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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Writing and ArtWrite and illustrate a cause-and-effect chain for rising sea levels.Science Research to learn about an animal that will be affected by rising sea levels.Write an essay explaining where the animal lives and how its population wil
2、l be affected as sea levels rise.ConnectionsReady for Rising Seas?A Reading AZ Level Z2 Leveled BookWord Count:1,899www.readinga-Written by Joe LevitLEVELED BOOK Z2Readyfor RisingSeas?www.readinga-What is the potential impact of rising sea levels on coastal towns?Focus QuestionWritten by Joe LevitRe
3、adyfor RisingSeas?Photo Credits:Front cover,back cover:iS Gravante;title page:Joe Raedle/Getty Images News/Getty Images;page 3:iS 4:iS 7:Climate Central;page 11:Karen Kasmauski/Corbis Documentary/Getty Images;page 13:Wesley Bocxe/Science Source;page 14:Ashley Cooper/Corbis Documentary/Getty Images;p
4、age 16:JTB MEDIA CREATION Inc./Alamy Stock Photo;page 17:Sophie Ralulu/Fiji Sun/AP Images;page 18:REUTERS GRAPHICS;page 20:Philip Ramey Photography,LLC/Corbis Entertainment/Getty Images;page 21:LUCA ZANON/Awakening/Corbis News/Getty Images*Disclaimer:CSIRO does not guarantee that the material or inf
5、ormation it has provided is complete or accurate or without flaw of any kind,or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error,loss or other consequence which may arise directly or indirectly from you relying on any information or material it h
6、as provided (in part or in whole).Any reliance on the information or material CSIRO has provided is made at the readers own risk.Illustration Credit:Page 8:Signe Nordin/Learning AZWords to Knowatmospherecarbon dioxidecatchmentscurtailingdeforestationdisplaceemissionsencroachingevacuationfluctuatedgl
7、aciersIndustrial Revolutionlagoonlast resortlegislationleveesmoleculesreefssea levelstorm surgestrategiessusceptiblethermal expansionwetlandsReady for Rising SeasLevel Z2 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Joe LevitAll rights reserved.www.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL Z2YZN/A70+Fountas&PinnellReading Re
8、coveryDRA3Table of ContentsThe Encroaching Sea .4Why Sea Levels Are Rising .5Our Part in the Problem .8Case Study#1:New Orleans,United States .12Case Study#2:Kushiro,Japan .15Case Study#3:Suva,Fiji .17Case Study#4:Venice,Italy .19Conclusion .21Glossary .23Giant chunks of ice calve off the Perito Mor
9、eno Glacier in Argentina and fall into the Pacific Ocean.Ready for Rising Seas?Level Z24The Encroaching SeaMany people are drawn to the sea.Its one reason some of the worlds biggest and best-loved cities are built on coastsnice locations,until those seas begin to rise.In the next hundred years,many
10、coasts can expect a 0.6-meter(2 ft.)rise in sea level.For some places,that rise spells disaster;for places better prepared,it may not.So what can be done about the encroaching seaand what should be done?With 105 km(65 mi.)of canals,Amsterdam is used to water.Scientists predict that sea levels there
11、will rise about one meter(3.3 ft.)in the next century.5Why Sea Levels Are Rising Sea level rise is not a new event.Ocean water around the world has been rising for more than one hundred years.But in the last several decades,the rate of the rise has increased.Scientists measure sea level rise by trac
12、king tides and sifting through satellite data.Tide stations let us know what is happening at specific locations.Satellites measure the average height of the entire ocean.All these things allow us to gauge how sea levels are changing over time.Two main factors have caused sea levels to rise.First,as
13、the temperature of the oceans warms,the water itself expandsits water molecules increase in volume,and the water actually fills up more space.For many years,thermal expansion was the main cause of sea level rise.More recently,however,a new cause has taken the lead.Melting of land-based ice is the se
14、condnow mainreason for the rapid rise in sea levels.This melting includes glaciers and the ice sheets that cover much of Greenland and nearly all of the land in Antarctica.Those two enormous ice sheets hold more than 99 percent of the freshwater ice on Earth.Since 2003,their melting has accounted fo
15、r nearly 80 percent of sea level rise.Lets consider for a moment what would happen if they melted entirely.Ready for Rising Seas?Level Z26If the entire Greenland ice sheet melted,scientists estimate that sea levels would rise about 6.7 meters(22 ft.).That alone would swamp many major cities around t
16、he world and displace huge populations of people.But if the same thing happened instead to all the ice in Antarctica,sea levels would rise by 61 meters(200 ft.)!Neither of these events is going to happen overnight.The ice sheet on Greenland is nearly the size of Mexico,and the one on Antarctica is l
17、arger than the United States and Mexico combined.Still,even the current sea level rise is causing immediate problems worldwide.Union of Concerned Scientists(Church et al.,2011)2 cm(0.8”)1.5 cm(0.6”)1 cm(0.4”)0.5 cm(0.2”)1972200819932008For more than a century,thermal expansion was the main cause of
18、sea level rise.In recent years,ice loss has accounted for twice as much sea level rise.Reasons for the RiseMelting of Glaciers 0.99 mm/year(0.039 in.)19932008 averageThermal Expansion 0.88 mm/year(0.035 in.)Antarctica ice loss 0.43 mm/year(0.017 in.)Greenland ice loss 0.31 mm/year(0.012 in.)7Shangha
19、i,China:Which Sea Level Will We Choose?Source:Climate CentralChina is the worlds leading carbon polluter.It also faces the greatest risks from coastal flooding,with 145 million people living in places threatened by rising seasif emission levels stay the same.These maps project two different futures.
