地点”表示“去过某地”，现在已经回来了。例如：Ive been to Beijing twice.我已
21、去过北京两次。(2) “have/has been in + 地点”表示“在某地待了一段时间”。例如：Hes been in this school for two years.他在这所学校待了两年了。(3)“ have/has gone to + 地点”表示“到某事去了”，现在还没有回来，可能在去的途中，也可能在那里或返回的途中。例如： Wheres Wei Hua? 魏华在哪里？ She has gone to the zoo.她到动物园去了。5.But he also thinks some things will never change, and his hometown is st
22、ill the place that holds all his childhood memories.这是一个复合句，some things至句末为宾语从句，作thinks的宾语。在该宾语从句中包含由and连接的两个分句，在第二个分句中，“that holds all his childhood memories”是定语从句，修饰先行词place。关系代词that在定语从句中作主语。当定语从句的先行词指物时，关系代词可用that或which，当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词that或which也可省略。例如：I like clothes that/which are unusual.
23、我喜欢与众不同的衣服。Pass me the book(that/which) you bought for me yesterday.把你昨天给我买的那本书递给我。【练一练】I.根据汉语提示完成英语句子（每空一词）。1.你拥有那边的那辆自行车多长时间了？_ _ _ you _ that bike over there?2.请查看一下这些玩具是否完好。Please _ _ if these toys are all right.3.说实在的，我很喜欢美国乡村音乐。_ _ _, I like American country music very much.4.我在纽约住了几个星期。I have
24、 lived in New York for _ _ _ weeks.5.他不懈地学习着，直到不再讨厌数学为止。He worked and worked until he _ _ hated mathematics.6.怀特先生的记忆力很差。Mr.White has _ _ _.7.“空的”是“满的”的反义词。“Empty” is _ _ _ “full”.8.许多警察和官兵正在森林里搜寻从监狱里跑出来的犯人。Many policemen and soldiers are _ the forest _ the prisoner escaping from prison.II.句型转化，每空一词
25、。1.He ran in the school for half an hour.(对划线部分提问)_ _ _ he run in the school?2.We started to skate two hours ago.(对划线部分提问)_ _ you start to skate?3.They started to play the piano one or two hours ago.(改为同义句)They started to play the piano _ _ _ two ago.4.They have been away from here since two years a
26、go.(改为同义句)_ _ two years _ they left here.5.The man began to work four hours ago.(改为同义句)The man has _ _ four hours.6.I have already finished my homework.(改为否定句)I _ _ my homework _.7.She has cleaned the room.(改为一般疑问句)_ she _ the room?8.Tina bought the car last year.(改为同义句)Tina _ _ the car _ a year.III
27、.补全对话。A.Who has gone there?B.When are you going there?C.I havent been there, either.D.Ive seen and learnt a lot there.E.What have you done in the holiday?F.Which pavilion do you want to visit most?G.But I hear therere a large number of people every day.M: Yang Liu, the summer holiday is over. 1 W: I
28、 have visited the World Expo Garden in Shanghai.M: That must be exciting.2 You must have waited for a long time to visit some wonderful pavilion, didnt you?W: Yes, I did.But I think its worth visiting. 3 M: Youre right.I want to go to the World Expo Garden, too.W: 4 M: Im planning to go during Natio
29、nal Day holiday.W: 5 M: The China Pavilion, of course.W: Have a pleasant trip.M: Thanks.【参考答案】I.根据汉语提示，完成英语句子（每空一词）。1.How long have; had 2.check out 3.To be honest 4.a couple of 5.no longer6.a bad memory 7.the opposite of 8.searching; forII.句型转化，每空一词。1.How long did 2.When did 3.one hour or 4.It is; since 5.worked for 6.havent finished; yet7.Has; cleaned 8.has had; forIII.补全对话。1-5 EGDBF7