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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Writing and ArtWrite a newspaper article from September 19,1783,describing the Montgolfier brothers experiment.Use facts from the book and outside resources.ScienceChoose an experiment from the book.Organize the details of the experiment using
2、 the steps of the scientific method.Discuss your results and any new questions with a partner.ConnectionsThe Balloon BrothersA Reading AZ Level Z2 Leveled BookWord Count:1,877www.readinga-The Balloon BrothersThe Balloon BrothersZZ1Z2Written by David L.DreierIllustrated by Loic DerrienLEVELED BOOK Z2
3、Written by David L.DreierIllustrated by Loic DerrienThe Balloon Brotherswww.readinga-Who were the Montgolfier brothers,and why are they remembered?Focus Question16Glossaryairships(n.)wingless,steerable aircraft capable of powered flight that use bodies filled with gas to make them lighter than air(p
4、.15)buoyancy(n.)the ability or tendency to float(p.6)chemists(n.)scientists who study chemical elements and how chemicals interact(p.7)combustible(adj.)easily catching fire or burning(p.8)envelope(n.)the outer covering or bag of an airship,such as a hot-air balloon,that holds gas or heated air(p.8)e
5、xperiment(n.)a scientific test or trial(p.5)immersed(v.)dipped or placed into a fluid or some other substance that surrounds completely(p.6)inflammable(adj.)easily able to catch fire and burn quickly(p.7)intrigued(adj.)very curious or interested(p.6)molecules(n.)the smallest parts of a substance tha
6、t can exist by themselves,made of one or more atoms(p.8)physicist(n.)a scientist who studies the nature and properties of energy and matter(p.10)prestige(n.)a level of high standing or respect(p.10)16Photo Credits:Page 7:alhovik/123RF;page 8(top):Sarin Images/Granger,NYC;page 8(bottom):Granger,NYC;p
7、age 11:Ingram Publishing/Thinkstock;page 14:wamsler/123RFWords to KnowairshipsbuoyancychemistscombustibleenvelopeexperimentimmersedinflammableintriguedmoleculesphysicistprestigeCorrelationLEVEL Z2YZN/A70+Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAThe Balloon BrothersLevel Z Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by
8、 David L.DreierIllustrated by Loic DerrienAll rights reserved.www.readinga-15The Legacy of Lighter-Than-Air FlightThe passion for ballooning soon spread throughout Europe.It was not long,however,before the risks involved became clear.In June 1785,de Rozier and his copilot,Pierre Romain,were killed w
9、hile attempting to fly across the English Channel in a balloon.Despite the risks,pioneers continued to develop balloon designs long after the initial balloon craze of the late 1700s had ended.In the 1800s,lighter-than-air vehicles were equipped with rudders and motorized propellers.By the 1930s,huge
10、 airships were flying passengers back and forth across the Atlantic Ocean.The golden age of airships ended abruptly in 1937,though,when the German airship Hindenburg caught fire and crashed while landing in New Jersey.Today,airships are mostly used for advertising and can often be seen flying above
11、open-air stadiums during large sporting events.Gas balloons are mostly used for gathering weather data,while hot-air balloons are mostly used for recreation.Many areas hold festivals each year in which hundreds of colorful hot-air balloons fill the sky.These events can make it appear as though ballo
12、on mania never ended.The Balloon Brothers Level Z2153Table of ContentsWitnessing the Birth of a New Age .4Two Brothers with Big Ideas .6Constructing“Smoke-Powered”Balloons .9A Balloon Rivalry .10Soaring into the Blue .12The Legacy of Lighter-Than-Air Flight .15Glossary .16Early Balloon Flights near
13、Paris,FranceSept.19,1783Nov.21,1783Dec.1,1783Aug.27,178302135746801MilesKilometers2345FranceParisATLANTIC OCEANMEDITERRANEAN SEASpainGermanyItalyEnglandGonesseVersaillesSaint DenisTuileries GardenBellevilleParisSEINE RIVERThe Balloon Brothers Level Z214With de Rozier and the marquis standing on oppo
14、site sides of a platform at the base of the balloon,the“aerostatic globe”rose into the air.Twenty-five minutes later,it landed about 8 kilometers(5 mi.)away,settling between a pair of windmills outside the city.The two men were hailed as heroes.Benjamin Franklin observed the historic flight.Asked by
15、 another spectator what this balloon was good for,he reportedly answered,“What is the good of a newborn baby?”On December 1,just ten days after the Montgolfiers triumph,Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert made the first human ascent in a hydrogen balloon.Taking off from the Tuileries(TWEE-luh-r
16、eez)Garden in Paris,they flew for more than two hours,coming down in a town about 36 kilometers(22 mi.)away.In the following years,the Montgolfiers launched several more balloons.The brothers were honored by the French Academy of Sciences,and their father,Pierre,was elevated to nobility by King Loui
17、s.Do You Know?Modern airships include blimps,which rely solely on gas pressure to maintain their shape,and dirigibles,which have an internal structure.Do You Know?Modern airships include blimps,which rely solely on gas pressure to maintain their shape,and dirigibles,which have an internal structure.
