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1、MummiesA Reading AZ Level W Leveled BookWord Count:1,653Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Written by Lisa IngWritten by Lisa Ingwww.readinga-LEVELED BOOK WMummiesCorrelationLEVEL WS4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAMummiesLevel W Leveled Book Learning AZISBN 1-59827-612-3W
2、ritten by Lisa IngIllustrated by Cende HillAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover:Amr Nabil/AP Images;back cover,page 19(all):Steven Vidler/Eurasia Press/Corbis;title page:Khaled El-Fiqi/epa/Corbis;page 4:iS Lisinski;page 5:Stephen L.Alvarez/National Geographic Stock;page 6:REUTE
3、RS/Goran Tomasevic(Egypt Society);pages 7,13:Jupiterimages Corporation;pages 7,11,18,123RF;page 12:Bettman/Corbis;page 14:Zahi Hawas/AP Images;page 15:REUTERS/Tomas Bravo;page 16:Discovery Channel/AP Images;page 17:Rue des Archives/The Granger Collection,New York;page 18:REUTERS/Aladin Abdel Naby;pa
4、ge 20:Christophe Boisvieux/Terra/Corbis;page 21:REUTERS/Miguel Zegarra;page 22:iS Mostovoywww.readinga-MummiesWritten by Lisa IngMummies Level W 34Table of ContentsIntroduction.4What Are Mummies?.5Mummification .6The Afterlife.12The Burial.15The Tomb of Tutankhamun.17Animal Mummies.19Conclusion .20T
5、ry This.22Glossary .23IntroductionIn modern countries around the world,including Egypt,people are often buried in coffins after they die.Sometimes the body is cremated,and the ashes are either kept by loved ones or spread over an area that the person enjoyed,such as the ocean.But this is not the way
6、 it has always been.The ancient Egyptians turned their dead into mummies.The ancient Egyptians are famous for making mummies.They mummified everyone from kings to pets by drying the bodies,rubbing them with spices,and wrapping them in strips of cloth.However,the Egyptians are not the only people tha
7、t mummified their dead.There is evidence of mummification in many places around the world.A cemeteryMummies Level W 56MummificationThe first Egyptian mummies were buried in the hot desert sand.It was so dry that the bodies dried out almost immediately,preserving them from decay.These dried mummies l
8、ooked a lot like beef jerky.Their flesh became tough and hard.Unfortunately,unprotected bodies buried in the desert were often eaten by jackals,which love the taste of“human jerky.”Egyptians tried to protect their buried ancestors by covering the burial site with rocks.Wealthier Egyptians buried fam
9、ily members in painted coffins.But the coffins,which kept out the jackals,also kept out the hot sand,and the bodies inside decayed.An unprotected corpse soon decays and falls apart.What Are Mummies?A mummy is a preserved corpse.Normally,a dead body decays very quickly.Bacteria in the air start decom
10、posing body cells immediately after death.If the body is left alone,scavengers and pests,like vultures and flies,devour the corpse.In a mummy,the decay process is arrested,and the dead body is preserved for thousands of years.The first mummifications occurred naturally,in areas that were too dry or
11、cold for bacteria to grow.Bodies were preserved without human interference.Later on,people developed ways to preserve mummies artificially.The frozen,500-year-old mummy of a young Inca girl was found near the summit of a 20,700-foot mountain in Peru.Mummies Level W 78The chief embalmer cut an incisi
12、on in the left side of the stomach.From this hole,the embalming team pulled out all the internal organs except the heart and placed them to the side.The stomach,liver,lungs,and intestines were preserved individually in special jars called canopic jars.These organs accompanied the body during burial
13、but were not as important as the heart.The heart was preserved inside the body.Embalmers washed the body,inside and out,with palm wine.The alcohol in the wine killed bacteria.By this time,the body had probably begun to stink,a sign of decay.So the embalmers filled the body with bags of sweet-smellin
14、g spices mixed with natron,a special salt.Then they covered up the body and internal organs with more natron and left them alone for 40 days.Canopic jars had decorative lids that represented minor gods who protected the contents of the jars.Resourceful Egyptians developed ways to preserve the bodies
15、 before burial.When someone died,the body was given to a team of embalmers.First,the embalmers laid the body face up on a six-foot-wide embalming table.Their first job was to remove all the soft organs that encouraged the growth of bacteria.They carefully pulled the brain out through the nose with a
16、n embalming hook,making sure not to deform the persons face.The brain was not very important to the ancient Egyptians.They believed that the heart was the most important organ and that it was the center of thought and feeling.Do You Know?The Egyptians believed that the first mummy was the god Osiris
17、.He was murdered by his brother Set and cut into pieces.His wife,Isis,put him together with magic,and his jackal-headed nephew,Anubis,embalmed him.Osiris then became the god of the dead and the underworld.Mummies Level W 910The whole mummification process took seventy days.Once the drying process ha
18、d been completed,the embalmers removed the salt.The mummy became very light,since all the waterwhich made up over 65 percent of the bodys weighthad been removed.The embalmers filled the inside of the corpse with linen stuffing,producing a body that appeared strong and healthy instead of shriveled.Th
