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1、www.readinga-Written by Alfred J.SmuskiewiczPrehistoric Giants(Other Than Dinosaurs)A Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:2,155LEVELED BOOK Z1Prehistoric Giants(Other Than Dinosaurs)Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.YZ1Z2WritingResearch an era described in the book.Crea
2、te a pamphlet persuading someone to vacation there.Include facts about the era and what a visitor should bring along to be prepared.ScienceDo further research on the adaptations of one animal from the book.Describe how the adaptations allowed the animal to survive in the era in which it lived.Connec
3、tionsPrehistoric Giants (Other Than Dinosaurs)Level Z1 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Alfred J.SmuskiewiczAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Table of contents:Georges Cuvier(portrait,top left)defined the ways scientists decide how an extinct animal,such as Megatherium(top),might look.Geologist Wil
4、liam Buckland(foreground,left)found a tiny mammals jawbone(under magnifying glass)with a dinosaurs toe bone,which led him and Cuvier to decide that mammals had lived in more ancient times than anyone had ever known.Photo Credits:Front cover,pages 9,13,16,17:DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/age fotostock;title pa
5、ge:Dirk Wiersma/Science Source;page 3:John Reader/Science Source;pages 6,8,20:DK Images;page 11:Sheila Terry/Science Source;page 12(bottom):Richard Ellis/Science Source;pages 12(top right),15,22(left):Hemera Technologies/Jupiterimages Corporation;14:Chris Butler/Science Source;page 18:Roger Harris/S
6、cience Source;page 19:Jupiterimages Corporation;page 21:NYPL/Science Source;page 22(right):iStock/packagedesignPrehistoric Giants(Other Than Dinosaurs)CorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAamphibiansarthropodDNAerasextincthabitatherbivoresice ageinvertebratesmarinepaleontologis
7、tsperiodspredatorsprehistoricspeciestentaclestrilobitesWords to Knowwww.readinga-Written by Alfred J.SmuskiewiczHow and why has animal life evolved on Earth over the past millions of years?Focus Question2324Prehistoric Giants(Other Than Dinosaurs)Level Z1tentacles(n.)long,flexible limbs on an animal
8、,especially an invertebrate(p.6)trilobites(n.)common prehistoric sea animals that were covered with a soft shell(p.6)Indexamphibian,4,10,11Arthropleura,5,7,9arthropod,9Bigfoot,19bird,4,8,1518Cameroceras,58centipede,4,8,9Cymbospondylus,5,7,12,13dinosaur,2,4,12,13,15,16dolphin,13DNA,4dragonfly,8Elasmo
9、saurus,5,7,14elephant,20,22era,57,10,11,18fish,4,1012,14,15fossil,46,21 Gastornis,5,7,16,17Gigantopithecus,5,7,19Homo erectus,19horse,17ice age,20,21Indricotherium,5,7,18insect,4,8,9invertebrate,6King Kong,4,19Koolasuchus,5,7,11Leedsichthys,5,7,10Liopleurodon,5,7,13mammal,2,4,18,21Mammuthus,5,7,20Me
10、ganeura,5,79Megatherium,2,5,7,21Ornithocheirus,5,7,15paleontologist,4period,5,7,10Phorusrhacos,5,7,17reptile,4,1215,18rhinoceros,18,22salamander,11shark,13,22shellfish,4,6,12 sloth,giant ground,21Tyrannosaurus rex,13whale,10,13,22woolly mammoth,20Glossaryamphibians(n.)cold-blooded animals with backb
11、ones that generally spend some time in water and some time on land(p.4)arthropod(n.)a member of a group of invertebrates that have a segmented body,an exoskeleton,and jointed limbs;includes insects,arachnids,and crustaceans(p.9)DNA(n.)a code that carries genetic information about a living thing;abbr
