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1、www.readinga-Joe Kittinger:An Unsung HeroA Reading AZ Level W Leveled BookWord Count:1,622Joe Kittinger:An Unsung HeroVisit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Written by Ned JensenLEVELED BOOK WWritten by Ned JensenJoe Kittinger:An Unsung HeroLevel W Leveled Book Learning AZWritten b
2、y Ned JensenAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover,pages 5,7(all),8,10,11,16(center):courtesy of U.S.Air Force;back cover,title page,pages 11,15,16(top),17,19,20,22,24:courtesy of the family of Joseph Kittinger;page 3:AP Images;page 4(top left,top center,top right):courtesy of Ma
3、rshall Space Flight Center/NASA;page 4(center left,bottom left):courtesy of NASA;page 12:U.S.Govt Airforce/National Geographic Stock;page 14:Ross D.Franklin/AP Images;page 18:Corbis;page 21:courtesy of the National Museum of the U.S.Air Forcewww.readinga-Joe Kittinger:An Unsung HeroCorrelationLEVEL
4、WS4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRASpecial thanks to Colonel and Mrs.Kittinger for their contributions to the manuscript and providing photographs from their personal archive.34Table of ContentsIntroduction.4Jumping Joe .6Joe Sets Another Record.14More Records for Joe .19Conclusion .21Glossary
5、.23Index .24Space exploration has many heroes.If you were asked to name a few,you might mention Yuri Gagarin,the first person to travel into space,or Neil Armstrong,the first person to walk on the moon.Or you might name Alan Shepard,John Glenn,or Sally Ride,all well-known American astronauts.But you
6、 probably would not include Joe Kittinger on your list.He is an unsung hero.However,many people regard Joe as a true pioneer of space exploration.Sally RideAlan ShepardJohn GlennYuri GagarinNeil ArmstrongIntroductionJoe Kittinger:An Unsung Hero Level W56Joe Kittinger was neither an ordinary space ex
7、plorer nor an actual astronaut or cosmonaut.However,what Joe did probably took more courage than that of any astronaut who climbed into a space shuttle or capsule and rocketed into space.What did Joe do that was so extraordinary?Lets find out.Jumping JoeBefore humans were zooming into space in rocke
8、t-propelled capsules,Joe Kittinger was flying high-altitude balloons into the very edge of space.It was all part of a U.S.Air Force project called Project Manhigh.The projects purpose was to test what would happen to humans who spent a long time in conditions similar to those found in outer space.In
9、 June 1957,Joe made his first balloon flight into the stratosphere and reached an altitude of 29,565 meters(97,000 ft).He was aloft for almost seven hours.The information gathered from high-altitude balloon flights by Joe and others was invaluable to NASAs planning for the first human space flights.
10、Later,Joe was the engineer for Project Excelsior,a U.S.Air Force project to develop safe ways to escape from high-altitude aircraft and spaceships.In August 1960,a year before Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person considered to travel into space,Joe Kittinger accomplished an equally
11、 incredible feat.He rode in a balloon filled with helium gas to a distance of 31,333 meters(102,800 ft)above Earth.A typical passenger jet flies at about 9,144 meters(30,000 ft)above Earth.Joe went more than three times higher than passenger jets flyin a balloon!Joe KittingerJoe Kittinger:An Unsung
12、Hero Level W78Okay,so thats pretty incredible,isnt it?But get thisnext,Joe stepped out of the balloon!At 31,333 meters(102,800 ft)above Earth,he stepped out of the open gondola into the emptiness of space.He wasnt going for a space walk.Instead,he jumped out and began falling back to Earth.Do You Kn
13、ow?Joe piloted 93 different types of aircraft that included planes and balloons.He flew 5,300 hours in jet-plane flight and about 1,000 hours flying combat missions.He parachuted 101 times,with three of those jumps from balloons at very high altitude.Joe Kittinger:An Unsung Hero Level W910Before we
14、learn what happened to Joe,lets think about conditions at 31,333 meters(102,800 ft)above Earth.At that altitude,the air is very thin,which makes it next to impossible to inhale enough oxygen with each breath.Joe carried a supply of oxygen,which allowed him to breathe comfortably.However,it is also i
15、ncredibly cold that high above Earth.At the 32-kilometer(20 mi)distance Joe traveled in his balloon,he was deep into a layer of the atmosphere called the stratosphere.This layer stretches from 9.5 to 48 kilometers(about 630 mi)above Earth.So Joe was floating well into the stratosphere,where temperat
16、ures can be as low as 68 degrees Celsius(90F).To keep himself warm in these hostile conditions,Joe wore several layers of clothing.He also needed to wear a special pressurized suit to prevent his body from exploding and his blood from boiling.The danger of this happening was caused by the low-pressu