19、en they rubbed the corpse with more spices,mixed with wax and oil,to make it smell sweet.Next,a sticky resin made of tree sap was poured over the body.When the resin hardened,it formed a thin,protective shell around the body.This shell protected the mummy from bacteria and caused it to become darker
20、 in color.The body is stuffed and then rubbed with spices and oils.Embalmers often applied makeup to the mummys face to make it look more alive.They also placed jewelry on a rich persons corpse before wrapping it up.The resin-soaked wrap consisted of linen bandages the length of a football field.The
21、 wrap helped to preserve the shape of the body.The best linen was saved for the outermost layer of bandages.Cheap linen was used on the inside,where it couldnt be seen.Magical charms and talismans meant to ensure the mummys safety in the realm of the dead were put between the layers of bandages.Thes
22、e talismans were carved out of precious stones.A priest reads spells as the mummy is wrapped.A papyrus scroll with spells from the Book of the Dead is put between the hands.Mummies Level W 1112The AfterlifeThe ancient Egyptians believed that immortality depended on having a well-preserved body.They
23、believed that a dead person split up at the moment of death into several parts:the ba,the ka,and the physical body.The ka was a persons ghostly identical twin.It lived inside the mummified heart and could not move from the tomb.The ba,which represented the personality and spirit of a person,was a hu
24、man-headed bird that could fly around freely by day.The ba and the ka joined to form the akh,a persons soul.Scenes of Egyptian life and rituals of death are depicted on the Egyptian Book of the Dead.The STEPS OFMUMMIFICATION1 Place the body on a large table,facing up.2 Remove internal organs through
25、 a cut in the abdomen.3 Wash the body with palm wine.4 Dry the body by covering it with piles of salt.5 Remove the salt,and rub the body with sweet herbs.6 Stuff the body with linen and bags of spices.7 Cover the body with resin.8 Apply makeup and jewelry.9 Wrap the body in bandages.After the body i
26、s wrapped in linen bandages,a cloth is wrapped around the entire body.On the cloth is painted a picture of the god Osiris.Do You Know?In the Middle Ages,doctors in Europe prescribed mummy powder,made from ground-up mummies.They thought that mummy dust would cure sick people,but it usually only made
27、them sicker.Mummies Level W 1314According to ancient Egyptian belief,a dead persons soul traveled through the dangerous realm of the dead to a special palace of judgment,called Osiriss palace.Along the way,the soul dodged monstrous snakes and crocodiles while crossing huge rivers of fire.Osiris,the
28、god of the dead,judged everyone by weighing their hearts on a scale.If a persons heart was heavy with sin,it was thrown to the hungry monster beneath the scales.That person would die permanently.But if the heart was lighter than a feather,then the dead person would live foreveror be immortalin the w
29、orld of Osiris.When the Egyptians first began to make mummies,only very rich or important people were mummified.They believed that only pharaohs and nobles deserved an afterlife.A painting of a soul being judged as worthy by OsirisHowever,as the embalming process became easier and the Egyptians beca
30、me richer,more people were mummified.The Egyptians eventually believed that everyone deserved to have a chance at immortality.Since the Egyptians believed that the afterlife was exactly like life,they buried mummies with their favorite objects and tools.Wealthy nobles were buried with gold and gems.
31、Children were buried with their favorite toys.Everyone was buried with clay representations of food and drink,and with clay figurines called shabtisservants who would work for them in the afterlife.Depending on a persons rank,shabtis could be made of clay,stone,wood,or even gold.Mummies Level W 1516
32、The BurialMummies were laid to rest in decorated coffins usually made of papier-mch and beaten gold.Richer people were buried in a sarcophagus made of stone or a coffin of imported wood.Pharaohs were buried in up to four gold-covered coffins nested inside each other.The coffins were painted with a r
33、epresentation of the persons face so that the ba could find the right tomb when it returned at night.Hieroglyphs,painted or chiseled onto the coffin,told the story of the persons life.These inscriptions also held spells to keep the dead person safe in the underworld.The painted wooden sarcophagus of
34、 Lady Isis,wife of Kabekehent,shows a delicate,lifelike image.Superstitions were common in Egypt.Most people believed that mummies would curse anyone who disturbed their tomb and stole from the dead.But tempted by the treasures buried with the mummies,thieves broke into even the best-guarded tombs.T
35、hey often tore the mummies apart,looking for the gold and gems under the bandages.They were willing to risk death and punishment for riches.Most tombs were robbed within a few years of their mummies burials.This mummy of Pharaoh Queen Hatshepsut is more than 3,000 years old.Hatshepsut ruled Egypt fo
36、r over twenty years.DNA from a tooth helped to identify the mummy as hers.Mummies Level W 1718THE TOMB OF TutankhamUnThe Pharaoh Tutankhamun,also called the Boy King,died when he was only a teenager.We know very little about his life or his rule in Egypt,but he is the most famous mummy in the world.
