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1、www.readinga-Dust Bowl DisasterA Reading AZ Level X Leveled BookWord Count:1,937Dust Bowl DisasterVisit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Written by Brian Roberts LEVELED BOOK XWritten by Brian RobertsDust Bowl DisasterLevel X Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Brian RobertsAll righ
2、ts reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover,pages 3,10,11,12,14:courtesy of NOAA;back cover:Courtesy of Library of Congress,Prints&Photographs Division,FSA/OWI Collection,LC-DIG-ppmsca-03054;title page(top):courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div LC-USF34-016263-C;title page(center):courtesy
3、of Library of Congress,P&P Div LC-USE6-D-009364;title page(bottom),page 4(right):courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div LC-USF34-016109-E;pages 4(left),15:courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div LC-USF34-016962-E;pages 6,7,13:Jupiterimages Corporation;page 8:Everett Collection,Inc/Alamy;page 9:Cour
4、tesy of Library of Congress,Prints&Photographs Division,FSA/OWI Collection,LC-USF33-011684-M1;page 16(top):courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div LC-DIG-nclc-00681;page 16(bottom):courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div LC-DIG-stereo-1s01228;page 17(top):courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div LC-U
5、SZ62-69109;page 17(bottom):courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div LC-USZ62-56051;page 18(main):Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy;page 18(inset):The Granger Collection,NYC;pages 19(left):Bettmann/Corbis;page 21:CBS/Landov;page 19(right):courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div LC-USZ62-117121;page 20:AP Imag
6、es;page 22:iS Uliasz;page 24:courtesy of U.S.Dept.of Agriculture,Bureau of Agricultural Economics,Div.of Economic Information/NARAwww.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL XS4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRADust Bowl Disaster34Table of ContentsIntroduction.4From Prosperity to Poverty.6Living in a Dust Bowl
7、.9Living to Tell Their Story.12Leaving the Dust Bowl.16The Government Steps In .19Conclusion .22Glossary .23Index .24IntroductionHurricanes.Floods.Forest fires.Earthquakes.Every year these natural disasters strike somewhere on Earth.But during the late 1920s and 1930s,two disasters of another kind s
8、wept the United States,inflicting pain and suffering on its people.These disasters were particularly troublesome because they lasted for years rather than hours or days,creating hardships for thousands upon thousands of people.The first blow was not a natural disaster but an economic one.This disast
9、er became known as the Great Depression.It began with the crash of the stock market in 1929.The stock market began falling and by the time it stopped falling,stocks were worth about 20 percent of their previous value.People lost their life savings,their jobs,and many of their possessions.Banks and f
10、actories closed.Dust Bowl Disaster Level X56TexasNew MexicoKansasOklahomaGreat PlainsDust Bowl areaHardest hit areaMEXICOCANADAColoradoWyomingMontanaN.DakotaNebraskaIowaMinnesotaMissouriS.DakotaUNITED STATESThe Great Depression was not limited to the United States.It spread to other countries throug
11、hout the world and became the worst economic slump in history.To make matters worse,the second blow to strike during the 1930s dried up the soil just like money dried up during the stock market crash.It affected the southern region of the Great Plains of the United States,covering large parts of Tex
12、as,Kansas,Colorado,and Oklahoma,but also stretching throughout the Great Plains and into the prairies of Canada.The disaster was labeled the Dust Bowl,and the period of history became known as the Dirty Thirties.From Prosperity to PovertyFarmers in the Great Plains had been prospering for decades be
13、fore the Dust Bowl struck.World War I(19141918)prevented European farmers from growing wheat,so farmers in North America sold their wheat to buyers who shipped it overseas.The demand for wheat drove prices upward.Farmers plowed up more and more of the grasslands to feed the needs of European countri
14、es.The farmers of the Great Plains continued to prosper while many others suffered under the Great Depression.But the prosperity would soon end.Wheat fields cover the plains as far as the eye can see.The Dust Bowl regionDust Bowl Disaster Level X78Plowing up the grasslands to grow more wheat caused
15、two problems that the farmers did not expect.First,it made so much wheat available that wheat prices began to drop.Storage bins became filled to capacity,and farmers began to dump their harvested wheat onto the ground and onto roads.Second,when the Great Plains entered a period of prolonged drought,
16、plowing up the grasslands caused the fields to dry up.With too little moisture to support crops,the fields were left bare.From one hot summer to another,the sun baked the soil.When winds increased,the exposed dry dirt was whipped up into dark clouds of choking dust that swept across the land.The thi
