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1、LEVELED BOOK YThe HaidasThe HaidasVisit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.www.readinga-Written by David L.DreierIllustrated by Lisa IngWritten by David L.DreierIllustrated by Lisa IngThe HaidasA Reading AZ Level Y Leveled BookWord Count:2,264The HaidasA Reading AZ Level Y Leveled Bo
2、okWord Count:2,264www.readinga-The HaidasLevel Y Leveled Reader Learning AZISBN 978-1-61515-145-5Written by David L.DreierIllustrated by Lisa IngAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Page 20:Dewitt Jones/Corbis;page 21:Raymond Gehman/Corbis;page 22:Dan Lamont/CorbisRead other books in Readi
3、ng AZs Native Americans series:The Algonquins,Level X The Apaches,Level Z The Cherokees,Level Z The Cheyennes,Level ZWritten by David L.DreierIllustrated by Lisa IngCorrelationLEVEL YT4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAThe HaidasThe HaidasThe Haidas Level Y34Table of ContentsThe Best of Times .4A
4、 New Totem Pole .7Initiation into Manhood .9The First Salmon of the Year .11Raising the Totem Pole .13The Potlatch .16Afterword .19Glossary .23The Best of TimesFrom the east,four Haida(HY-duh)war canoes approached the island.They bobbed in the choppy water of the strait.On the rocky shore,young Squa
5、wally watched with excitement.The warriorsmore than a hundred of themhad been gone for three days.Now they whooped triumphantly as they paddled the long cedar dugouts into shore,their tattooed bodies sweating from the effort.When the canoes scraped bottom,the braves jumped out and dragged them onto
6、the rocky beach.The men pulled a dozen captives from the canoes and pushed them toward the village.The prisoners hands were tied behind them with leather straps.One of the returning warriors turned to Squawally with a grin.He gave a tilt of his head toward the captives.“They will make fine slaves.”Q
7、ueen Charlotte IslandsHaida GwaiiPA C I F I C O C E A NUnited StatesCanadaThe Haidas Level Y56Squawally envied the braves their victory.He wished he could have gone with them.But at thirteen years old,he was still too young for war.“Was it a tough fight?”he asked.The brave sneered.“No,it was easy.Mo
8、st of their warriors were sick.The whole village was filled with sickness.They say it came from the white people.”Squawally looked east across the water.It was a soft,late-summer day.Large,puffy clouds hugged the horizon.Behind him,the people of his village went about their daily lives with smiling
9、faces.Cooking smoke rose from the cedar longhouses.Outside the houses,tall totem poles stood in silent majesty.Children played.It was a fine day,and a fine time to be Haida.Their world in Haida Gwaiia crescent-shaped group of islands west of mainland Canadawas good.Nothing could ever harm it.At leas
10、t thats what Squawally wanted to believe.But lately he wasnt so sure.“Ive heard stories of the white-peoples illness,”he said.“I didnt know if they were true.”The brave made a dismissive gesture with his hand.“The people on the coast are weak.We Haida are strong and need not fear this illness.”The m
11、an gave Squawally a slap on the back.“Dont worry.You especially,young Squawallyyou have some important days ahead of you.Right now,you are the pride of the Ravens.Soon,some Eagle girls will be making eyes at you.”Squawally blushed.The warrior laughed and walked toward his longhouse.Ravens and Eagles
12、All the Haida people belonged to one of two large social groups,called Raven and Eagle.Each group was divided into more than 20 families.A member of the Raven group could only marry a person from the Eagle group,and vice versa.Children became members of their mothers social group.Names,honors,and ch
13、iefly rank were passed down through the mothers line.The Haidas Level Y78A New Totem PoleThe Haida craftsman ran his hands down the long,thick cedar log.The log,stripped of its bark,was lying on its side on supporting timbers.The craftsman was the most renowned totem-pole carver in this part of Haid
14、a Gwaii.His two assistants stood quietly by as he examined the log.Squawally and his uncle,Chief Brave Bear,also watched him in respectful silence.Finally the craftsman turned to Squawally and Brave Bear with a smile.“Its a good log,”he said.“Ive never seen a finer one.You chose well.”Brave Bear nod
15、ded proudly.The craftsman patted the log.“Ill make it into a pole that will impress the entire village.And its time you had a new one.”He gestured to the aging totem pole that stood nearby,outside of Brave Bears longhouse.“The time is now right,”Brave Bear replied.“Squawally is becoming a man.”“Some
16、day he will succeed you as chief of the family,”said the carver.He turned to Squawally.“How will that be,huhto rule the longhouse?”“Im in no hurry to be a chief,”said Squawally.“I wish my uncle long life.”The two men smiled.Then the craftsman returned to discussing the carving.“So what stories is th
17、is pole going to tell?”he asked Brave Bear.Brave Bear gave him detailed instructions on the various family crests that he wanted carved into the pole.At the top would be a great Thunderbird,its wings outstretched.Other animals,including the Grizzly Bear,would have lower positions.Every crest had spe
