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1、专题19 阅读理解之主旨大意题考点题型 技巧考向分析主旨大意题旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。考点导航1.从考查对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种篇章主旨：针对全文的主题进行提问。主题句出现在首段的居多，其次是末段或为几段主题的综段落主旨：针对某一段或几段的主题提问。主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻找或总结。2.从考查内容上划分
2、，主旨大意题可分为三种主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意；目的类，考查文章或段落的写作目的；标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。设问特点：1. 考查全文主旨或段落大意。2. 正确选项概况范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确。3. 错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或者偏离主题，主观臆断。4. 常以main idea, best idea, subject, mainly discuss 等词提问。常考问题：（1）中心思想类 The main point /idea of the passage is The passage is mai nly about The passage mainly dis
3、cusses The last but one paragraph is chiefly concerned with? Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?（2）标题类 Which of the following is the best title of the passage? The best title for the passage would be （3）目的类 The authors main purpose in writing the passage is
4、 to The passage is meant to . In writing this passage, the author mainly intends to怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法
5、也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming)，浏览时，一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：1. 中心主题句出现在文首开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英
6、语中最常见的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。2. 主题句出现在文尾在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。3. 首尾呼应的写作方法为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或发
7、展的意味。4. 中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。5. 主题句出现在文章的中间通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题高度概括法对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确
8、定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能
9、太小，太大则中心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。【题型分析】【题型一精确归纳标题】An experimental cleanup de
10、vice called RemoveDEBRIS has successfully cast a net around a dummy (仿真的) satellite, imitating a technique that could one day collect spaceborne garbage.The test, which was carried out this week, is widely believed to be the first successful demonstration of space cleanup technology, experts told CN
11、N. And it symbolizes an early step toward solving what has already been a critical issue: junk in space.Millions of pieces of junk are turning around in orbit the result of 50 years of space travel and few regulations to keep space clean. At orbital speeds, even a small bit of paint crashing with a
12、satellite can cause critical damage.Various companies have plans to send thousands of new satellites into low-Earth orbit, already the most crowded area.The RemoveDEBRIS experiment is run by a company and researchers led by the U. K.s Surrey Space Center and includes Airbus, Airbus-owned Surrey Sate
13、llite Technology Ltd. and Frances ArianeGroup.Guglielmo Aglietti, the director of Surrey Space Center, said that an operational version of the RemoveDEBRlS technology would cast a net that remains fastened to the main satellite so the debris can be dragged out of orbit. It could target large pieces
14、of junk, including dead satellites up to 10 meters long.The RemoveDEBRIS satellite will conduct a few more experiments in the coming months, including testing navigation features that could help guide the satellite to a specific piece of debris.Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smi
15、thsonian Center for Astrophysics, said the success of this weeks experiment was exciting, but he cautioned against “over- publicizing” it.There are still enormous barriers to clear before operational cleanup tasks are underway, he said, and the most discouraging is figuring out how to fund such proj
16、ects.Aglietti, the Surrey professor who helped lead the RemoveDEBRIS project, said “The challenge will lie in persuading the relevant authorities to sponsor these tasks.” Aglietti said he hopes RemoveDEBRIS will conduct a few cleanup tasks per year, targeting the largest pieces of junk in the most c
17、rowded orbits.340Whats the best title for the text?A. The RemoveDEBRIS Project Is PerfectB. How RemoveDEBRIS Is Invented in the LabC. Why the RemoveDEBRIS Satellite Is InventedD. Satellite Collects Space Junk for the First Time【解析】A主旨大意题。根据文章第二段中的The test, which was carried out this week, is widely
18、believed to be the first successful demonstration of space cleanup technology, experts told CNN. And it symbolizes an early step toward solving what has already been a critical issue: junk in space.“专家告诉CNN，本周进行的这次测试被广泛认为是太空清洁技术的首次成功演示。它象征着解决太空垃圾这一关键问题的第一步。”可知，本文主题是“卫星首次收集太空垃圾”。故选D。【题型二概括文章大意】Langua