17、re conditions of space,where very little air exists.In space,pressure inside the body is much greater than the pressure from the outside atmosphere,which pushes against the body.This can happen starting at an altitude of 18,900 meters(62,000 ft),which is known as Armstrongs Limit.Despite all the mea
18、sures taken to keep Joe safe,he experienced pain in his right hand when the pressurized glove he wore developed a leak and lost pressure.Joe enters the balloon gondola in a pressurized suit.50 40 30 20 10 0 56 90 70 50 30 10 0 MesosphereHeight of Joe Kittingers JumpStratosphereTroposphereGround Leve
19、lKilometersMilesJoe Kittinger:An Unsung Hero Level W1112Lets continue to follow Joe in his amazing fall through the atmosphere.He was being pulled by gravity back home to Earth.As he fell,his body accelerated,reaching speeds of over 965 kilometers(600 mi)per hour.Some experts say he even may have br
20、oken the sound barrier.If so,he was the only person ever to break the sound barrier unaided or unprotected by any sort of craft for over fifty years.After falling for 16 seconds,Joes small,1.8-meter(6 ft)diameter drogue parachute opened and slowed his fall.A drogue parachute is elongated and thinner
21、 than a regular parachute.This design stops the parachute from being torn apart during high-speed falls from high altitudes.Joe fell for another 4 minutes and 36 seconds before his main parachute opened,allowing him to drift slowly down to Earth.Joe had proven that a human could survive in near spac
22、elike conditions outside a spacecraft or aircraft after an emergency escape.Math MinuteWhen Joe jumped from his high-altitude balloon at 31,000 meters,he was in a free fall for 4 minutes and 36 seconds before his parachute opened.He was at 5,500 meters when the chute opened.What was his average spee
23、d in meters per second during his free fall?Answer:about 95 meters per secondJoe Kittinger:An Unsung Hero Level W1314You might ask whether Joe was really in spacetechnically speaking,he was not.Space really does not have a well-defined border.Its not like stepping across the border of one country in
24、to another.The atmosphere just keeps getting thinner and thinner as you move away from Earth.However,many scientists define the border of spacecalled the Krmn Lineas 100 kilometers(62 mi)above Earth.So it would appear that Joe didnt actually reach true outer space.Nonetheless,he was high enough to e
25、xperience conditions similar to those in space.And remember,he wasnt even inside a spaceship.Joes daring jump set an altitude record for a parachute jump that remained unbroken until 2012.Joe Sets Another RecordJoe was more than a guy who jumped out of balloons.He was also a highly skilled pilot wit
26、h a love of flying that began early in his life.Born in 1928 in Tampa,Florida,Joe spent his early years growing up around Orlando,Florida.You might say he was obsessed with flying.He read everything he could find about flying and pilots,and he built many model airplanes.ThermosphereStratosphereMesos
27、phereTroposphereExosphereShuttleAuroraMeteorsWeather BalloonMount Everest800 km690 km80 km50 km18 kmKrmn LineWowser!Felix Baumgartner,an Austrian skydiver,broke Joe Kittingers record for speed in 2012.Felix jumped out of a gondola 39,045 meters(128,100 ft)above Earths surface.His free fall lasted fo
28、r 4 minutes and 22 seconds 16 seconds less than Joes jump in 1960.He reached a speed of 1,342 kilometers(833.9 mi)per hour,about 97 kilometers(60 mi)per hour faster than the speed of sound.Joe and Felix worked together for years to prepare Felix for the jump.Joe watched from the control room,speakin
29、g to Felix during his journey back to Earth.Joe Kittinger:An Unsung Hero Level W1516Joe spent his teenage years hanging around a local airport and persuading pilots to give him free plane rides.By age 17,he had flown his first solo flight.Joe joined the U.S.Air Force after two years of college and s
30、oon became a test pilot,flying experimental and fighter aircraft.In 1955,Joe went from piloting airplanes to piloting balloons.He had made several high-altitude balloon flights and balloon jumps before his record-setting flight and jump in 1960.In one of those earlier jumps,Joes drogue chute opened
31、only 2 seconds after he jumped from the gondola,instead of after 16 seconds as it was supposed to.A cord from the chute wrapped around his neck and sent him into a near-fatal downward spiral.Joe became unconscious during the violent spinning.But luckily,his safety chute opened automatically and slow
