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1、WritingImagine you are visiting the Great Wall of China.Which section will you choose to visit?Write an essay explaining your choice.Use information from the book and outside resources.Social StudiesResearch a Chinese dynasty and write a report.Include dates,emperors,battles,and feats accomplished d
2、uring the dynasty.ConnectionsVisit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.The Great Wall of ChinaA Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:1,899www.readinga-LEVELED BOOK Z1LEVELED BOOK Z1Written by Kira FreedThe Great Wall of Chinawww.readinga-How can Chinas history be told through th
3、e construction of the Great Wall?Focus QuestionWritten by Kira FreedThe Great Wall of ChinaThe Great Wall of ChinaWorld Landmarks Level Z1 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Kira FreedAll rights reserved.www.readinga-brutalcarbon datingcrenellateddomesticatingfortificationheritagekilnsnomadicparapet
4、s restorationspatialtraversesWords to KnowFront cover:The Great Wall crosses a variety of terrains,including rugged mountainous areas.Title page:British painter Ron Embleton shows how the wall might have looked centuries ago in his painting The Great Wall.Page 3:A section of the wall near the North
5、Korean borderPhoto Credits:Front cover:ukasz Kurbiel/iStock/Thinkstock;back cover:vincent369/iStock/Thinkstock;title page:Look and Learn/Bridgeman Images;page 3:Robert Harding World Imagery/Alamy;page 4:RubberBall/RubberBall/Superstock;page 6(left):Rod Porteous/Robert Harding World Imagery/Corbis;pa
6、ge 6(right):Xiaoyang Liu/Corbis;page 7:YellowRiver2011/iStock/Thinkstock;page 8:Oksanaphoto/D;page 9:Imaginechina/Corbis;page 10:REX USA/British Library/Robana/Rex;page 11:caitao/123RF;page 12:Hung_Chung_Chih/iStock/Thinkstock;page 16(main):REX USA/Gordon Sinclair/The Travel Library;page 16(top inse
7、t):Sixten Johansson/REX/Shutterstock;page 16(bottom inset):Jf123/D;page 17:Jin Peng/D;page 18:David G.McIntyre/EPA/Landov;page 19:Paul Springett 10/AlamyCorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA3The Great Wall of China Level Z1Table of ContentsArchitectural Wonder .4Sleeping Drago
8、n .5Many Walls .7Many Enemies .10Construction Methods Over Time .13Many Visitors .17New Discoveries .19Glossary .204In 1987,the Great Wall of China was designated a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO).Architectural WonderImagine a wall l
9、onger than the distance between the North and South Poles.If you were to take all the sections of the Great Wall of China and place them in a straight line,thats about how far theyd stretch.The wall is an extraordinary feat of engineering and design as well as one of the most ambitious construction
10、projects ever undertaken.Its also one of Earths most iconic human-made landmarks and a testament to Chinas long,rich history.Voted one of the New Seven Wonders of the World,the Great Wall is Chinas biggest and most popular tourist attraction.5The Great Wall of China Level Z1Sleeping DragonPeople bui
11、lt the Great Wall along Chinas northern border over many centuries for protection from invaders and to preserve Chinese culture from outside influences.Although the wall didnt always succeed in keeping out invaders,to anyone who wanted to harm China and its civilization,the wall was a huge obstacle
12、to overcome.The wall roughly follows the southern edge of Inner Mongolia,a self-governing region of China that was usually under the control of non-Chinese peoples when the wall was built.YELLOW SEACHINAMONGOLIAThe Great Wall of ChinaThe Great Wall of ChinaBeijingHJaiyu Mountain Pass(western end of
13、Great Wall)Inner MongoliaHushan Great Wall(eastern end of Great Wall)150 km(93 mi.)sections of the Great WallInner Mongolia borderKey6From mountainous passes far to the west(left),the wall makes its way across China.Its easternmost section extends into the Yellow Sea(right).Builders designed the Gre
14、at Wall according to the ancient Chinese art and science of feng shui(FUNG SHWAY),a set of spatial principles that suggest how things should be arranged in relation to the flow of energy over the land.According to feng shui,the landscape is a living dragon.The Chinese people designed the Great Wall
15、to flow over the landscape harmoniously.People often refer to the Great Wall as a sleeping dragon.The tail of the dragon,at the western end,is located in Gansu(GAHN-soo)Province.The head,in the east,is in Liaoning(lee-OW-ning)Province near the Yellow Sea.From west to east,the dragons body passes thr
16、ough deserts,steppes,rugged mountains,lakes,rivers,fertile lowlands,and beaches.The Great Wall is not in one continuous section;it has many sections that were built over the centuries.It might more accurately be called the Great Walls of China.7The Badaling section of the Great Wall is about 70 kilo
17、meters(43 mi.)north of the capital city of Beijing.The Great Wall of China Level Z1Many WallsNine of the sections that comprise the Great Wall run parallel to each other.Several of the main sections of the Great Wall are within 121 kilometers(75 mi.)of Beijing(bay-ZHING),Chinas capital.The Great Wal