18、a modern blimp4Witnessing the Birth of a New AgeAn excited crowd of 130,000 thronged the grounds of the Palace of Versailles(vair-SYE),just outside Paris,France,on the afternoon of September 19,1783.They had come to see the spectacle of a test flight of a large hot-air balloon constructed by two Fre
19、nch brothers,Joseph-Michel and Jacques-tienne Montgolfier(mon-GOLF-yay).King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette(an-twon-ET)watched from the palace courtyard.The beautiful silk-and-paper balloon was decorated with gold designs on a blue background.There was tension in the air.Since the dangers of f
20、light were unknown,the passengers in the wicker basket suspended beneath the balloon were not human.Instead,they were a sheep,a rooster,and a duck.13In the late afternoon,the unpiloted balloon was released from its moorings.It rose quickly and flew northeast for less than an hour,landing about 15 ki
21、lometers(9 mi.)away in the village of Gonesse.Terrified villagers attacked this strange monster from the heavens with their pitchforks.Now it was the Montgolfiers turn to wow Paris.On September 19,they launched their test balloon with its animal passengers at Versailles.When the animals landed safel
22、y,the time for a human trial was finally at hand.Mindful of the danger if the balloon should fail in flight,the king proposed using condemned prisoners as the first human passengers.He was,however,dissuaded from that idea.Instead,a science teacher,Jean-Franois Piltre de Rozier(ROZE-ee-ay)and a soldi
23、er,the Marquis dArlandes(mar-KEE dar-LOND),volunteered.Their historic flight took place on November 21,this time from the outskirts of Paris.The balloon for this ascent was even more impressive than the last one;it towered 23 meters(75 ft.)high.The balloon was embellished with various golden designs
24、.They included Louiss monogramtwo intertwined capital Lsand a circle of fleurs-de-lis(flur-duh-LEES),stylized lilies that were the symbol of French royalty.The Balloon Brothers Level Z25These animals had been chosen as part of a scientific experiment.The sheeps anatomy was considered close enough to
25、 a humans to make it a reliable test subject.The rooster was included because,though it was a bird,it couldnt fly very high.The high-flying duck was used to test any other aspects of the flight that might be hazardous.The Montgolfiers filled their balloon with hot,smoky air from a fire burning in a
26、pit.Shortly after 1:00 pm,the balloon was released.As the crowd looked on in wonder,it rose to a height of about 460 meters(1,500 ft.).Eight minutes later,it settled back to Earth 3.2 kilometers(2 mi.)away.The animals were unharmed from the experience.The age of flightlong a dream of humanityhad fin
27、ally dawned.The way was now clear for people to ascend into the clouds,and the Montgolfiers deserved much of the credit.The Balloon Brothers Level Z212Soaring into the BlueOn August 27,1783,a large crowd gathered at a grassy area in Paris where the Eiffel Tower now stands.They had come to witness th
28、e launch of the Charles balloon.Among the onlookers was a famous American,Benjamin Franklin,who was serving as U.S.ambassador to France.The balloon was relatively smallabout 4 meters(13 ft.)in diameterwith alternating red and white stripes.The white stripes had turned yellow,discolored by the rubber
29、 solution applied to the silk.Charles and the Robert brothers had generated hydrogen for the balloon by pouring sulfuric acid onto a half ton of scrap iron.The Scientific MethodThe Montgolfier brothers and Jacques Charles aimed to answer a question:Is it possible to construct a lighter-than-air devi
30、ce that will enable people to fly?To answer that question,they followed a procedure known as the“scientific method.”The scientific method has several steps:Ask a question.Do background research.Construct a hypothesis.Test your hypothesis with observations or experiments.Analyze your data and draw a
31、conclusion.Communicate your results.The Scientific MethodThe Montgolfier brothers and Jacques Charles aimed to answer a question:Is it possible to construct a lighter-than-air device that will enable people to fly?To answer that question,they followed a procedure known as the“scientific method.”The
32、scientific method has several steps:Ask a question.Do background research.Construct a hypothesis.Test your hypothesis with observations or experiments.Analyze your data and draw a conclusion.Communicate your results.6Two Brothers with Big IdeasThe Montgolfier brothers were two of the sixteen childre
33、n of Pierre and Anne Montgolfier,who lived in Annonay(AN-on-ey),a town in southern France.Pierre was a successful paper manufacturer.His factories were the official suppliers of stationery to the court of King Louis XVI,a contract that gave the Montgolfiers financial security.When Joseph and tienne
34、took over the family business in the 1770s,they had ample free time to pursue other interests.In his early forties,Joseph became intrigued with the possibility of flight.Since the 1600s,scientists had been exploring the possibility of making a lighter-than-air craft that would fly because of buoyanc