17、ck,billowing walls of dirt hid the sun and forced people to light lamps in the midday darkness.Math MinuteFrom July 1930 to July 1931,wheat prices dropped from 68 a bushel to 25 a bushel.In 1930,farmer Beck planted 100 acres of wheat and harvested 12 bushels per acre.In 1931,he planted another 100 a
18、cres and harvested 12 bushels per acre.How much more did he make in 1930 than he did in 1931?A choking dust storm whips across the plains.Dust Bowl Disaster Level X910Living in a Dust BowlFor years,the Dust Bowl gripped the Great Plains.Every time the wind whipped up the dirt and carried it skyward,
19、another dust storm moved across the Great Plains.These storms took on names like dusters and black blizzards.People living in the plains did everything they could to keep the dust from entering their homes and their lungs.Windows and doors were stuffed with newspapers and rags.Men,women,and children
20、 tied rags over their faces.Children even went to bed with damp cloths over their mouths and noses to keep the dust out.Still,the dust found its way into homes and into the bodies of every living creature.It clogged up motors in cars and trucks.Livestock wandered blindly in the clouds of dust.Many a
21、nimals fell dead when their lungs became caked with dust.Outside,dust piled up like snowdrifts during a blizzard.The only difference was that the dust drifts did not melt.They just got higher and higher,burying tools,farm equipment,and small buildings.Roads had to be plowed,and trains were literally
22、 stopped on tracks covered by heaps of dirt.Conditions got so bad that winds carried the dust eastward to fall across cities such as Chicago,Atlanta,and New York.Dust even blew over the Atlantic Ocean and fell upon decks of ships at sea.Word WiseDuring the winter,winds often whipped up a mixture of
23、snow and dust.These storms became known as snusters.A tractor sits unused after being buried by the dust.Do You Know?A mysterious disease known as dust pneumonia infected thousands of people living in the path of the dust storms.The disease killed men,women,and children,especially the very young and
24、 the very old.A farmer puts on a mask before working.Dust Bowl Disaster Level X1112Perhaps the worst day of all during the Dust Bowl occurred on Black SundayApril 14,1935.The day began with the sun rising in a clear blue eastern sky and a gentle breeze whispering from the west.Without warning,a giga
25、ntic wall of dirt and dust appeared on the horizon and rushed across the rolling plains at 60 miles(96.5 km)per hour.It rushed eastward so fast that the storm swallowed up birds and rabbits trying to out-fly and outrun it.Animals dropped to the ground,dying of exhaustion and suffocation.People ran f
26、or any shelter they could reachsheds,barns,homes,and cars.Living to Tell Their StorySome people who lived through the Dust Bowl recorded accounts of their experiences.Melt White of Dalhart,Texas,was just a child when Black Sunday occurred.He described his memories of that day in interviews for a doc
27、umentary film about the Dust Bowl.He described the wind blowing very hard and the house shaking violently.He was frightened that the house might blow away.Outside,the dust filled the sky until it became very dark.He tried to see his hand in front of his face and couldnt.He kept bringing his hand clo
28、ser to his face.It was so dark that even when he touched his nose with his hand,he couldnt see it.VisualizeTake a moment and think of what it must have been like on April 14,1935.Draw a picture of the scene as you visualize it.The Black Sunday storm nearly overwhelms a couple of people.The Black Sun
29、day storm approaches a town in the Texas panhandle.Dust Bowl Disaster Level X1314DuringWith the Great Plains gripped in a drought,Svobidas thoughts were much different.He described the wind and the dust that cut visibility to almost nothing.Peoples eyes would be filled with dust and wearing goggles
30、didnt even help.In a documentary film,Svobida talks about the ferocity of the wind and how it seemed to never stop.He had never even imagined such a wind.It felt to him like everything would be blown away,and wherever he looked,his fields were empty.In his book,Svobida wrote about how the experience
31、 changed his feelings on farming,which had once provided him with joy.When he knew his crops were irrevocably gone,he described feeling as if there had been a death.Nature had flouted his desire to work the land and the dreams he had of being a farmer.He felt like giving up on everything,including a
32、ny attempts to make something of his life.One Kansas farmer,Lawrence Svobida,kept an extensive written record of his experience and later wrote a book about being a farmer on the Great Plains before,during,and after the Dust Bowl.Here is a description of what he said:BeforeSvobida described the beau
33、ty of seeing many miles of waist-high wheat fields swaying in the breeze.He could think of nothing in the world more beautiful than a golden wheat field in the summer sun.The sight would take his breath away.During the Dust Bowl,farmers hoped to see blowing wheat instead of blowing dust.Dust Bowl Di
