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1、定语从句(-)基本概念1 .由一个句子作定语，修饰句中一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容， 这样的从句就是定语从句，被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。2 .关系词分为两大类，即关系代词和关系副词，其作用一是引出一个定语从句，二是代替其所修 饰的先行词，三是在句中充当某个句子成分。关系词的分类和基本用法表分类指代引导词关系代词人who, whom, that, as事物which, that, as人或物(表所属关系)whose关系副词地点where时间when原因why表二关系代词指代例句解释who人The man who helped you is Mr White.在定从中
2、作主语whomThat is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.在定从中作宾语，可省略whoseHe is the father whose son studies very well in our class.在定从中作定语thatIm not the fool that you thought me to be.在定从中作表语asHe is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.在定从中作宾语that事物The only thing that we can do is to give yo
3、u some advice.在定从中作宾语whichA dictionary is a useful book which tells us the meaning of words在定从中作主语whoseHe lives in a room whose window faces south在定从中作定语asIt is such a big stone as nobody can lift.在定从中作宾语整句内容As is known to all, he is the best student.在定从中作主语表三关系副词指代例句解释when时间Would you suggest a time
4、 when we can have a talk?在定从中作状语where地点The house where they live is not very large.在定从中作状语why原因This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.在定从中作状语（二）定语从句的注意点本部分的内容比较复杂，为便于考生一目了然，我们试图用表格的形式呈现给考生。l.that 与 which, who, whom 的用法区别情况用法说明例句只用that的情 况先行词为 all, everything, anything, nothing, little
5、, much,等不定代词时先行词被 all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few 等修饰时先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时先行词既指人又指物时先行词被the only, the very修饰时句中已经有who或which时，为了避免 重复时He told me everything that he knows. All the books that you offered has been given out.This is the best film that I have ever read. We talked about the
6、 persons and things that we remembered.He is the only man that I want to see. Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom 的 情况在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which 指代物，用who/whom指人在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 中，只能用which指物，whom指人。先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用whooHe has a son, who has gone abroad for
7、further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.只用 that, in which或不用 关系词的情况the way做先行词时Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she sto
8、od.(3)What surprised me was not what he said buthe said it.A, the wayB. in the way thatC. in the wayD. the way which2.as which 和 that 的区别从句区别例句限制性 定语从句中名词前有such和the same修饰时，关 系代词用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand.非限制性 定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。 如
9、果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放 在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as； 而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并 无“正如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.the same. as 和 the same .thatthe same. as指同类事物 the same .that 指原物Thats the same tool as I used la
10、st week.(同类工具，不是同一把)Thats the same tool that I used last week. 那就是我上周用过的工具。3. where when与why引导的定语从句关系副词用法例句where关系副词where引导定语从句时，只能 在定语从句中作地点状语，其修饰的名 词必须是表示（具体或抽象的）地点的名 1司。Were just trying to teach a pointbothsides will sit down together and talk. A. where B. that C. when D. whichwhen关系副词when引导定语从句时
11、，只能 在定语从句中作时间状语，其修饰的名 词必须是表示时间的名词。There wastimeI hatedto go to school.A. a; thatB. a; whenC. the; thatD. the ; whenwhy关系副词why引导定语从句时，只能 在定语从句中作原因状语，其修饰的名 词必须是表示原因的名词。Do you know the reason why she was put into prison ?你知道她坐牢的原因吗？4 .“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就 出现“介词+关系
12、代词”。先行词指物，用“介词+which/whose”,指人则用“介词+whom/whose”，且两个 关系代词均不能省略。介词的选择要遵循两个原则：原则内 容例句原则一根据定语从句中谓语动词与 先行词的搭配内容而定I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the directionshe had come.A.of which B.by which C.in which D.from which解析此题考查由“介词+关系代词”引导
13、的定语从 句,根据句意用from which表示“所来的那个方向”， 故答案选D原则二根据先行词而定There are two buildings ,stands nearly ahundred feet high.A. the largerB. the larger of themC. the larger one thatD. the larger of which解析the larger of which 指代 the larger of the two buildings , which在定语从句中指代building,作 介词of的宾语，故答案为D。5 .定语从句与先行词被分割开来的
14、现象定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先 行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句，在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，在阅读 是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。现象例句在定语从句加中插入语，常见的有：I think J suppose ,1 guess ,1 imagine 等。辨另U的方法是： 去 掉插入语后，原句句法结构仍然完整。-Is that the small town you often refer to?-Right, just the oneyou know I used towork for years.A.thatB. wh