18、l was voted one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in 2007.Badaling(BAH-dah-ling),the best-preserved section,has undergone extensive restoration.It winds along steep mountains northwest of Beijing for about 12 kilometers(7.5 mi.)and has forty-three watchtowers.Farther east in the mountains is Hua
19、nghuacheng(hwong-HWAH-chung),about 10.8 kilometers (6.7 mi.)long.Located in an area with lakes,this section is named for the yellow flowers that blanket the area in summer.Two large Chinese characters meaning“firm and strong”are carved on an enormous rock below the wall.8The Mutianyu section winds t
20、hrough high mountain peaks.Parts of this section of the wall are made of granite.A particularly scenic portion of the Great Wall traverses high mountains to the east of Huanghuacheng.Mutianyu(MOO-tyen-yoo),which measures 2.25 kilometers(1.4 mi.)long,has many parapets and twenty-two watchtowers,inclu
21、ding three that protect a gateway platform.Northeast of Beijing,Simatai(SU-mah-tie)is roughly 5 kilometers(3 mi.)long and has also undergone extensive restoration.Known for its steepness,this section has thirty-four watchtowers,about half of them on each side of Mandarin Duck Lake.Just south of Sima
22、tai,Juyongguan(JOO-yoong-gwahn)is located in a valley encircled by mountains.It was a military stronghold and the site of many fierce battles.This section of the wall features a white marble platform that has an arched doorway with sacred statues and writings.9Following a survey in 2009 at the Badal
23、ing Great Wall,authorities celebrate finding that the wall is longer than they had previously thought.This was one of many official surveys conducted by the Chinese government.The Great Wall of China Level Z1In China,the wall is called Wan Li Chang Cheng,which means the“Long Wall of Ten Thousand Li.
24、”A li is a Chinese measurement that equals about one-half of a kilometer(one-third of a mile),so ten thousand li equals about 5,000 kilometers(3,100 mi.).As recently as 2009,Chinas State Administration of Cultural Heritage reported that the wall wasnt much longer than that.However,a five-year survey
25、 completed in 2012 using advanced technologya combination of GPS,3-D modeling,satellite images,aerial maps,and dronesrevealed that the wall is actually about 21,196 kilometers(13,171 mi.)long when the lengths of all the sections are added together.10Zheng was extremely powerful.Historians quote him
26、as confidently stating that his dynasty would last for ten thousand generations.Many EnemiesIn ancient times,small tribes of nomadic hunter-gatherers lived in modern-day China.They moved with the seasons to obtain wild animals and plants they depended on for food,clothing,and other necessities.Begin
27、ning around 4000 bc,tribes living in more fertile regions started growing crops and domesticating animals,and small villages developed.These agricultural groups built walls around their villages to discourage raiding by nomadic people from the north.By 500 bc,China was made up of many independent st
28、ates ruled by kings.The states fought each other,and the northern states also fought their northern enemies.Various kings wanted to unite the states and rule them all.Intense fighting occurred in the Warring States Period between 475 and 221 bc.Many more walls were built during this period to protec
29、t individual states.By 221 bc,the most powerful state,Qin(CHIN),took control of all of China,and a ruthless fighter named Zheng(ZHUNG)became the First Sovereign Emperor of China.11The Great Wall of China Level Z1To keep China safe from enemies,Zheng ordered workers to build almost 4,828 kilometers(3
30、,000 mi.)of wall along Chinas borders.Zheng subjected workers to extremely harsh conditions;its rumored that four hundred thousand people died during construction.After Zhengs death in 210 bc,the Great Wall fell into disrepair until Emperor Wu Di(15187 bc),the sixth Han emperor,ordered work to begin
31、 on a new 483-kilometer(300 mi.)section of the wall to the west.Under his command,a string of separate watchtowers were also added beyond the wall.Later,between ad 386 and 1279,various rulers had parts of the wall repaired and extended.Zheng ordered thousands of clay warriors and horses to be made a
32、nd buried with him when he died.12Researchers recently identified a secret mortar ingredient:sticky rice!Through experimentation,they discovered that adding 3 percent sticky rice to lime is the ideal ratio,resulting in a mixture that is stronger than modern mortar.Reconstruction work on the wall now
33、 incorporates this time-tested recipe.Secret IngredientSecret IngredientUntil the early twentieth century,Chinas history comprised a series of dynasties,each one a succession of hereditary rulers from the same family.Although the walls main purpose was to keep out invaders,the Mongols,led by Genghis