12、eviation of deoxyribonucleic acid(p.4)eras(n.)large divisions of time in Earths history:Paleozoic,Mesozoic,and Cenozoic(p.5)extinct(adj.)no longer in existence;completely wiped out(p.10)habitat(n.)the natural environment of a plant or animal(p.11)herbivores(n.)animals that eat only plants(p.18)ice a
13、ge(n.)a period in Earths history when ice sheets covered large areas of land(p.20)invertebrates(n.)animals that do not have backbones(p.6)marine(adj.)of or relating to the sea(p.12)paleontologists people who study plant and animal fossils (n.)(p.4)periods(n.)divisions of time that make up larger era
14、s of time in Earths history(p.5)predators(n.)animals that hunt and eat other animals (p.16)prehistoric(adj.)of or relating to the time before recorded or written history(p.4)species(n.)a group of living things that are physically similar and can reproduce(p.4)Prehistoric Giants (Other Than Dinosaurs
15、)Level Z1 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Alfred J.SmuskiewiczAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Table of contents:Georges Cuvier(portrait,top left)defined the ways scientists decide how an extinct animal,such as Megatherium(top),might look.Geologist William Buckland(foreground,left)found a tiny ma
16、mmals jawbone(under magnifying glass)with a dinosaurs toe bone,which led him and Cuvier to decide that mammals had lived in more ancient times than anyone had ever known.Photo Credits:Front cover,pages 9,13,16,17:DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/age fotostock;title page:Dirk Wiersma/Science Source;page 3:John Re
17、ader/Science Source;pages 6,8,20:DK Images;page 11:Sheila Terry/Science Source;page 12(bottom):Richard Ellis/Science Source;pages 12(top right),15,22(left):Hemera Technologies/Jupiterimages Corporation;14:Chris Butler/Science Source;page 18:Roger Harris/Science Source;page 19:Jupiterimages Corporati
18、on;page 21:NYPL/Science Source;page 22(right):iStock/packagedesignPrehistoric Giants(Other Than Dinosaurs)CorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAamphibiansarthropodDNAerasextincthabitatherbivoresice ageinvertebratesmarinepaleontologistsperiodspredatorsprehistoricspeciestentacles
19、trilobitesWords to Knowwww.readinga-Written by Alfred J.SmuskiewiczHow and why has animal life evolved on Earth over the past millions of years?Focus Question2324Prehistoric Giants(Other Than Dinosaurs)Level Z1tentacles(n.)long,flexible limbs on an animal,especially an invertebrate(p.6)trilobites(n.
20、)common prehistoric sea animals that were covered with a soft shell(p.6)Indexamphibian,4,10,11Arthropleura,5,7,9arthropod,9Bigfoot,19bird,4,8,1518Cameroceras,58centipede,4,8,9Cymbospondylus,5,7,12,13dinosaur,2,4,12,13,15,16dolphin,13DNA,4dragonfly,8Elasmosaurus,5,7,14elephant,20,22era,57,10,11,18fis
21、h,4,1012,14,15fossil,46,21 Gastornis,5,7,16,17Gigantopithecus,5,7,19Homo erectus,19horse,17ice age,20,21Indricotherium,5,7,18insect,4,8,9invertebrate,6King Kong,4,19Koolasuchus,5,7,11Leedsichthys,5,7,10Liopleurodon,5,7,13mammal,2,4,18,21Mammuthus,5,7,20Meganeura,5,79Megatherium,2,5,7,21Ornithocheiru
22、s,5,7,15paleontologist,4period,5,7,10Phorusrhacos,5,7,17reptile,4,1215,18rhinoceros,18,22salamander,11shark,13,22shellfish,4,6,12 sloth,giant ground,21Tyrannosaurus rex,13whale,10,13,22woolly mammoth,20Glossaryamphibians(n.)cold-blooded animals with backbones that generally spend some time in water
23、and some time on land(p.4)arthropod(n.)a member of a group of invertebrates that have a segmented body,an exoskeleton,and jointed limbs;includes insects,arachnids,and crustaceans(p.9)DNA(n.)a code that carries genetic information about a living thing;abbreviation of deoxyribonucleic acid(p.4)eras(n.
