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1、ConfuciusConfucius （551 B.C479 B.C.） is one of the most famous Chinese people. As the founder of Confucianism1, his thought has exerted a deep influence on China and its people. But Confucius was not his real name. It was a courtesy tide, a Latinized form of “Kong Fuzi，meaning Masier Kong”. His fami
2、ly name was Kong and his given name, Qiu. And he styled himself Zhongni. He was born at Zouyi, the State of Lu2.孔子（公元前551年公元前479年）是中国最著名的人物。作为儒家创始人，他的思 想一直在中国有着深远的影响。但孔子不是他的原名，而是一种尊称，是孔夫子的拉丁文。 孔子姓孔名丘，字仲尼，出生在售国瞰邑（今山东曲阜东南）。As one of the greatest thinkers and educators in the history of China, Confuciu
3、s legacy lies in （he following three aspects: Firstly, he compiled and preserved the literary works, The Six Classics, including ShP, Shu4, Li5, Yue6, Yi7 and Chun Qii? , which are regarded as the classics of Confucianism. The accoinplishment makes a large impact on the succession and development of
4、 the traditional Chinese culture.作为中国历史上伟大的思想家和教育家，他整理了诗、书、礼、乐、易、春 秋六部文献，被后代奉为儒家经典，合称“六经”，为传统文化的继承和发展做出了巨大 的贡献。Secondly, Confucius built up a system of philosophical thoughts with Ren as its basic virtue. This virtue is the central theme of his Analects9. He considered Ren as the first and highest c
5、riterion of mans behavior and the core of morality. Ren meant to “love other men； to help others to be established when one wished to be established oneself; and help others to be successful when one wished to be successful oneself. Confucius concept of Li refers to a set of ritual and musical syste
6、ms, with the hierarchical system as its core. Ren and Li are complementary: Li is the exterior principle of Ren while Ren is Lis intrinsic guiding power. To accomplish Ren, one must abide by Li, and Ren will be naturally generated in the process of practicing Li. Fundamentally, the purpose of Confuc
7、ius Li is to restore the traditional rites of the Zhou Dynasty11.第二，建立了一套以“仁”为核心的思想体系，这集中体现在论语一书中。他认 为“仁”是人的最高道德境界，是道德的核心内容。“仁”就是“爱人”；“夫仁者，己欲立 而立人，己欲达而达人”。“孔子也讲“礼”，礼是礼乐制度，核心内容是等级制度。礼与仁 互为表里，礼是仁的外在规则，仁是礼的内在指导因素。要达到仁，必先合乎礼，在反复实 践礼的过程中自然会产生仁。孔子讲“仁”的目的是维护和恢复周礼。Thirdly, Confucius established private scho
8、ols, creating a scientific educational system. Confucius also held the idea that everyone should be educated regardless of his social status. In educational practice, he created flexible teaching methods, promoting the combination of learning and thinking, learning and reviewing as well as teaching
9、and learning. He emphasized on individualized and heuristic teaching . These ideas are still of great significance in practice today.第三，办私学，创立了科学的教育思想体系。孔子提出“有教无类”。在教育实践中创 立了灵活多样的教学方法，提倡“学”与“思”结合，学习与复习结合以及教与学结合，讲 求因材施教和启发式教学等。这些思想，直到今天还有其现实意义。exert v.运用，施加例句 1 He exerted all his authority to make th
10、em accept the plan.他利用他的所有权力让他们接受这个计划。例句 2J The moon exerts a force on the earth that causes the tides.月球对地球的吸引力引起潮汐。succession n.继承例句 1 He became chairman in succession to Bernard Allen.他接替伯纳德艾伦任主席。例句 2 Shes third on order of succession to the throne.她在王位继承人顺序中排第三。hierarchical adj.分层的，等级制度的例句Japan
11、is a hierarchical society.日本是一个分等级社会。heuristic adj.(教学或教育)启发式的例句Confucius taught his students in a heuristic way.孔子以启发式教授他的学生。1. Confucianism:The teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity; high value given to learning, family (including ancestors), peace and justice, influencing the tradi
12、tional culture of China 孔子 思想，儒家思想2. Shi:The Book of Songs 诗 3. Shu:Collection of Ancient Texts 书4. Li:The Rites礼5. Yue:The Music乐 6. Yi:The Book of Changes 易7. Chun Qiu:The Spring and Autumn Annuals 春秋8. Ren:Benevolence 仁9. Analects:Also known as the Analects of Confucius, are considered a record o
13、f the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held. Written during the Spring and Autumn Period through the Warring States Period, the Analects is the representative work of Confucianism and continues to have a tremendous influence on Chinese and East Asian thought and values today.论语是记录孔子及其弟子言行的书。 写于春秋战国时期。论语是儒家思想的代表作并对中国及东南亚地区思想及价值观产生巨大 的影响。