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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Writing and ArtWrite a newspaper article from September 19,1783,describing the Montgolfier brothers experiment.Use facts from the book and outside resources.ScienceChoose an experiment from the book.Organize the details of the experiment using
2、 the steps of the scientific method.Discuss your results and any new questions with a partner.ConnectionsThe Balloon BrothersA Reading AZ Level Z2 Leveled BookWord Count:1,877www.readinga-The Balloon BrothersThe Balloon BrothersZZ1Z2Written by David L.DreierIllustrated by Loic DerrienLEVELED BOOK Z2
3、Written by David L.DreierIllustrated by Loic DerrienThe Balloon Brotherswww.readinga-Who were the Montgolfier brothers,and why are they remembered?Focus QuestionPhoto Credits:Page 7:alhovik/123RF;page 8(top):Sarin Images/Granger,NYC;page 8(bottom):Granger,NYC;page 11:Ingram Publishing/Thinkstock;pag
4、e 14:wamsler/123RFWords to KnowairshipsbuoyancychemistscombustibleenvelopeexperimentimmersedinflammableintriguedmoleculesphysicistprestigeCorrelationLEVEL Z2YZN/A70+Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAThe Balloon BrothersLevel Z Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by David L.DreierIllustrated by Loic Derr
5、ienAll rights reserved.www.readinga-3Table of ContentsWitnessing the Birth of a New Age .4Two Brothers with Big Ideas .6Constructing“Smoke-Powered”Balloons .9A Balloon Rivalry .10Soaring into the Blue .12The Legacy of Lighter-Than-Air Flight .15Glossary .16Early Balloon Flights near Paris,FranceSept
6、.19,1783Nov.21,1783Dec.1,1783Aug.27,178302135746801MilesKilometers2345FranceParisATLANTIC OCEANMEDITERRANEAN SEASpainGermanyItalyEnglandGonesseVersaillesSaint DenisTuileries GardenBellevilleParisSEINE RIVERThe Balloon Brothers Level Z24Witnessing the Birth of a New AgeAn excited crowd of 130,000 thr
7、onged the grounds of the Palace of Versailles(vair-SYE),just outside Paris,France,on the afternoon of September 19,1783.They had come to see the spectacle of a test flight of a large hot-air balloon constructed by two French brothers,Joseph-Michel and Jacques-tienne Montgolfier(mon-GOLF-yay).King Lo
8、uis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette(an-twon-ET)watched from the palace courtyard.The beautiful silk-and-paper balloon was decorated with gold designs on a blue background.There was tension in the air.Since the dangers of flight were unknown,the passengers in the wicker basket suspended beneath the ba
9、lloon were not human.Instead,they were a sheep,a rooster,and a duck.5These animals had been chosen as part of a scientific experiment.The sheeps anatomy was considered close enough to a humans to make it a reliable test subject.The rooster was included because,though it was a bird,it couldnt fly ver
10、y high.The high-flying duck was used to test any other aspects of the flight that might be hazardous.The Montgolfiers filled their balloon with hot,smoky air from a fire burning in a pit.Shortly after 1:00 pm,the balloon was released.As the crowd looked on in wonder,it rose to a height of about 460
11、meters(1,500 ft.).Eight minutes later,it settled back to Earth 3.2 kilometers(2 mi.)away.The animals were unharmed from the experience.The age of flightlong a dream of humanityhad finally dawned.The way was now clear for people to ascend into the clouds,and the Montgolfiers deserved much of the cred
12、it.The Balloon Brothers Level Z26Two Brothers with Big IdeasThe Montgolfier brothers were two of the sixteen children of Pierre and Anne Montgolfier,who lived in Annonay(AN-on-ey),a town in southern France.Pierre was a successful paper manufacturer.His factories were the official suppliers of statio
13、nery to the court of King Louis XVI,a contract that gave the Montgolfiers financial security.When Joseph and tienne took over the family business in the 1770s,they had ample free time to pursue other interests.In his early forties,Joseph became intrigued with the possibility of flight.Since the 1600
14、s,scientists had been exploring the possibility of making a lighter-than-air craft that would fly because of buoyancy.No one had yet figured out how to build such a vehicle,however.Buoyancy was first understood by the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes(ark-uh-MEE-deez).It involves the density of
15、 an objectits weight for a given volumecompared with that of a fluid in which it is immersed.(Fluid in this sense can mean either a liquid or a gas.)If the density of an object is less than that of the fluid in which it rests,the object will experience an upward force.7Joseph theorized that a lighte
16、r-than-air gas contained within a lightweight enclosure might create an effective buoyant force.He read about hydrogen gas,which was known at the time as“inflammable air”because of its explosive nature.Scientists had been aware of hydrogens existence for some time.Early chemists sometimes reported h