24、)large divisions of time in Earths history:Paleozoic,Mesozoic,and Cenozoic(p.5)extinct(adj.)no longer in existence;completely wiped out(p.10)habitat(n.)the natural environment of a plant or animal(p.11)herbivores(n.)animals that eat only plants(p.18)ice age(n.)a period in Earths history when ice she
25、ets covered large areas of land(p.20)invertebrates(n.)animals that do not have backbones(p.6)marine(adj.)of or relating to the sea(p.12)paleontologists people who study plant and animal fossils (n.)(p.4)periods(n.)divisions of time that make up larger eras of time in Earths history(p.5)predators(n.)
26、animals that hunt and eat other animals (p.16)prehistoric(adj.)of or relating to the time before recorded or written history(p.4)species(n.)a group of living things that are physically similar and can reproduce(p.4)2122Prehistoric Giants(Other Than Dinosaurs)Level Z1A World Without Giants?Isnt it am
27、azing to think that giants such as the ones in this book once walked on Earth and swam in the ocean?Its too bad we cant see these huge creatures today.However,you dont have to get in a time machine to see very large animals.Blue whales,great white sharks,giant squids,grizzly bears,elephants,giraffes
28、,ostriches,condors,and anacondas are some of the large animals that share the planet with us today.Unfortunately,many of these animals are threatened with extinction because their populations are so small.Its important to protect these animals,mainly by preserving their habitats.That way,we can be s
29、ure that well never live in a world without giants.MegatheriumGiant Ground SlothDont take off your winter coat yet.Another huge mammal that lives during the last ice age is Megatherium(meg-ah-THEER-ee-um),a giant ground sloth.It lives about 2 million to 8,000 years ago and is almost 20 feet(6 m)long
30、.Megatherium is related to the much smaller tree sloths that live in South America today.The one youre watching is standing on its hind legs,using its tail for balance,which shouldnt surprise you.Fossil footprints found in your time show that it could stand and even walk upright.And speaking of your
31、 time,you should probably be getting back .feet20181614121086420rhinoceroshumangiraffeAfrican elephantHow We Compare TodayMegatherium had hard,bony plates(like the armadillos)under its long fur.The plates helped protect it from attacks by other animals.34Prehistoric Giants(Other Than Dinosaurs)Level
32、 Z1Table of ContentsWhat Giants Lived Long Ago?.4Giant Invertebrates .6Giant Fish and Amphibians .10Giant Reptiles .12Giant Birds .16Giant Mammals .18A World Without Giants?.22Glossary .23Index .24What Giants Lived Long Ago?Imagine traveling in a time machine to walk through a forest millions of yea
33、rs ago.As you stroll along,you suddenly hear a loud snorting behind you.When you turn,you see a huge animal,bigger than a house!You may think at first that this giant is a dinosaurbut it might not be.Many prehistoric animals other than dinosaurs were giants.There were other giant reptiles as well as
34、 giant species of shellfish,insects,centipedes,fish,amphibians,birds,and mammals.There was even a giant ape,almost like King Kong!Scientists called paleontologists learn about prehistoric animals from shells,footprints,and fossils(remains or traces of animals,such as bones).Paleontologists can use a
35、 fossil to learn when and where an animal lived,how big it was,what kind of food it ate,and how it moved.Sometimes,paleontologists can even remove DNA from animal remains.Tests of this DNA can show how the prehistoric animal is related to animals living today.Do You Know?Species have changed over an
36、d over again throughout Earths history,with old species becoming extinct(dying out)and new ones appearing.More than 99 percent of all animal species that have ever lived are now extinct.34Prehistoric Giants(Other Than Dinosaurs)Level Z1Table of ContentsWhat Giants Lived Long Ago?.4Giant Invertebrate