35、y.No one had yet figured out how to build such a vehicle,however.Buoyancy was first understood by the ancient Greek mathematician Archimedes(ark-uh-MEE-deez).It involves the density of an objectits weight for a given volumecompared with that of a fluid in which it is immersed.(Fluid in this sense ca
36、n mean either a liquid or a gas.)If the density of an object is less than that of the fluid in which it rests,the object will experience an upward force.11In the meantime,the Montgolfiers scored a major victory:King Louis,having heard reports of their experiments,invited them to Paris.He wanted the
37、brothers to build a dazzling balloon that would display his glory to all of France.As the kings favorites,the brothers now received government funding for their work.Charles had to content himself with the moral support of the Academy of Sciences.But he at least had the funding he needed from the pu
38、blic.The two teams strove to become the first to launch a balloon with human passengers.The race was on,though the rivalry was a reasonably friendly one.As the summer waned,the Montgolfiers and Charles were getting ready to demonstrate their balloons.A Better Gas for Balloons:HeliumHydrogen is the l
39、ightest elementonly one-fourteenth the weight of airso at first glance it seems like the perfect gas for balloons.However,hydrogen is dangerous to work with because it catches fire and explodes easily.A much better gas for balloons is helium,the second-lightest element.Helium does not catch fire or
40、explode.It is therefore completely safe for use in lighter-than-air flight.Helium was not discovered until the 1880s,so it was not available to balloon makers in the 1700s.A Better Gas for Balloons:HeliumHydrogen is the lightest elementonly one-fourteenth the weight of airso at first glance it seems
41、 like the perfect gas for balloons.However,hydrogen is dangerous to work with because it catches fire and explodes easily.A much better gas for balloons is helium,the second-lightest element.Helium does not catch fire or explode.It is therefore completely safe for use in lighter-than-air flight.Heli
42、um was not discovered until the 1880s,so it was not available to balloon makers in the 1700s.The Balloon Brothers Level Z27Joseph theorized that a lighter-than-air gas contained within a lightweight enclosure might create an effective buoyant force.He read about hydrogen gas,which was known at the t
43、ime as“inflammable air”because of its explosive nature.Scientists had been aware of hydrogens existence for some time.Early chemists sometimes reported having produced a flammable gas during their experiments,but they didnt know what it was.In 1766,English chemist Henry Cavendish identified the gas
44、as an element and gave it the name“inflammable air.”French chemist Antoine Lavoisier(la-VWAH-zee-ay)renamed it“hydrogen”in 1783.Joseph filled small paper spheres with hydrogen gas and released them to see if they would fly.The results of his experiments were disappointing;the spheres rose just a few
45、 meters before coming back down.Hydrogen atoms are so small that they were able to pass through the paper and dissipate into the surrounding air.Elements and AtomsElements are the chemical building blocks of the universe.Every element is made up of atomsthe smallest particles of substances that stil
46、l have the properties of that substance.Oxygen and hydrogen are both elements.One oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms can combine to form one molecule of water.Elements and AtomsElements are the chemical building blocks of the universe.Every element is made up of atomsthe smallest particles of substa
47、nces that still have the properties of that substance.Oxygen and hydrogen are both elements.One oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms can combine to form one molecule of water.The Balloon Brothers Level Z210A Balloon RivalryThe Montgolfier brothers sought official recognition of their work from the Fre
48、nch Academy of Sciences.A“seal of approval”from this eminent institution was of great benefit to inventors,enhancing their prestige and earning them the admiration and,hopefully,the support of the king.The monarch would,in turn,bask in public adulation for his promotion of an impressive technologica
49、l advance.To the brothers disappointment,the academy withheld approval of their work.It decided to take a wait-and-see approach in case someone else invented a better balloon.The Montgolfiers chief rival was a physicist named Jacques Charles(ZHOCK SHARL),who proposed building a hydrogen balloon.The
50、Montgolfiers had long since given up on using hydrogen in favor of their hot-air balloons,but Charles saw great possibilities in this approach.In July 1783,Charles began work on his balloon,financed by public donations.He was assisted by two brothers,Nicolas-Louis and Anne-Jean Robert(roh-BEAR),both