19、ges will continue to diverge. Even if English were to become the universal language, it would still take many different forms. Indeed the same could happen to English as has happened to Chinese: a language of intellectuals which doesnt vary hugely alongside a large number of variations used by local
20、 peoples.We will continue to teach other languages in some form, and not just for reasons of practical use. Learning a language is good for your mental health; it forces you to understand another cultural and intellectual system. So I hope British education will develop a more rational approach to t
21、he foreign languages available to students in line with their political importance. Because so many people believe it is no longer important to know another language, I fear that time devoted to language teaching in schools may well continue to decline. But you can argue that learning another langua
22、ge well is more exhausting than, say, learning to play chess wellit involves sensitivity to a set of complicated rules, and also to context.Technology will certainly make a difference to the use of foreign languages. Computers may, for instance, relieve the hard work that a vast translation represen
23、ts. But no one who has seen a computer translation will think it can substitute for live knowledge of the different languages. A machine will always be behind the times. Still more important is the fact that no computer will ever get at the associations beyond the words associations that may not be
24、expressed but which carry much of the meaning. In languages like Arabic that context is very important. Languages come with heavy cultural baggage tooin French or German if you miss the cultural references behind a word youre very likely to be missing the meaning. It will be very hard to teach all t
25、hat to computer.All the predictions are that English will be spoken by a declining proportion of the worlds population in the 21st century. I dont think foreign languages will really become less important, but they might be perceived to be and that would in the end be a very bad thing.15What is the
26、text mainly about?ALearning foreign languages is a challenging job.BLearning a language is good for your mental health.CCultural background blocks the understanding of a language.DComputers play an important role in learning foreign languages.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。学好外语是一项有挑战性的工作，因为学语言不仅要对一套复杂的规则而且要对语境非常敏感。
27、【解析】A主旨大意题。根据文章第二段中的But you can argue that learning another language well is more exhausting than, say, learning to play chess wellit involves sensitivity to a set of complicated rules, and also to context.可知，学好外语比学好象棋更费力，因为学语言不仅要对一套复杂的规则敏感而且要对语境非常敏感。故可以推断出本文主要讲述的是学外语是一个挑战性的工作。故选A。【题型三总结段落大意】There a
28、re as many kinds of careers (职业) as there are people. They vary greatly in the type of work involved (涉及) and in the ways they influence a persons life. The kind of career you have can affect your life in many ways. By making wise decisions concerning your career, you can help yourself build the lif
29、e you want. To do that, you need as much information as possible. The more you know about yourself, the better able you will be to choose a satisfying career.What do people hope to obtain from a career? Some people desire a high income. Some hope for fame. Others seek for adventure. Still others int
30、end to serve people and make the world a better place. Before you begin to explore career fields, you should determine your values. your interests, and your aptitudes that will make you competent for your future work. Most people are happiest in jobs that fit their values, interests,and skills. Each
31、 person has many values, which vary in strength. For example, money is the strongest value for some peoplethat is, wealth is more important to them than anything else. As a result, they focus their thoughts, behaviour, and emotions on the goal of earning a high income. Other values include devoting
32、to religion, taking risks, spending time with family, and helping others.Before making a career decision, you can ask yourself what is most important to you and examine your beliefs to better know your values. For example, is it important to you to work as a member of a team? Or would you rather be
33、in charge or work alone? If working alone or being in charge is important to you, independence is probably one of your primary values.294What does the writer convey to us in the last paragraph?AThe contents of our values.BThe foundations of our values.CThe places to achieve our values.DThe ways to u