34、 Khan,succeeded in invading during the mid-1200s and established the Yuan(yoo-WAHN)dynasty.The Mongols did not maintain the wall while they were in control of China.After driving out the Mongols in 1368,Hongwu,the new ruler,established the Ming dynasty.In an effort to keep the Mongols out,he had the
35、 wall rebuilt,which was a massive undertaking because it was in a state of extreme disrepair.For the next 275 years or so,rebuilding and expanding the Great Wall was a priority of Ming emperors.Most of the new construction was built a bit south of the original wall.Since the Ming dynasty,work on the
36、 wall has mainly consisted of repairs and renovation.131.Workers built a wooden frame and pounded it full of earth or sand and shrubs.2.They built up the wall until they reached the desired height.3.Workers removed the frame.Hang-tu ConstructionHang-tu Construction123The Great Wall of China Level Z1
37、Construction Methods Over TimeThe Great Wall was built in stages over thousands of years by soldiers,convicts,war prisoners,and peasants,among others.Some people were forced to build the wall and had to work under brutal conditions.Earlier sections were built using the hang-tu,or rammed earth,method
38、,which involved pounding down packed earth inside a frame made of wood or bamboo.In certain desert areas where soil wasnt available,packed sand and desert shrubs were used instead.14The first sections of hang-tu construction,which appeared over two thousand years ago,were separate walls around villa
39、ges rather than a single,long barrier.As China grew,its walls changed as well.Various dynasties determined the location of new construction according to where their enemies were at the time.During the Zhou(JOH)dynasty(770476 bc),hang-tu walls surrounded small states.During the ensuing Warring States
40、 Period(475221 bc),walls protected large states that battled each other.Large,continuous sections of wall appeared during the Qin dynasty(221206 bc),with more than 5,000 kilometers(3,100 mi.)of wall built during that time.This wall is often considered to be the original Great Wall.Towers built from
41、wood and sun-baked brick had a ladder inside that led up to a platform at the top,surrounded by a crenellated parapet.Archers equipped with crossbows were stationed in the towers,which were spaced so that any enemy caught between two towers would be within shooting range.The towers were connected wi
42、th hang-tu walls that were wide enough at the top for four horses to travel side by side.On the north side of the wall were outposts that housed several hundred soldiers who would signal to other towers if they spotted the enemy.15Ming Wall ConstructionMing Wall ConstructionThe Great Wall of China L
43、evel Z1A 483-kilometer(300 mi.)section was added during the Han dynasty(206 bcad 220),and extensive rebuilding took place during the Sui dynasty(581618).Additional building happened during the Song dynasty(9601279),and major repairs and rebuilding took place during the Ming dynasty(13681620).The Min
44、g emperors had certain hang-tu sections of the Great Wall covered with brick or stone.Architects,stonecutters,and bricklayers participated in the construction,which involved forming large bricks with wooden molds and then baking them in kilns.Once they were placed in position,the spaces in between w
45、ere filled with mortar.Stone,which was stronger than bricks,was the material of choice for parts of the wall that required extra fortification.crenellationbrick or stone wallstone baseparapetearth and stonespaved surface16The Great Wall of ChinaThe Great Wall of ChinaThe Simatai section of the Great
46、 Wall is 5.4 kilometers(3.3 mi.)long with thirty-five beacon towers.Each year,over ten million people come to China to see the Great Wall.There are an amazing 25,000 watchtowers and 15,000 outposts along the sections of the Great Wall.Length:combined total length of all sections about 21,196 kilomet
47、ers(13,170 mi.);the longest series of structures ever built Width:widest section about 9 meters(30 ft.);tallest part of wall is about 8 meters(26 ft.)Elevation:lowest point is at sea level;highest point is more than 500 meters(1,600 ft.)in elevation17Over the years,visitors to Badaling have included
48、 more than 370 heads of state and other famous people.The Great Wall of China Level Z1Many VisitorsPeople come to China from all over the world to see the Great Wall.The features of the different sections offer a variety of experiences for the millions of people who visit each year,but most everyone
49、 agrees on one thing:get in shape before you go!The most commonly visited sections are conveniently located near Beijing,particularly Badaling,which was the first section to be restored and open to the public,in 1955.It has been described as the grandest section,and because of the many renovations,i
50、t is the safest section to walk.Badaling is also the site of the Great Wall Museum,which has nine exhibition halls on topics related to history,construction,art,and culture.Other sections of the wall are less crowded than Badaling,and many are also considerably steeper.18One Great Wall Marathon part