32、ed his fall,allowing him to float safely down to Earth.You might think that this experience would have caused Joe to think about changing his career,but it didnt.He stuck with the project and made other flights,which led to his record-setting balloon flight and jump.Do You Know?The city of Orlando,F
33、lorida,built a park by the airport where Joe used to hang out so other kids could have a place to watch planes take off and land.The park was named Colonel Joe Kittinger Park.Joe dreamed about flying a Piper Cub when he was a teenager.Joe Kittinger:An Unsung Hero Level W1718After setting the world r
34、ecord for his high-altitude parachute jump,Joe went to Vietnam and flew combat missions.He served three combat tours during the war and flew a record-breaking 483 flight missions.In 1972,on his 483rd flight,his luck ran out when he was shot down.That became his last flight in combat.Joe was able to
35、eject from his crashing jet and parachute safely to Earth.Unfortunately,he landed behind enemy lines,30 miles northwest of Hanoi,North Vietnam,and was captured immediately.For the next 11 months,Joe was a prisoner of war held by his captors in the infamous“Hanoi Hilton”prison.Joe was placed in solit
36、ary confinement for 30 days.During his time as a prisoner,Joe occupied his mind by planning every detail of a balloon flight around the world a flight that no human had accomplished.Think About ItImagine being a prisoner for nearly a year and not being allowed to be around other prisoners.What would
37、 you do during your time in confinement to keep your mind occupied?Joe posing with his jetfighterJoe Kittinger:An Unsung Hero Level W1920More Records for JoeAfter retiring from the Air Force in 1978,Joe continued his work in aeronautics.He also added to his other record-setting accomplishments by fl
38、ying lighter-than-air balloons.He entered many competitions around the United States.Five years after his retirement from the Air Force,Joe set yet another record.He flew a helium-filled balloon from Las Vegas,Nevada,to Franklinville,New Yorka distance of 3,220 kilometers(2,000 mi).It took him 72 ho
39、urs to fly the record-setting distance.In 1984,at the age of 56,Joe decided to go for another record.No one had flown a balloon alone across the Atlantic Oceanall the more reason for Joe to try it.On September 14,1984,he took off from the state of Maine and drifted eastward.Almost 84 hours and 5,633
40、 kilometers(3,500 mi)later,he landed his balloon in Italy.Joe had set another record.Joe flew this balloon from Las Vegas,Nevada,to Franklinville,New York.Joe with the helium-filled balloon he flew across the AtlanticJoe Kittinger:An Unsung Hero Level W2122ConclusionThe dictionary defines a hero as
41、someone who commits an act of bravery or who shows great courage when undertaking a task.Based on this definition,Joe is certainly a hero.Many heroes in fields like exploration become well known,with their names appearing in the news and in textbooks.Joe Kittinger is not a name that comes to mind in
42、 connection with space exploration.In this sense,Joe is an unsung hero.His early work with high-altitude balloons was not undertaken for the purpose of setting records,but rather for the benefit of pilots and astronauts.Despite being relatively unknown to the general public,Joe was recognized for hi
43、s outstanding accomplishments.U.S.President Dwight D.Eisenhower awarded him the Harmon Trophy after Joe set the record for a high-altitude jump.Joe received many other awards and honors for his military,ballooning,and parachuting achievements,including the Silver Star,Distinguished Flying Cross,and
44、Purple Heart.Joe is a man of extraordinary courage and bravery who made important contributions to the field of space exploration.Colonel Joe Kittinger,right,with President Eisenhower,center,after receiving the Harmon trophy.Joe Kittinger:An Unsung Hero Level W2324Glossaryaccelerated increased in sp
45、eed(p.11)aeronautics the work or study of flight(p.19)altitude the measure of distance above Earth(p.6)cosmonaut a Russian term for a space traveler(p.5)elongated long in comparison with its width(p.12)gondola a boat-like enclosure(p.8)hostile unfriendly(p.10)invaluable so helpful that it cannot be
46、priced(p.6)near-fatal almost resulting in death(p.16)obsessed completely occupied with thinking about something(p.14)solitary imprisonment with no confinement interaction with other people allowed(p.18)stratosphere a layer of the sky that is between 9.5 and 48 kilometers(630 mi)above Earths surface(
47、p.6)IndexAtlantic Ocean,20Eisenhower,D.D.,22Gagarin,Yuri,4,6Karman Line,13Kittinger,Joe,(records)distance,19 flight missions,17 high altitude,6,13,16,22 skydiving,13,17 speed,11,12 transatlantic,20NASA,6Orlando,Florida,14,15Project Excelsior,612Project Man High,6,16sound barrier,11U.S.Air Force,6,15,19Vietnam,17,18Joe Kittinger:An Unsung Hero Level W