37、Tutankhamuns tomb was opened in 1923.Even though it had been robbed twice in ancient times,King Tuts tomb still held great treasures.The thieves had entered the second room,which was filled with Tuts gold chariots and statues.They stole about a sixth of the tombs gold but were probably interrupted b
38、efore they could finish.King Tuts mummy had not been touched.Archaeologist Howard Carter(left)examines the coffin of King Tutankhamun,which he discovered in 1922.King Tut was buried in a series of three coffins,one inside the other.The first two coffins were made of wood covered in bands of gold.But
39、 the innermost coffin was made of solid gold and covered with gems.Tuts beautiful burial mask was also made of pure gold.Heavy jeweled bracelets encircled his wrists,and golden amulets and necklaces were draped around his neck.Gold Mask of teenage pharaoh Tutankhamun who ruled Egypt over 3,000 years
40、 agoDo You Know?The Egyptians stopped making mummies around ad 400.By this time,most Egyptians had converted to Christianity.They no longer believed that the dead person needed to be mummified in order to experience eternal life.Mummies Level W 1920Animal MummiesThe ancient Egyptians mummified anima
41、ls as well as people.Cats were especially sacred to the Egyptians.They represented Bast,the cat-headed goddess of happiness.Cats were kept as pets,and when one died,the whole family shaved their heads and eyebrows in mourning.Cat mummies were buried with their owners or at the temples of Bast.Ancien
42、t Egyptians also mummified other animals sacred to the gods,such as crocodiles,ibises,and falcons.These animals were sent to the afterlife as offerings to the gods.Mummy of a cat from Abydos,Upper Egypt,Roman Period,around first century adConclusionNatural mummies have been found around the world.Th
43、ey can be found in the cold,acidic water of a marsh in Denmark,in the frozen depths of an Alpine glacier,or in the hot sands of a desert.The dead have been preserved as mummies by many different cultures,from Buddhist monks in Japan to tribesmen in Papua New Guinea.The Incas in Peru,half a world awa
44、y from the ancient Egyptians,mummified their ancestors in much the same way as the Egyptians.While artificial and natural mummification vary in some ways,they are alike in one important way.All mummification results in the arrest of cell decay,which preserves the body for hundreds,if not thousands,o
45、f years.The naturally-mummified Tollund Man of Denmark was found in a bog in 1950.He lived during the iron age,300400 bc,and is the best-preserved prehistoric body in the world.Mummies Level W 2122We can learn much about ancient civilizations by studying mummies and the contents of their tombs.Scien
46、tists around the world study mummies in order to know more about how ancient people lived and died.Where Mummies Have Been FoundAFRICAEgyptNubiaSOUTH PACIFICAustraliaNew ZealandPapua New GuineaASIAJapan(Honshu)ChinaSiberiaIndonesiaNORTH AMERICANorthern CanadaSouthwestern U.S.MexicoSOUTH AMERICAPeruE
47、UROPEAlps(Italy/Austria)DenmarkSouthern ItalyGreenlandThis mummy of a young man was found in Peru and is over seven hundred years old.Make your own mummies!1 Cut an apple into twelve wedges.2 Put half the wedges skin-side down on a baking sheet.3 Bake in an oven on low heat for an hour or until dry.
48、Low heat is about 100o Celsius(212oF).You could also put the apple wedges in a warm,dry place in the sun for several days.4 Remove the apple wedges after they have dried out.5 Place them next to the six apple wedges that have not been dried.6 Notice the differences between the two groups of wedges a
49、fter several days inside at room temperature.Try ThisMummies Level W 2324immortality(n.)living forever(p.12)incision(n.)a deep cut(p.8)ka(n.)the dead persons ghostly twin(p.12)mummified(v.)made into a mummy(p.4)natron(n.)a special salt used to dry mummies,similar to baking soda(p.8)papier-mch(n.)a c
50、ardboard-like material,formed out of wet paper pulp,then dried;used to make mummies coffins(p.15)resin(n.)a fragrant,sticky substance made from tree sap(p.9)sacred(adj.)holy;belonging to a deity or connected to a religion(p.19)shabtis(n.)carved figurines that awoke as servants of the dead in the aft