20、Which one we choose depends on how we choose to burn fossil fuels in the years to come.Unchecked pollution:the course humans are on nowExtreme carbon cuts:difficult and expensive,but not impossibleShanghaiShanghaiReady for Rising Seas?Level Z28Our Part in the Problem Sea levels have fluctuated natur
21、ally over the course of Earths historysometimes dramatically.However,the actions of humans now and over the last century are contributing to a faster rise in sea levels in a short period of time.Beginning with the Industrial Revolution(17601840),thermal expansion was the main cause of sea level rise
22、.Humans caused most of A sudden pulse of warm water in 1945 created a cavity behind the glaciers grounding linethe point at which it starts to float rather than be attached to land.Over the next 70 years,the grounding line of the glacier retreated roughly 48 kilometers(30 mi.).As a result,a huge 583
23、-square-kilometer(225 sq.mi.)iceberg broke off the thinning glacier in 2015.Another ice sheet ten times that size snapped off West Antarctica in July 2017.Pine Island Glacier Ice Shelf,West Antarcticaice shelfice shelfgrounding linegrounding linegrounded icegrounded iceridgeridge2015PRE-19459this ex
24、pansion by burning large amounts of coal and oil,and by cutting down huge swaths of tropical forests around the world.These activities increased the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere.Carbon emissions and those from other gases became a kind of blanket around our planet,trapping heat inside.
25、Once temperatures grew warm enough,subsurface waters washing against the West Antarctic Ice Sheet caused it to thin.This in turn has caused most of the glaciers in that part of Antarctica to melt and retreat.At this point in time,we wouldnt be able to halt some amount of future sea level rise even i
26、f we wanted to.If we stop all global gas emissions tomorrow,researchers project that sea levels will still rise 0.360.79 meters(1.22.6 ft.)by the year 2100.This will occur because the oceans and land ice will continue to adjust to the gases already in the atmosphere.The Rising HorizonNot every place
27、 on Earth is experiencing a rise in sea level.In Juneau,Alaska,for instance,the land has risen by as much as 3 meters(10 ft.)within the last two hundred years,and it may rise another 0.9 meters(3 ft.)by 2100.The same gases that are melting ice worldwide are shrinking glaciers in Alaska.The land is u
28、plifting as the weight of billions of tons of glacial ice melts away.Ready for Rising Seas?Level Z210Sea level rise will erode shorelines and put some places underwater permanently.Eight of the worlds ten largest cities are situated near a coast,so there is no doubt that sea level rise will impact u
29、rban areas.Roads,bridges,subways,landfills,and sewage treatment plants will be at risk,along with schools,businesses,and homes.observedscenariosSea Rise:Fact and Future“Observed”portion reproduced by permission of CSIRO Australia,CSIRO*(See disclaimer on page 2);“scenarios”source:NOAA,2016Around the
30、 world,tide gauges have measured the long-term rise in sea levels since 1870.From 1880 to 2010,global sea rise was about 20 centimeters(8 in.)on average.Past 2010,the four divergent lines show four different scenarios for future sea rise,from most conservative(lowest)to least conservative(highest).H
31、ighest is rise caused by ocean warming combined with maximum potential glacier and ice sheet loss.Lowest continues the historic rate of rise(no increased rate).200 cm(78.7 in.)160 cm(63 in.)120 cm(47.2 in.)80 cm(31.5 in.)40 cm(15.8 in.)040 cm(15.8 in.)1880 1920 1960 2000 2040 2080highestintermediate
32、-highintermediate-lowlowestGlobal Mean Sea Level Rise11Lifting a LighthouseOn the Outer Banks of North Carolina stands the tallest lighthouse in the United States and the tallest brick building in the world when it was completed in 1870.At the time,it was placed 457 meters(1,500 ft.)from the oceana
33、safe distance.Yet storm-driven tides and the rising sea eroded the sand on the ocean side of the cape over time.In fact,sea levels in the Outer Banks have been rising two to three times faster than the global average.By 1970,the lighthouse was only 37 meters(120 ft.)from the waterline.Usually,a stru
34、cture this large is considered an immovable object.But in 1999,the National Park Service shifted the lighthouse to a location 488 meters(1,600 ft.)away from the waves.Mounted on a heavy foundation of hydraulic jacks and steel beams,the lighthouse was moved down a metal runway at only 1.5 meters(5 ft
35、.)per minute.The whole operation took twenty-three days,but it ensured that the lighthouse would be warning ships about the dangerous offshore Diamond Shoals for another hundred years.Cape Hatteras Lighthouse survived a major earthquake,more than forty hurricanes,and a half-mile relocation,all witho