17、aving produced a flammable gas during their experiments,but they didnt know what it was.In 1766,English chemist Henry Cavendish identified the gas as an element and gave it the name“inflammable air.”French chemist Antoine Lavoisier(la-VWAH-zee-ay)renamed it“hydrogen”in 1783.Joseph filled small paper
18、 spheres with hydrogen gas and released them to see if they would fly.The results of his experiments were disappointing;the spheres rose just a few meters before coming back down.Hydrogen atoms are so small that they were able to pass through the paper and dissipate into the surrounding air.Elements
19、 and AtomsElements are the chemical building blocks of the universe.Every element is made up of atomsthe smallest particles of substances that still have the properties of that substance.Oxygen and hydrogen are both elements.One oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms can combine to form one molecule of
20、water.Elements and AtomsElements are the chemical building blocks of the universe.Every element is made up of atomsthe smallest particles of substances that still have the properties of that substance.Oxygen and hydrogen are both elements.One oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms can combine to form on
21、e molecule of water.The Balloon Brothers Level Z28Joseph looked for another way to create an“ascending machine,”as he called it.One day,he noticed that shirts drying over a smoky fire billowed upward.Like most people,he had often seen smoke rising from chimneys.This,he concluded,was the answer:smoke
22、!In early 1783,the Montgolfiers began burning different kinds of combustible materials to identify ones that produced a lot of smoke.They found that a mixture of damp straw and chopped-up wool released the most smoke of any materials they tested.It also produced a terrible stench.But the smoke did i
23、ndeed give buoyancy to any sort of light container.The brothers concluded that smoke must contain some previously unknown component with a lifting property.They dubbed this marvelous substance“Montgolfier gas.”Of course,there was no such substance.The lifting effect was caused by the hot air itself.
24、When air gets heated,the molecules within it move around faster,causing the air to expand and become less dense.When contained within a balloons envelope,the lighter air makes the balloon rise.Joseph-Michel MontgolfierJacques-tienne Montgolfier9Constructing“Smoke-Powered”BalloonsWithout understandin
25、g the real science behind hot-air balloons,Joseph and tienne continued to believe in the existence of Montgolfier gas and to make foul-smelling smoke.The brothers had no reason to believe that their premise was wrong.After all,their test balloons were working.The brothers experimented by using diffe
26、rent materials for the envelope,including silk,paper,and linen.As their work progressed,they also increased the size of their hot-air balloons.The balloons rose ever higher into the air.The brothers experiments began to attract attention.A crowd filled the Annonay town square on June 4,1783,for the
27、test of a large balloon made of cloth lined with paper.The crowd watched in amazement as the unoccupied balloon soared some 2,000 meters(6,560 ft.)into the sky.After a ten-minute flight,the balloon landed about 2 kilometers(1.2 mi.)away.Successful test flights such as this one launched a balloon cra
28、ze in France.From“Ascending Machines”to BalloonsThe“ascending machines”or later,“aerostats”that got the French people so excited were not called“balloons”until sometime after the Montgolfiers made history.That name was adapted from the French word ballon,meaning“a large ball used in games.“From“Asce
29、nding Machines”to BalloonsThe“ascending machines”or later,“aerostats”that got the French people so excited were not called“balloons”until sometime after the Montgolfiers made history.That name was adapted from the French word ballon,meaning“a large ball used in games.“The Balloon Brothers Level Z210
30、A Balloon RivalryThe Montgolfier brothers sought official recognition of their work from the French Academy of Sciences.A“seal of approval”from this eminent institution was of great benefit to inventors,enhancing their prestige and earning them the admiration and,hopefully,the support of the king.Th
31、e monarch would,in turn,bask in public adulation for his promotion of an impressive technological advance.To the brothers disappointment,the academy withheld approval of their work.It decided to take a wait-and-see approach in case someone else invented a better balloon.The Montgolfiers chief rival
32、was a physicist named Jacques Charles(ZHOCK SHARL),who proposed building a hydrogen balloon.The Montgolfiers had long since given up on using hydrogen in favor of their hot-air balloons,but Charles saw great possibilities in this approach.In July 1783,Charles began work on his balloon,financed by pu
33、blic donations.He was assisted by two brothers,Nicolas-Louis and Anne-Jean Robert(roh-BEAR),both professional engineers.The three constructed a small test balloon made of silk with a rubberized surface to keep the hydrogen from escaping.11In the meantime,the Montgolfiers scored a major victory:King