18、cial meaning to Brave Bears family group.Brave Bear and Squawally left the carver to his work.He began drawing figures on the log with a stick of charcoal.The Haidas Level Y910Initiation into ManhoodI will not show pain.I will not show pain.Squawally repeated those words to himself silently as he sa
19、t cross-legged in the center of the longhouse near the communal fire.Around the longhouse,the several dozen members of the family,including Squawallys mother and father,watched in silence.Brave Bear stood above Squawally.“Today Squawally begins his ascent into manhood,”he said.I bestow on him my nam
20、e of Brave Bear.May he bring it honor,as I hope I have.In recognition of his second name,he will receive his first tattooof our powerful brother,the Grizzly Bear.What prouder image can a young man have on his chest?”Brave Bear turned and gestured to a man who stood a few steps away.The man walked ov
21、er to Squawally and knelt down.He opened a leather pouch and removed some fish-bone and thorn needles as well as bags of powdered pigments.The tattoo artist began pricking the skin of Squawallys chest with a needle.He made a series of closely spaced puncture wounds in the shape of a stylized grizzly
22、 bear.The holes in the boys chest dripped blood,which the man wiped away.Throughout the ordeal,Squawally stared straight ahead.He gave no sign of the intense pain the needle was causing him.I will not show pain,he kept repeating to himself.When the design was finished,the artist rubbed some parts of
23、 it with black pigment.Other parts he rubbed with red pigment.The pigments would be part of Squawallys flesh for the rest of his life.The tattoo,still oozing blood,was finished.Squawally stood and displayed his chest to the family.They smiled and nodded in approval.Squawally had passed his first tes
24、t of manhood.The Haidas Level Y1112The First Salmon of the YearA large,pink salmon lay on a bed of leaves in the center of the village.The villages head chief stood over it,his hands held out before him.The fish was the first salmon to be caught in the annual spawning run.The Haidas did not know why
25、 this yearly event occurred.They didnt understand that the salmon were returning to the lakes and streams of their birth to reproduce.All they knew was that this great rush of salmon happened once a year in late summer.And that it might end forever if they did not show the salmon proper respect.“Tha
26、nk you for sending us our brother the salmon,”the chief intoned as all the villagers gave their own private thanks for the salmon.Later,the salmon was cooked over a wood fire.When it was done,everyone in the village ate a small piece of it.A woman tending the fire gave a piece to Squawally.He ate it
27、 in two bites,savoring its taste of both sea and smoke.The return of the salmon in their great numbers had been guaranteed for another year.The Bounty of the PacificThe Haidas and other Native Americans of the Pacific Coast had unlimited amounts of food for the taking.Their most important food was s
28、almon,which people caught by the thousands.Salmon were eaten fresh as well as dried for later use.In addition to salmon,the Pacific waters were filled with other kinds of fish and with sea mammals,including whales and seals.The beaches overflowed with clams,oysters,and crabs.The forests yielded plan
29、ts,nuts,and berries,as well as game animals.It was impossible to go hungry on the Pacific Coast.The Haidas Level Y1314Raising the Totem PoleFor ten days,the craftsman and his assistants had labored over Brave Bears new totem pole.Slowly and carefully,they had carved out the drawn designs.They worked
30、 with European-made steel tools obtained through trade networks.Today,they made the finishing touches,applying colorful pigments to the carved designs.Now it was time to raise the pole into position.Everyone in the village was assembled outside Brave Bears longhouse.As the women and children watched
31、,dozens of men labored to raise the pole.First they carried the tall pole to a hole that had been dug outside the door of the longhouse.Next,they laid the bottom of the pole next to the hole.Then they wrapped ropes around the pole.Some of the men pulled on the ropes while others pushed from behind w
32、ith long wooden rods.Slowly the top of the pole reached toward the sky.A moment later,the bottom thunked down into the hole.Everyone laughed and cheered.Chief Brave Bear and Squawally beamed happily.At the top of the pole,the figure of the mighty Thunderbird looked down on the village,his long beak
33、and extended wings adding to the poles dramatic appearance.The other main parts of the totem pole were equally impressive:a grizzly bear holding two children,a killer whale,a wolf,an owl.Each crest told a tale relating to the origins of the Raven group or encounters between Brave Bears ancestors and