37、s .6Giant Fish and Amphibians .10Giant Reptiles .12Giant Birds .16Giant Mammals .18A World Without Giants?.22Glossary .23Index .24What Giants Lived Long Ago?Imagine traveling in a time machine to walk through a forest millions of years ago.As you stroll along,you suddenly hear a loud snorting behind
38、 you.When you turn,you see a huge animal,bigger than a house!You may think at first that this giant is a dinosaurbut it might not be.Many prehistoric animals other than dinosaurs were giants.There were other giant reptiles as well as giant species of shellfish,insects,centipedes,fish,amphibians,bird
39、s,and mammals.There was even a giant ape,almost like King Kong!Scientists called paleontologists learn about prehistoric animals from shells,footprints,and fossils(remains or traces of animals,such as bones).Paleontologists can use a fossil to learn when and where an animal lived,how big it was,what
40、 kind of food it ate,and how it moved.Sometimes,paleontologists can even remove DNA from animal remains.Tests of this DNA can show how the prehistoric animal is related to animals living today.Do You Know?Species have changed over and over again throughout Earths history,with old species becoming ex
41、tinct(dying out)and new ones appearing.More than 99 percent of all animal species that have ever lived are now extinct.2122Prehistoric Giants(Other Than Dinosaurs)Level Z1A World Without Giants?Isnt it amazing to think that giants such as the ones in this book once walked on Earth and swam in the oc
42、ean?Its too bad we cant see these huge creatures today.However,you dont have to get in a time machine to see very large animals.Blue whales,great white sharks,giant squids,grizzly bears,elephants,giraffes,ostriches,condors,and anacondas are some of the large animals that share the planet with us tod
43、ay.Unfortunately,many of these animals are threatened with extinction because their populations are so small.Its important to protect these animals,mainly by preserving their habitats.That way,we can be sure that well never live in a world without giants.MegatheriumGiant Ground SlothDont take off yo
44、ur winter coat yet.Another huge mammal that lives during the last ice age is Megatherium(meg-ah-THEER-ee-um),a giant ground sloth.It lives about 2 million to 8,000 years ago and is almost 20 feet(6 m)long.Megatherium is related to the much smaller tree sloths that live in South America today.The one
45、 youre watching is standing on its hind legs,using its tail for balance,which shouldnt surprise you.Fossil footprints found in your time show that it could stand and even walk upright.And speaking of your time,you should probably be getting back .feet20181614121086420rhinoceroshumangiraffeAfrican el
46、ephantHow We Compare TodayMegatherium had hard,bony plates(like the armadillos)under its long fur.The plates helped protect it from attacks by other animals.1920Prehistoric Giants(Other Than Dinosaurs)Level Z1MammuthusWoolly Mammoth and Its RelativesTime to move forward again to between 4 million an
47、d 10,000 years ago,during the last ice age,to catch a glimpse of a woolly mammoth,a species of Mammuthus(MA-muh-thus).Keep your eyes peeled for a creature that looks like a huge,hairy elephant with long,curved tusks.There it is,using its tusks to clear paths through snow,probably searching for plant
48、 food.The woolly mammoth stands almost 12 feet(3.6 m)tall,but another Mammuthus species can grow as tall as 14 feet(4.3 m).Early humans hunt mammoths and paint pictures of them,which can still be seen on cave walls in modern Europe.Mammoths will become extinct at the end of the ice age,when the weat
49、her becomes too warm for them.GigantopithecusThe Real King KongKing Kong was a big ape in a movie,but Gigantopithecus(jeye-GANT-o-PIHTH-uh-kuhs)is a real giant ape that lives from about 8 million to 100,000 years ago.Some males stand 10 feet(3 m)tall on their hind legs and weigh more than 1,000 poun
50、ds(454 kilograms).You can tell which ones are females.They are half this size.Gigantopithecus is a gentle giant.It eats bamboo,fruit,seeds,and other plant food in tropical rainforests in Asia.While youre here,you might even spot an early type of human called Homo erectus,who is living at the same ti