34、Louis,having heard reports of their experiments,invited them to Paris.He wanted the brothers to build a dazzling balloon that would display his glory to all of France.As the kings favorites,the brothers now received government funding for their work.Charles had to content himself with the moral supp
35、ort of the Academy of Sciences.But he at least had the funding he needed from the public.The two teams strove to become the first to launch a balloon with human passengers.The race was on,though the rivalry was a reasonably friendly one.As the summer waned,the Montgolfiers and Charles were getting r
36、eady to demonstrate their balloons.A Better Gas for Balloons:HeliumHydrogen is the lightest elementonly one-fourteenth the weight of airso at first glance it seems like the perfect gas for balloons.However,hydrogen is dangerous to work with because it catches fire and explodes easily.A much better g
37、as for balloons is helium,the second-lightest element.Helium does not catch fire or explode.It is therefore completely safe for use in lighter-than-air flight.Helium was not discovered until the 1880s,so it was not available to balloon makers in the 1700s.A Better Gas for Balloons:HeliumHydrogen is
38、the lightest elementonly one-fourteenth the weight of airso at first glance it seems like the perfect gas for balloons.However,hydrogen is dangerous to work with because it catches fire and explodes easily.A much better gas for balloons is helium,the second-lightest element.Helium does not catch fir
39、e or explode.It is therefore completely safe for use in lighter-than-air flight.Helium was not discovered until the 1880s,so it was not available to balloon makers in the 1700s.The Balloon Brothers Level Z212Soaring into the BlueOn August 27,1783,a large crowd gathered at a grassy area in Paris wher
40、e the Eiffel Tower now stands.They had come to witness the launch of the Charles balloon.Among the onlookers was a famous American,Benjamin Franklin,who was serving as U.S.ambassador to France.The balloon was relatively smallabout 4 meters(13 ft.)in diameterwith alternating red and white stripes.The
41、 white stripes had turned yellow,discolored by the rubber solution applied to the silk.Charles and the Robert brothers had generated hydrogen for the balloon by pouring sulfuric acid onto a half ton of scrap iron.The Scientific MethodThe Montgolfier brothers and Jacques Charles aimed to answer a que
42、stion:Is it possible to construct a lighter-than-air device that will enable people to fly?To answer that question,they followed a procedure known as the“scientific method.”The scientific method has several steps:Ask a question.Do background research.Construct a hypothesis.Test your hypothesis with
43、observations or experiments.Analyze your data and draw a conclusion.Communicate your results.The Scientific MethodThe Montgolfier brothers and Jacques Charles aimed to answer a question:Is it possible to construct a lighter-than-air device that will enable people to fly?To answer that question,they
44、followed a procedure known as the“scientific method.”The scientific method has several steps:Ask a question.Do background research.Construct a hypothesis.Test your hypothesis with observations or experiments.Analyze your data and draw a conclusion.Communicate your results.13In the late afternoon,the
45、 unpiloted balloon was released from its moorings.It rose quickly and flew northeast for less than an hour,landing about 15 kilometers(9 mi.)away in the village of Gonesse.Terrified villagers attacked this strange monster from the heavens with their pitchforks.Now it was the Montgolfiers turn to wow
46、 Paris.On September 19,they launched their test balloon with its animal passengers at Versailles.When the animals landed safely,the time for a human trial was finally at hand.Mindful of the danger if the balloon should fail in flight,the king proposed using condemned prisoners as the first human pas
47、sengers.He was,however,dissuaded from that idea.Instead,a science teacher,Jean-Franois Piltre de Rozier(ROZE-ee-ay)and a soldier,the Marquis dArlandes(mar-KEE dar-LOND),volunteered.Their historic flight took place on November 21,this time from the outskirts of Paris.The balloon for this ascent was e
48、ven more impressive than the last one;it towered 23 meters(75 ft.)high.The balloon was embellished with various golden designs.They included Louiss monogramtwo intertwined capital Lsand a circle of fleurs-de-lis(flur-duh-LEES),stylized lilies that were the symbol of French royalty.The Balloon Brothe
49、rs Level Z214With de Rozier and the marquis standing on opposite sides of a platform at the base of the balloon,the“aerostatic globe”rose into the air.Twenty-five minutes later,it landed about 8 kilometers(5 mi.)away,settling between a pair of windmills outside the city.The two men were hailed as he
50、roes.Benjamin Franklin observed the historic flight.Asked by another spectator what this balloon was good for,he reportedly answered,“What is the good of a newborn baby?”On December 1,just ten days after the Montgolfiers triumph,Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert made the first human ascent in