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1、初中英语语法English Grammar 宾语从句*第十四章 宾语从句宾语从句歌诀宾语从句三姊妹，that，if/whether，wh-/how展风采。展风采有三关，引导词、语序、时态在把关。主从时态要一致，陈述语序永不变。陈述请你选that，疑问需用if/whether连。特殊问句作宾从，原来问词不用换。三关过后莫得意，人称、标点需注意。留意变脸的if/when，从句的简化记心间。一、三姊妹宾语从句根据引导词的不同可分为三种类型：1. 由that引导的宾语从句。如：We knew （that）we should learn from each other.2. 由if/whether引导的
2、宾语从句。如：Please tell me if/whether you have been to America.3. 由who，where，how等连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。如：Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office？二、三关1. 引导词关如果从句是陈述句，引导词用that（that在口语或非正式文体中常省略）；如果从句是一般疑问句，引导词用if/whether；如果从句是特殊疑问句，引导词用由疑问词转换而来的疑问代词/副词。2. 语序关陈述句变为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。如：He is an ho
3、nest boy. The teacher said. The teacher said（that）he was an honest boy.一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句，语序变为陈述语序。如：Does he work hard？I wonder.I wonder if/whether he works hard.When did he leave？I dont know. I dont know when he left.3. 时态关如果主句是现在的时态，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如：I have heard（that）he will come back next week.如果主
4、句是过去的某种时态，那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态。如：He said（that）there were no classes yesterday.来源:学,科,网注意：如果宾语从句表述的是客观真理、自然现象等时，不管主句是什么时态，从句都要用一般现在时。如：来源:学科网ZXXKHe said that light travels much faster than sound.三、人称的变化和标点的使用1. 从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。如：“May I use your knife？”He aske
5、d me. He asked me if he might use my knife.“Do you know her telephone number？”He asked me. He asked me if I know her telephone number.2. 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。如：Who will give us a talk？I dont know. I dont know who will give us a talk.来源:学+科+网Z+X+X+KDo you know？Where does he live？Do you
6、 know where he lives？四、两副面孔if和when既能引导时间状语从句，又能引导宾语从句。因此，遇到它们就要认真分析一下，它们究竟属于“两副面孔”的哪一副。如：If it rains tomorrow，I wont come.（时间状语从句）I dont know if it will rain tomorrow. （宾语从句）五、从句的简化1. 当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如：She found that the wallet lay/was lying on th
7、e ground. She found the wallet lie/lying on the ground.2. 当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如：She agreed that she could help me with my maths. She agreed to help me with my maths.3. 在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词不定式”结构。如：Can you tell me how I
8、 can get to the station？Can you tell me how to get to the station？一、如何变人称：学生在将直接引语变间接引语时。常常弄不清人称变化。下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：She said. My brother wants to go with me. She said her brother wanted to go with her.“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾
9、语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：He said to Kate. How is your sister now?He asked Kate how her sister was then。“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：Mr Smith said。 Jack is a good worker。Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。二、如何变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要
10、做相应的调整。现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：1)She said. I have lost a pen.She said she had lost a pen2)She said. We hope so.She said they hoped so.3) She said. He will go to see his friend。She said he would go to see his friend。但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。直接引语是客观真理。The earth moves around the
11、sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。来源:Z&xx&k.Com直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Jack said. John, where were you going when I met you in the street?Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in
12、 the street。直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：Xiao Wang said. I was born on April 2l, 1980。 Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：He said, I get up at six every morning。 He said he gets up at six every morning。如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had
13、better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：Peter said. You had better come have today。 Peter said I had better go there that day。来源:学科网三、如何变状语：直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：He s
14、aid, These books are mine. He said those books were his.四、如何变句型：直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, Our bus will arrive in five minutes.She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, Can you swim, John? He asked John if he co
15、uld swim.You have finished the homework, havent you? my mother asked. My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.Do you go to school by bus or by bike? He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。She asked me, When do they have th
16、eir dinner? She asked me when they had their dinner. 直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth.句型。如：Dont make any noise, she said to the children. She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. Bring me a cup of tea, please, said she.She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
17、 直接引语如果是以“Lets”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如：He said, Lets go to the film. He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例如：John said, Im going to London with my father.约翰说：我要和父亲到伦敦去。（引号内是直接引语）Joh
18、n said that he was going to London with his father. 约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）【配套练习题及参考答案】（ ）1. Please tell me_. I have some good news for him.A. where Robert lives B. where does Robert liveC. where Robert lived D. where did Robert live（ ）2. We dont know It is said that he was born in CanadaAwhat he
19、is Bwhen he was bornCwhere he comes from Dif he lives here（ ）3. May I come in? Im sorry I am late.Come in, please. But could you please tell me _?A. why you are late again B. what were you doing thenC. who you talked with D. how do you came to school（ ）4. Could you tell me_?A. When will Mary come ba
20、ck B. When Mary comes backC. When Mary will come back （ ）5.What did you say just now?I asked _.A. that I could open the door B. could I open the doorC. how could I open the door D. how I could open the door（ ）6.Do you know _, Mike?On May 12th,2008A. when the earthquake took place in Wen ChuanB. when
21、 did the earthquake take place in Wen ChuanC. when the earthquake will take place in Wen Chuan参考答案：1. A 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. A窗体顶端I从下列A、B、C、D中选择一个正确选项填空。 1I dont know _ he will come tomorrow_ he comes，Ill tell you Aif；Whether Bwhether；Whether Cif；That Dif；If 2I dont know _ the day after tomorrow A
22、when does he come Bhow will he come Cif he comes Dwhether hell come 3Could you tell me _ the nearest hospital is？ Awhat Bhow Cwhether Dwhere 4Could you tell me _ the radio without any help？ Ahow did he mend Bwhat did he mend Chow he mended Dwhat he mended 5I want to know _ Awhom is she looking after
23、 Bwhom she is looking Cwhom is she looking Dwhom she is looking after 6Do you know where _ now？ Ahe lives Bdoes he live Che lived Ddid he live 7Do you know what time _ ？ Athe train leave Bdoes the train leave Cwill the train leave Dthe train leaves 8I dont know _ Can you tell me，please？ Ahow the two
24、 players are old Bhow old are the two players Cthe two players are how old Dhow old the two players are 9The small children dont know _ Awhat is their stockings in Bwhat is in their stockings Cwhere is their stockings in Dwhat in their stockings is 10I cant understand _ Awhat does Christmas mean Bwh
25、at Christmas does mean Cwhat mean Christmas does Dwhat Christmas means II按要求转换句型。 1Does MrBrown enjoy living in China？Could you tell us？（改写句子） Could you tell us _ MrBrown _ living in China？ 2“Does the girl need any help？”he asked me（变为复合句） He asked me _ the girl _ some help 3Jim is not a studentTom
26、is not a student，either（合并为一个句子） _ Jim _ Tom is a student 4When does the train leave？I want to know（改为含宾语从句的复合句） I want to know _ the train _ 5They went home after they had finished their homework（用notuntil改写） They _ go home _ they had finished their homework 6Did Peter come here yesterday？Li Lei wants to know（改为含宾语从句的复合句） Li Lei wants to know _ Peter _ here yesterday 参考答案：I. 15DDDCD 610ADDBDII. 1. ifwhether; enjoys 2. ifwhether; needed 3. Neither; nor 4. when; leaves 5. didnt; until 6. whether; came窗体底端