34、 supernatural beings in the forms of those animals.What Are Totems?The poles that were erected by First Nations People of the Pacific Northwest are called totem poles.So what are totems?Actually,the correct term is“crests,”and totem poles are more accurately called“crest poles.”Crests were the vario
35、us animals,in supernatural form,that were associated with the two main social groups of the HaidaEagles and Ravensand with individual families.Early anthropologists,or people who study human culture,mistakenly called these symbols“totems.”That term had been used more accurately for a system of anima
36、l symbols used by Native Americans of the Great Lakes region.The Haidas Level Y1516The PotlatchSquawallys introduction to manhood and the raising of the new totem pole were important events in the Haida village.As such,they had to be properly celebrated.Chief Brave Bear had been preparing for this o
37、ccasion for many months.He saved great stores of food and gifts.Now the great celebration,known as a potlatch,was under way.For several days,the people of the village and their guests would feast,sing,play games,and dance.Throughout the festivities,Brave Bear would give everyone gifts of food,blanke
38、ts,carved boxes,animal hides,and other objects.CoppersAt the end of a potlatch,the chief hosting the event would present one or more chiefs with“coppers.”These were expertly crafted copper objects shaped like a small shield,each decorated with the image of an animal.Coppers were the most highly priz
39、ed objects in Haida society.They were a symbol of wealth.As a challenge,a chief would sometimes break a copper and offer the pieces to another chief.The other chief would then have to break a copper of his own of equal or greater valueif he had one.If he didnt and was unable to meet the challenge,he
40、 was humiliated.“This tells who we are,”the chief said to Squawally as they gazed at the beautiful new pole.The boy made no reply.Words could not express the pride he felt at that moment.The Haidas Level Y1718Only a wealthy man could hold a potlatch,and at the end of such a celebration,all of his we
41、alth was gone.But Chief Brave Bear wasnt concerned about that.He knew that he would regain what he had lostand moreat future potlatches held by other chiefs.Brave Bear smiled broadly as he watched his fellow villagers and the many visitors enjoy the great party he was throwing.The air was filled wit
42、h talk,laughter,and singing.His heart swelled with joy.Brave Bear saw Squawally seated on a log,eating a chunk of roasted elk meat.But the boy did not seem to be eating with much appetite,and his face looked glum.The chief walked over to his nephew and sat down.“Why are you looking so downcast?”he a
43、sked.“This celebration is for you.You should be happy.”“I know,uncle,”the boy replied.“But .the shaman just told me that the prisoners captured in the raid have gotten sick.Hes used all his knowledge to cure them,but it isnt working.”Brave Bear shook his head and smiled.“Why should you care about a
44、few slaves?Let them go to the afterlife.Theyll be happier there.”“Its the sickness Im thinking about.Im afraid our people will get it.”“Dont worry yourself.The Guardian Spirits will look after us.Now enjoy yourself.”Squawally nodded.His uncle gave him a pat on the back and departed.Squawally looked
45、out across the water of the strait.The eastern horizon was blanketed with gray clouds.Autumn was approaching.The Haidas Level Y1920AfterwordHaida Gwaii had been the home of the Haida people since early times.Their ancestors from Asia may have settled there at the end of the last ice age,more than 10
46、,000 years ago.For generation after generation,the Haidas lived prosperous lives on their beautiful forested islands.They were fierce warriors who took many captives as their slaves.At least 7,000 Haida people were living there in the late 1700s,when they encountered the first European explorers.The
47、y were divided into at least fifty villages in areas now part of western Canada and the northwestern United States.Another group of Haida people had settled in Alaska.The Haidas world came crashing down in the 1860s.A series of smallpox epidemics,transmitted by settlers from Europe,wiped out many Na
48、tive American villages.More than 90 percent of the Canadian Haida died of smallpox and other diseases against which their bodies had no natural defenses.Later,their troubles continued.Beginning in the 1870s,Christian missionaries arrived in the islands to convert the surviving Haidas.The missionarie
49、s persuaded the Haidas to forget their old ways.The missionaries pulled down many of the totem poles and destroyed them.Some totem poles were burned for firewood.The Canadian government also began taking steps to turn Native Americans away from their traditions.In 1884,it outlawed potlatch celebrati
50、ons.Some Haida continued to hold potlatches,though they tried to keep them secret.The last potlatch was held in 1921.The government discovered it and confiscated all the gifts.It appeared that the Haida culture was heading toward extinction.Modern Haida dancers wear traditional button blankets.The H