34、nderstand our values.【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了职业对我们的影响很大。在开始探索职业领域之前，我们应该确定自己的价值观、兴趣和能力。对自己了解得越多，我们就越有能力选择一个满意的职业。【解析】D主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段中的Before making a career decision, you can ask yourself what is most important to you and examine your beliefs to better know your values. For exampleprimary values.可知，在做职业
35、決定之前，人们应该了解自己的价值观。你可以问自己什么是最重要的，通过反思你的信仰来增强你对自己价值观的理解。然后通过举例说明如何了解自己的价值观。由此可知，本段主要介绍了几种理解自己价值观的方法。故选D。检测训练AIt seems were always being told to get more sleep. Studies suggest spending less time on sleep can lead to obesity(肥胖) and even cancer. You might even find yourself with a head full of false me
36、mories. But rarely does science explore the dark side of sleeping too much. Thats because few of us in todays busy world have the luck of exploring that option.In an August 2018 study, published in the Journal of the American Heart Association, researchers researched the sleep patterns of those“fort
37、unate”few and found they may not be so lucky after all. In fact, they found people who get more than eight hours of sleep have greater health risk compared to those who sleep together less than seven hours. Whats more, sleep-aholics-those who manage to get 10 hours a night-stand a 30 percent higher
38、chance of dying compared to the seven-hour crowd.The wide-ranging global study involved(涉及) more than three million people who self-reported on their sleep habits and came to an eye-opening conclusion: If you tend to sleep a lot, you may want to buy an alarm clock. As with all things in life, sleep
39、is best taken in moderation（适度）.You may be thinking: What if I only sleep in on Saturday and Sunday, am I still at risk? The answer is yes, according to a 2019 study published in Current Biology. Researchers discovered that even if a person sleeps more than seven hours on the weekends but still slee
40、ps less than that on weeknights, they are at risk of gaining weight and developing sensitivity to insulin, which controls the level of sugar in blood.For the study, 36 participants were divided into three groups that each had a different sleep schedule: nine hours every night, five hours every night
41、, and five hours from Monday to Friday and sleeping much on weekends. People who get too much sleep tend to feel tired and lack energy. Also, both sleep-deprived（睡眠不足的) groups consume more food and gain weight.8. Why is the harmful effect of sleeping too much seldom studied?A. Few people have time t
42、o sleep too much.B. Lack of sleep causes much more harm.C. It turns out to be a healthy sleep pattern.D. Peoples health has nothing to do with it.9. What does the underlined words those fortunate few in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Those leading a relaxing life.B. Those getting too much sleep.C. Those wi
43、th less time to sleep.D. Those with no sleep problems.10. What can be learned from the 2019 study?A. Sleeping much is particularly beneficial to hungry people.B. Many people sleep more on weekends than on weekdays.C. An alarm clock of high quality is important for good sleep.D. People who sleep much
44、 only on weekends also have health risk.11. What is the main idea of the text?A It is necessary to save enough time for sleep.B. Too much sleep can result in gaining weight.C. Sleeping too much does harm to peoples health.D People can avoid sleeping much by eating healthily.【答案】8. A 9. B 10. D 11. C
45、【解析】本文是一篇说明文。我们似乎总是被告知要多睡觉，但是睡眠过多对身体也是有害的。8.细节理解题。根据第一段的第4句和第5句：But rarely does science explore the dark side of sleeping too much. Thats because few of us in todays busy world have the luck of exploring that option.可知，在如今忙碌的社会很少有人会有时间睡太多，所以睡眠过多对人体的危害很少被研究。故选A项。9.词义猜测题。在句中的that/those一般指代前文提及内容，根据本句所
46、在位置，可定位至第一段“Thats because few of us in todays busy world have the luck of exploring that option.（这是因为在当今这个繁忙的世界上，很少有人有机会探索这种选择。”及第二段提及的“they may not be so lucky after all. In fact，they found people who get more than eight hours of sleep have greater health risk（他们可能根本就没有那么幸运。事实上，他们发现睡眠超过8小时的人有更大的健康风
47、险）”可推断，划线部分指代“睡眠时间太长的人”。故选B项。10.细节理解题。根据第四段Researchers discovered that even if a person sleeps more than seven hours on the weekends but still sleeps less than that on weeknights, they are at risk of gaining weight and developing sensitivity to insulin, which controls the level of sugar in blood.（研究
48、人员发现，即使一个人在周末的睡眠时间超过7个小时，但仍然比工作日晚上的睡眠时间少，他们也有体重增加和对控制血糖水平的胰岛素敏感的风险。）可知，只有周末睡得多的人也会面临健康风险。故选D项。11.主旨大意题。文章结构为总分结构，第一段总起提出话题：But rarely does science explore the dark side of sleeping too much.可知文章主要介绍了睡眠过多会对身体造成一定程度的伤害。故选C项。 BWhen people are rude to their co-workers or treat them badly, they probably dont realize the unintended victims in the encounter could be the co-workers, children. Women who experience incivility in the workplace are more likely to engage in stricter, more authoritarian parenting practices that can ha