34、saster Level X1516AfterSvobida,like many others,still clung to the hope that rain would end the drought.In his book,he talked about searching the sky every day for rainclouds.He watched his neighbors crops die out one by one,until finally the skies poured out five inches of precipitation over two da
35、ys.The water soaked into the soil and finally stopped the dust and drought.Eventually,inhaling blowing dust for years seriously affected Lawrence Svobidas health.He had to admit defeat and leave the Great Plains.Leaving the Dust BowlPeople living in the Great Plains were hearty souls who settled the
36、 area when there were no houses,water wells,roads,or fields.They were accustomed to difficult times.Many persevered one way or another through the Dirty Thirties.When they couldnt grow wheat,they turned to raising thistles and a plant called soapweed,which could be chopped up and fed to livestock.Ma
37、ny farmers turned to raising dairy cattle at the beginning of the Dust Bowl years.Part of the milk was skimmed off and fed to pigs and chickens.But as the drought worsened,farmers could no longer raise enough feed for their cattle and other livestock.Farmers wait for rain that wont come for years.No
38、t much was left for cattle to eat in Oklahoma in 1936.SoapweedDust Bowl Disaster Level X1718With no source of income,farmers grew tired and hungry.Many could not keep up payments on their farms.They eventually left the Great Plains to seek a better life elsewhere.Thousands were drawn westward to Cal
39、ifornia to seek work in the states rich farmlands.But there were fewer jobs there than there were people.John Steinbeck describes the westward migration in his famous 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath.He wrote about the hundreds of thousands of people who came over the mountains towards California.They
40、 came in cars loaded with all their worldly possessions and often slept in their cars or in tents.Some formed caravans,or groups of cars that traveled together,for safety.People didnt stay in one place long.They were always moving,searching for work,and desperate for food.Do You Know?By the end of t
41、he 1930s,2.5 million people had left the Plains states.Two hundred thousand of them ended up in California.John Steinbeck and his book The Grapes of WrathThink About ItImagine coming to the Great Plains in the early 1900s and starting a farm.You have built a home,dug a well for water,plowed up grass
42、land to grow wheat,and raised a family.A drought comes and makes it difficult to grow crops.What do you do?Do you stick it out?How do you survive?Or do you pull up stakes and move to another place?Dust Bowl Disaster Level X1920The Government Steps InIt was clear that people living in the Great Plain
43、s needed help.They were losing their land,their farms,and their hope.Millions more had lost their jobs because of the Great Depression and had no hope of finding new jobs.All were hungry and poor.Many were dying.In 1932,the citizens of the United States had elected Franklin Roosevelt as their next p
44、resident.He quickly offered a program for recovery known as the New Deal,which included government agencies and programs to help farmers and unemployed workers.Roosevelt appointed Hugh Bennett,a man well-known for his work in soil conservation,as director of a new agency called the Soil Erosion Serv
45、ice.Bennett worked to change farming methods in order to help stop blowing dirt in its tracks.He worked to convince Congress to pass the Soil Conservation Act of 1935.Roosevelt also provided other programs to help the weary farmer.Some of these programs were:1933 The Emergency Farm Act The act set a
46、side$200 million to help farmers who could not make payments on their farms to refinance their bank loans.1935 Drought Relief Service The government bought cattle from farmers to prevent farmers from becoming bankrupt.The government paid them more than they could have received from selling on the re
47、gular market.1935 Soil Conservation Service This service developed programs to stop soil erosion and paid farmers to use soil-conserving methods to farm.1937 Shelterbelt Project This project paid farmers to plant trees all across the Great Plains.Trees planted along fencerows would stop wind from ca
48、rrying away soil.Roosevelts inaugurationThe plan of the Shelterbelt project was to plant four million trees,stretching from the Canadian border down into Texas.Franklin RooseveltDust Bowl Disaster Level X2122In addition to these programs,the New Deal offered many programs aimed at creating jobs for
49、all those who were out of work.The largest of these programs was known as the Works Progress Administration(WPA).The WPA employed millions after it was created in 1935.ConclusionAs the Dirty Thirties drew to a close,rain clouds began to replace dust clouds.The drought was finally over for much of th
50、e Great Plains and the Canadian Prairie in the early 1940s.Farmers went back to planting wheat.Familiar golden fields waved across the plains once again;however,farming methods had changed and thousands of acres of grasslands had been set aside by governments to try to prevent another Dust Bowl.By 1