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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Valley of the KingsA Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:1,633WritingResearch information about“The Curse of King Tut.”Do you believe the curse is real?Why or why not?Write an essay explaining your answer,citing outside resources for su
2、pport.Social StudiesChoose a pharaoh who is buried in the Valley of the Kings.Write a biography about that pharaoh and make a poster highlighting the important events in his life.Connectionswww.readinga-Written by Cheryl ReifsnyderLEVELED BOOK Z1LEVELED BOOK Z1Valley of the Kingswww.readinga-Why is
3、the Valley of the Kings a significant part of Egypts history?Focus QuestionWritten by Cheryl ReifsnyderValley of the KingsValley of the KingsWorld Landmarks Level Z1 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Cheryl ReifsnyderAll rights reserved.www.readinga-animateculminatedebrisdecomposingdynastiesgypsumh
4、ieroglyphsmummifiedparallelpharaohsquarriedsarcophagusWords to KnowFront and back cover:The burial chamber of King TutankhamenTitle page:A section of a mural from the tomb of SiptahPhoto Credits:Front cover,back cover:Heaton/Topham/The Image Works;title page,pages 8,10:DeAgostini/DeAgostini/Supersto
5、ck;page 4:Leemage/Corbis;page 5:Ancient Art&Architecture Collection Ltd/Alamy;page 6:Kelly-Mooney Photography/Corbis;page 7:Everett Collection Historical/Alamy;page 9:Jim Henderson/Alamy;page 11:age fotostock/age fotostock/Superstock;page 13:imageBROKER/Alamy;page 14:Mike P Shepherd/Alamy;page 16:He
6、ritage Image Partnership Ltd/Alamy;page 17:Kenneth Garrett/National Geographic Creative;page 18:Sandro Vannini/Corbis;page 19:Danita Delimont/AlamyCorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA3MEDITERRANEAN SEARED SEAEGYPTCairoValley of the KingsLuxor(Thebes)MemphisNile RiverHValley o
7、f the Kings Level Z1Table of ContentsTreasure .4What Is the Valley of the Kings?.5Preparing for the Afterlife .7Whats in a Tomb?.10Constructing a Royal Tomb .11 Decorations Fit for a King .15The Valley of the Kings Today .17Future Treasure .19Glossary .20Valley of the KingsValley of the Kings4Treasu
8、re In November 1922,a British archaeologist named Howard Carter uncovered the stairs to the tomb of King Tutankhamen(toot-an-KAH-muhn).Not only was this a new discovery in Egypts Valley of the Kingsan area that explorers had thought was“played out”it was the first tomb found with its royal seal inta
9、ct.Tutankhamen was one of the least important pharaohs buried in Egypts Valley of the Kings.With only four chambers,his tomb was one of the smallest,but more than five thousand objects were crammed into the tombmany of them solid gold.Tutankhamens golden funeral mask,inlaid with colored glass and se
10、miprecious stones,has become one of Egypts most famous treasures.Tutankhamens solid gold death mask was placed on the head and shoulders of the kings mummy.5Valley of the Kings Level Z1What Is the Valley of the Kings?The Valley of the Kings is probably the most magnificent burial ground in the world
11、.It houses the tombs of almost every pharaoh of Egypts golden age,a period known as the New Kingdom.The New Kingdom spanned the rule of the Eighteenth,Nineteenth,and Twentieth Egyptian Dynasties,a period of about five hundred years,from 1550 to 1080 bc.There are sixty-three known tombs in the valley
12、.Tomb Map of the Valley of the KingsTomb Map of the Valley of the KingsKV 62:TutankhamenKV 9:Ramses IVKV 57:HoremhebKV 17:Seti Idiscovered tombKings ValleyKeyKVSeveral tombs are not shown on this map.Some tombs are farther west.6A pyramid-shaped mountain,Al Qurn(el GOORN),overlooks the Valley of the
13、 Kings.The pyramid was a symbol of the Sun god,Ra(RAH).During this time,the ancient city of Thebes(now known as Luxor)was Egypts capital and religious center.Thebes had many temples honoring the Egyptian empires pharaohs,whom ancient Egyptians believed joined the gods after death.A royal tomb requir
14、ed a location where a mummified king could be left undisturbed while his spirit journeyed to the afterlife.A vast desert wadi(WAH-dee)a steep-sided valleyon the other side of the Nile River provided the perfect location,for practical reasons.Tombs could be chiseled from the soft,plentiful limestone
15、formations found there.The valleys steep cliffs and single access point made it relatively easy to guard,and its locationseveral hours walk from Thebeshelped discourage tomb robbers.7Valley of the Kings Level Z1Preparing for the AfterlifeAncient Egyptians considered a pharaohs tomb almost as importa
16、nt as the palace in which the pharaoh lived.A tomb protected the physical body,which ancient Egyptians believed could return to life after burial.After death,the pharaohs body went through a seventy-day mummification process to keep it from decomposing.Priests removed and mummified internal organs a
17、nd placed them inside a stone box known as a canopic chest.The mummified body was then placed inside several nested coffins that were in turn placed inside a stone sarcophagus.Carved from blocks of granite or quartzite,a sarcophagus could weigh up to 9 metric tons(10 T).Egyptians believed that the t