15、ichC.whereD.what解析work是不及物动词，先行词one在定语从 句中只能作地点状语，You know在句中作插入 语，所以答案选C OHe made another wonderful discovery ,ofimportance to science .A.which I think is B. which I think it isC. which I think it D. I think is解析这里I think是插入语,which引导非限制性定语从句，故选A。在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语There are many thousands of stars in
16、 the sky that are like the sun.在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星 星。乍 看，that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面， 似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想，”不对啊， 天空怎么能象太阳呢？ “，原来that引导 的定语从句被in the sky这个地点 状语分隔开 来，修饰中心词starso在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond neck ace?你还记得吗，十年前的一天下午，我来到你
17、家， 找你借了一条钻石项链？when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰 yearso ten years ago实际上是定语后置修饰 afternoono先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行 词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓 语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语 之后A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.6.定语从句与其它从句（句型）的区别类另u区另U例句定语从句 与 并列句定语从句与
18、并列句的主要区别 在于：并列句有像and, but, so 等并列连词或两个句子用分号 连接，这时就不能再用引导定语 从句的关系词了。Mr Li has three daughters, none of is anengineer.Mr Li has three daughters, but none of is adancer.从结构上看，小题是定语从句，故填whom； 小题有并列连词but,是并列句，故填代词themo定语从句 与 状语从句定语从句的前面有名词作先行 词，而状语从句没有先行词。This is the place where we used to live a few yea
19、rs ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为 the place）Lets go where we can find a better job.我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从 句）定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词， 只能放在先行词的后面，而状语 从句说明动作发生的情况，并且 可以放在主句的前面。Do you know the time when the class is over?你知道 下课的时间吗？（定语从句）It was already five oclock when the class was over. =When the class was over
20、, it was already five oclock. 当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句）When, where和why在引导定语 从句时可以用“介词+ which” 的结构来替换，在引导状语从句 时却不行。This is the factory in which （where） his father once worked.这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句） Put back the book where it was.把书放回原处。（状语 从句）定语从句中的关系词在从句中 充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它 则从句成分不完整；而结果状语 从句中的连接词在从句中不作 任何成分
21、，去掉后从句的成分仍 然完整。It is such an interesting book as we all like.它是我们大 家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）It is such an interesting book that we all like it.它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。（that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）定语从句 与 同位语从 句定语从句在复合句中相当于形 容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或 限制的作用，与先行词之间有从 属关系。同位语的作用相当于名 词，对前面的名词给予补充说明 或进一步解释，是前面名词
22、的具 体内容，与先行词之间是同位关 系。The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy.她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。（同位语从句） 此句中的同位语从句The news that she had passed the exam可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam.The news that he told us interested all of us.他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句）The news that he told us是定语从句
23、，此句不能改写 为：The news is that he told us.定语从句 与 强调句强调句的结构为“It is / was+被 强调部分+ that+从句”。被强调 部分可以是除谓语以外的任何 成分，当被强调部分是人时，还 可用who代替that。这一句型中， 一定不能因为被强调部分是表 时间或地点的词就用when或 where 代替 that。It is on the morning of May 1stI met LiangWei at the airport.It is the factoryMr Wang works.从结构上看：小题是强调句，故填thato小题则是定语从句
24、，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in,故填whereo此外还要注意下列两点：定语从句与习惯句型用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。It is the first time she has been in Shanghai.It was the time Chinese people had a hard life.解析：这里小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It is / was the first / second .time + that从 句。故填that,其意为：这是她第一次在上海。小题the time是先行词，其后是表示时间的 定语从句，故填wheno定语从句与简单句用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。The mother told the lazy boy to work, didnt help.The mother told the lazy boy to work. didn*t help.解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系 词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连 词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词which,前面整个句子作先行词；小题则填13代 替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。