36、ut a crack.Ready for Rising Seas?Level Z212When we think of sea level rise,its easy to picture some people on coastlines being worried about water covering parts of their cities.However,even some places far from an ocean arent safe from sea level rise,and even places that are currently safe from flo
37、oding may have to deal with drinking-water issues.After all,salt water can leak into groundwater sources.Luckily,there are multiple strategies to help us tackle the issue of rising water itself.We can take measures to protect people and property now,and affect the pace that sea levels rise in the fu
38、ture.Venice,ItalyAFRICAASIAAUSTRALIAINDIAN OCEANPACIFIC OCEANEUROPENORTH AMERICA Kushiro,JapanSuva,FijiNew Orleans,United StatesFour Case StudiesCase Study#1:New Orleans,United States New Orleans has always been susceptible to storms.The city,which is located near the Gulf of Mexico and between the
39、Mississippi River and 13Lake Pontchartrain,has an average elevation of 0.6 meters(2 ft.)below sea level.A storm surge from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 caused multiple failures along levees built to keep out the sea,and 80 percent of the city flooded.Since that catastrophe,the levees have been rebuilt
40、and raised.Now they have gravel reinforcement and gates to control the flow of water,but city experts warn that these barriers can only do so much.As the sea level rises,each storm will be coming in on levels of water that are higher than they were when Hurricane Katrina hit.Thats why city officials
41、 are looking for additional solutions.In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina,many New Orleans neighborhoods were underwater.Ready for Rising Seas?Level Z214Where it is possible,cities and countries try to use wetlands to absorb floods and slow down erosion.Wherever wetlands can be used or remade,they
42、 help populations deal with sea level rise.New Orleans is considering artificial wetlands to help retain floodwater.However,wetlands require a lot of space,and creating new ones takes a long time.Many houses in New Orleans are built on stilts,but for the long term,floatable homes may be the answer.T
43、hese homes would normally rest IJburg,a suburb of Amsterdam,features at least seventy-five floating houses.They address not only the problem of rising sea levels but also housing shortages in dense urban areas.15Global vs.Local?Strange as it may seem,the surface of the ocean is not flatand sea level
44、s around the world arent changing at the same rate.Many factors influence sea level rise at any given location,from erosion to ocean currents to subsidence(the opposite of uplift,as described in The Rising Horizon on page 9).Satellite data give us the average height of the entire ocean.Tide stations
45、 give us local measurements.on foundations,but in an enormous flood they could float up to 3.7 meters(12 ft.)while anchored to poles.The city is also creating better evacuation plans.During a disaster,the most important thing is to get people to safety in a hurry.Case Study#2:Kushiro,JapanWhen your
46、entire nation is made up of islands,sea level rise takes on a different kind of importance.From 1970 to 2003,Kushiro,Japan,experienced the highest rate of sea level rise in the world.The water there rose more than 0.8 centimeters(0.33 in.)per year.That may not seem like much,yet the impact becomes e
47、normous with time more than 0.9 meters(3 ft.)in a hundred years.If what happened in Kushiro were to happen in other parts of Japan,more than 90 percent of Japans sandy beaches would disappear,and thirty million people living within 9.7 kilometers(6 mi.)of the sea would be at risk.Ready for Rising Se
48、as?Level Z216Yet that is not the only problem.A higher sea makes all major threats to coastal communities more likely.Typhoons,tsunamis,and normal storm surges would all come in atop higher water,causing significant property damage and loss of life.Thats why cities like Tokyo are investing in immens
49、e levees to help protect their population.When rivers flood in combination with sea level rise,disaster can occur.Along Tokyos Arakawa River,officials are paying people to relocate for up to four years as they build a longer,taller levee.The angle of the levee is important,too.The new levees slope g
50、ently downward so that floodwaters will gradually flow onto and away from them rather than breaking them.The Arakawa River passes right through the heart of Tokyo.With a population of more than thirty-seven million,Tokyo is the worlds largest city.17Case Study#3:Suva,Fiji Fiji is a small island nati