18、omb also protected the spirit of the deceased as it traveled through the underworld.Priests placed protective amulets into the mummys wrappings and statues of protective gods in the sarcophagus.Howard Carter removes a covering of Tutankhamens third,innermost coffin.8Spells and prayers,known as funer
19、ary compositions,covered the tombs walls and ceilingsand sometimes the sarcophagusin long columns of hieroglyphs and images.Some were intended to restore the body to life.Others,placed inside the sarcophagus,were meant to frighten away demons that might try to sabotage the souls journey.Funerary com
20、positions served another purpose as well:they provided guidance for the souls trials along its journey to the afterlife.The ancient Egyptians believed that the pharaohs soul had to travel west through the underworld with the Sun god,Ra.While accompanying the Sun god,the soul would encounter numerous
21、 obstacles and dangers.Ras names and prayers are often inscribed with images and hieroglyphs in the entrances to many royal tombs.9King Tutankhamen was buried with 413 shabti figures.These wooden or stone statuettes provide valuable information about ancient Egyptian beliefs and customs.Valley of th
22、e Kings Level Z1Royal tombs held a wide variety of supplieseverything a king might need or want in the afterlife.Storerooms were filled with wooden models of equipment,such as boats and chariots.The storerooms also held personal items,such as cosmetics,clothing,and board games,as well as everyday it
23、ems,such as furniture and lamps.They were filled with treasures,including precious gems,golden jewelry,and artwork.Baskets of fruit,boxes of preserved meat,and pots filled with juice and other beverages were also placed in the tombs.Since the pharaohs would need servants in the afterlife,the tombs a
24、lso held hundreds of carved figurines called shabtis(SHAB-teez).Shabti means“answerer,”and each shabti figurine was carved with a spell to animate it at its masters call.10Murals adorn the walls of Ramses VIs burial chamber from the Twentieth Dynasty.Whats in a Tomb?Tombs found in the Valley of the
25、Kings share many common features.Most are decorated with elaborate paintings and hieroglyphs;many have the same series of halls and rooms as well.An initial entryway leads into a hall the ancient Egyptians called the“passage of Ra”because it was often decorated with images of the Sun gods different
26、forms and names.Farther along,the“hall of hindering”often contains a deep well excavated in the floor.Experts think this pit may have deterred robbers or protected against flooding.The tombs all culminate in the burial chamber,which the Egyptians sometimes called the“House of Gold.”Storerooms that o
27、pen off most burial chambers were used to hold furniture and supplies.11Experts think that only two of the corridors in Ramses IXs tomb had been plastered before he died.The workmanship looks as if it were done in a hurry.Valley of the Kings Level Z1Constructing a Royal TombAlthough the tombs have m
28、any things in common,no two tombs in the Valley of the Kings are identical.Each was constructed and decorated according to the tastes of the ruler.Work on a tomb began while a king was alive.When a king died,the tomb builders had only seventy days to finish their work.At that point,the mummification
29、 of the dead pharaoh would be complete and the burial had to take place.If a tomb wasnt finished,workers might cut corners to get ready in time,leaving paintings or rooms half-finished.In some cases,such as when King Ramses IV died before his tomb was finished,workers recut an existing chamber to ma
30、ke it work as the burial chamber.In other cases,the king was buried in a different tomb.12 Tomb LayoutsTomb LayoutsEarly tombs(right)included one or more turns to the left.Later tombs(left)had no turns.Experts think this was to help prevent workers from accidentally running into other,older tombs.Co
31、mmon Tomb Chambersearly tomb designBACDElater tomb designA entranceB passage of RaC hall of hindering(contains deep well)D chariot hall(contains sets of pillars;no chariots have ever been found here)E burial chamberBACDE13Even today,workers build walls above tombs to keep falling debris from clutter
32、ing entrances.Valley of the Kings Level Z1The appearance and layout of the tombs in the Valley of the Kings changed over time.Tombs built over three thousand years ago during the early part of the New Kingdom(the Eighteenth Dynasty)tended to be smaller than those built by later pharaohs,and they wer
33、e usually built with one or two ninety-degree left-hand turns in their floor plan.Tomb locations changed over time as well.During the early part of the New Kingdom,royal tombs were positioned at the bottoms of cliffs,where rainstorms would send water and debris down to cover a tombs entrance.Later r
34、ulers usually positioned tomb entrances on lower-lying slopes.This may be because later tombs were designed to be reopened after burial or because the Valley of the Kings was becoming crowded.Also,a tomb built in a straight line was less likely to run into other tombs.14About four hundred tomb worke
35、rs and their families lived in a village called Dier al-Medina,about 1 kilometer(0.6 mi.)south of the Valley of the Kings.Much of what we know about the Valley of the Kings comes from the writings left behind in this village.Most of the excavation of Dier al-Medina happened between 1922 and 1951.Exp
36、erts think tomb construction began almost as soon as a new king began his rule.Selecting the tombs location was a critical first step,performed by the vizier(vi-ZEER),the highest court official,together with senior workmen.If they didnt choose the right location,the tomb might need to be replanned o
37、r moved.More than once,an initial choice was abandoned after workers had begun cutting the tomb.A Community of Workers A Community of Workers 15Valley of the Kings Level Z1The tombs had to be cut directly into the limestone bedrock.Work crews first quarried rough passages using copper or bronze chis
38、els,wooden mallets,and hand axes with stone blades.Initially,only one or two men at a time could cut in the passages close quarters.Other workers formed a basket brigade to remove debris.The foreman painted a line on the tombs ceiling to provide a reference point for measurements as workers refined
39、the walls,ceiling,and floor.Using only simple tools,workers created ninety-degree turns and parallel vertical walls with remarkable accuracy.Decorations Fit for a KingOnce work on a tomb had progressed far enough,specialists began to add decorations.Plasterers covered surfaces with white gypsum plas
40、ter.Scribes marked vertical and horizontal lines on their work surface,outlining areas for different scenes and texts.They sketched in hieroglyphs and figures.A supervisor followed the scribes,making corrections.After corrections were made,artists would add the finishing touches,painting blocks of c
41、olor and filling in the details.16When the Egyptian pharaoh Horemheb died,his tomb was not completely finished.As a result,we can clearly see some of the steps involved in tomb artwork.1.Scribes outlined text and scenes on the walls in red ink.2.A supervisor reviewed the outlines and made correction
42、s in black ink.He might correct a figures proportions or note where an image was missing.3.Artists then outlined the corrected images with black ink.4.Artists added finishing touches,sometimes cutting away the background to leave raised figures.5.Finally,artists painted the scenes.Markings show firs
43、t sketches and corrections in Horemhebs unfinished tomb.scribes outlines(red ink)supervisors corrections(black ink)reliefSometimes,workers would carve a relief.This technique involved carving away portions of a scene to make certain things stand out.If the artists carved away the background,leaving
44、raised figures,they created a raised relief.Details would then be carved into the figures before painting.Relief Design and CorrectionRelief Design and Correction17By extracting tissues from mummies found in the valley,scientists can learn about diet,disease,and even the cause of death.Valley of the
45、 Kings Level Z1The Valley of the Kings TodayIn the early 1800s,treasure hunters flocked to the valley in droves.Like early tomb robbers,they removed anything of value to sell to wealthy collectors.That changed in 1857,when the Egyptian government established the Antiquities Service to protect the co
46、untrys ancient monuments and artifacts.As a result,todays explorers use techniques designed to protect and preserve the tombs and their contents.A special department of the United Nations designated the Valley of the Kings one of the first World Heritage sites in 1979.Over a million people visit the
47、 tombs each year.18An average of four to five thousand tourists visit the Valley of the Kings daily.Eighteen tombs are open to the public on a rotating schedule and,with the exception of Tutankhamens tomb,visitors can see any three of the open tombs with their entry ticket.(Tutankhamens tomb require
48、s purchase of an additional ticket.The treasures originally found in Tutankhamens tomb are housed in the Cairo Museum of Antiquities.)People who accidentally touch the walls can discolor or damage the ancient paint and carvings.The rotating schedule of open tombs gives each tomb regular breaks from
49、the crowds.Scheduled closures also provide time for tomb restoration and maintenance.Experts hope this will counter the effects of keeping the tombs open to the public.19Scientists are busy excavating and studying the Tomb of the Sons of Ramses II(KV 5),the largest tomb in the Valley of the Kings.Va
50、lley of the Kings Level Z1Future TreasureFor decades after Howard Carters sensational discovery of Tutankhamens tomb,the Valley of the Kings yielded few new secrets.That changed in 1989,when Egyptologist Kent Weeks took a closer look at a tomb(KV 5)previously labeled“uninteresting.”Clearing flood de