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1、WritingCreate a persuasive travel brochure that informs readers about the Great Wall.Use information from the book as well as outside resources.Social StudiesResearch to learn more about Emperor Zheng and Genghis Khan.How were these two leaders alike?How were they different?Create a Venn diagram com
2、paring them.ConnectionsVisit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.The Great Wall of ChinaA Reading AZ Level V Leveled BookWord Count:1,265www.readinga-LEVELED BOOK VLEVELED BOOK VWritten by Louanne SilverThe Great Wall of ChinaWhat is the significance of the Great Wall of China?Focus Q
3、uestionWritten by Louanne SilverThe Great Wall of Chinawww.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL VR4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAThe Great Wall of ChinaWorld Landmarks Level V Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Louanne SilverAll rights reserved.www.readinga-convictsculturefeatharmoniouskilnsnomadicparal
4、lelraidingrestorationsteppeswindsuniformWords to KnowFront cover:The Great Wall crosses a variety of terrains,including rugged mountainous areas.Title page:Scottish artist William Simpson created this watercolor and pencil painting of the Great Wall in 1874.Page 3:The Great Wall is an international
5、landmark visited by millions of people in every season.Photo Credits:Front cover,back cover,page 7:Hung_Chung_Chih/iStock/Thinkstock;title page:The Fine Art Society,London,UK/Bridgeman Images;page 3:Retina2020/D;page 4:RubberBall/RubberBall/Superstock;page 6:YellowRiver2011/iStock/Thinkstock;page 8:
6、Look and Learn/Bridgeman Images;page 9:REX USA/British Library/Robana/Rex;page 10:GL Archive/Alamy;page 11:Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis;page 13(main):REX USA/Gordon Sinclair/The Travel Library;page 13(top inset):Sixten Johansson/REX/Shutterstock;page 13(bottom inset):Jf123/D;page 14:Dennis Degnan/Corbis;
7、page 15:Franck Robichon/epa/Corbis3The Great Wall of China Level VTable of ContentsRemarkable Landmark .4Flowing Wall .5Sections of the Wall .6Why a Wall?.8Building the Wall .11Visiting the Wall .14A Source of Inspiration .15Glossary .164In 1987,the Great Wall of China was chosen as a World Heritage
8、 Site by the United Nations.Remarkable LandmarkThe Great Wall of China is one of Earths most famous human-made features and one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.This remarkable feat of engineering and design is one of the most challenging construction projects ever undertaken.The many sections
9、of the wall are Chinas biggest tourist attraction.Together they are longer than the distance between the North and South Poles.The Great Wall is a record of Chinas long,rich history.People began building the wall more than two thousand years ago.It tells the story of changing power,technology,and wa
10、ys of life in China from long ago to the present.5YELLOW SEACHINAThe Great Wall of ChinaThe Great Wall of ChinaInner MongoliaJaiyu Mountain Pass(western end of Great Wall)Hushan Great Wall(eastern end of Great Wall)150 km(93 mi.)BeijingHMONGOLIAsections of the Great WallInner Mongolia borderKeyThe G
11、reat Wall of China Level VFlowing WallThe ancient Chinese art and science of feng shui(FUNG SHWAY)governed the design of the wall.Feng shui is a set of principles that suggest how things should be arranged in relation to the flow of energy.The Great Wall is curved instead of straight because it was
12、designed to flow over the land in a harmonious way.The Great Wall was built along Chinas northern border.Many people in China think of the wall as a sleeping dragon.Its tail is in the west,in Gansu(GAHN-soo)Province.Its head,in the east,is in Liaoning(lee-OW-ning)Province near the Yellow Sea.From ta
13、il to head,the dragons body is surrounded by deserts,steppes,mountains,lakes,rivers,fertile lowlands,and beaches.Some of the wall is located near Beijing(bay-ZHING),Chinas capital.6The well-preserved Badaling section of the Great Wall is about 70 kilometers(43 mi.)northwest of the capital city of Be
14、ijing.Sections of the WallThe Great Wall isnt one wallits made up of many separate sections.Some of the walls are parallel to each other.Four of the main sections are within 121 kilometers(75 mi.)of Beijing.In 2007,the Great Wall was voted one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.Badaling(BAH-dah-l
15、ing)is the most famous and best-preserved section.Badaling winds along steep mountains northwest of Beijing for about 12 kilometers(7.5 mi.)and has forty-three watchtowers.Farther east,Mutianyu(MOO-tyen-yoo)is a scenic portion of the Great Wall that spans high mountains.It measures 2.25 kilometers(1
16、.4 mi.)long and has twenty-two watchtowers.7How Long?How Long?The Great Wall of China Level VNortheast of Beijing,Jinshanling(JIN-shahn-ling)is a well-preserved section of the wall thats about 10 kilometers(6 mi.)long.It has sixty-seven watchtowers.Long ago,soldiers slept in some,while others were u
17、sed to store hay and weapons.Some of the watchtowers have windows that were used for shooting arrows at enemies.Next door to the east,Simatai(SU-mah-tie)is about 5 kilometers(3 mi.)long and has undergone a great deal of restoration.It is an extremely steep section with thirty-four watchtowers,about
18、half of them on each side of Mandarin Duck Lake.The Great Walls Chinese name means the“Long Wall of Ten Thousand Li.”A li is a Chinese measurement that equals about one-half of a kilometer or one-third of a mile,so ten thousand li equals about 5,000 kilometers(3,100 mi.).Even recently,people thought
19、 the wall wasnt much longer than that.Then between 2007 and 2012,scientists used advanced technology to measure the wall.They discovered that the wall is more than four times that long!Its about 21,196 kilometers(13,171 mi.)long when the lengths of all the sections are added together.8Why a Wall?The
20、 Great Wall roughly follows the southern edge of Inner Mongolia.This region is now a self-governing part of China,but it was mostly under the control of non-Chinese peoples when the wall was built.The Mongol people were enemies of China long ago,and the wall was constructed to keep them out.It also
21、protected Chinese culture from outside influences.The wall didnt always keep out invaders,but it made invading difficult.In ancient times,small groups of nomadic people lived in and near modern-day China.They depended on wild animals and plants for food,clothing,and other things they needed.Beginnin
22、g around 4000 bc,those who lived in regions with richer soil started growing crops and taming animals.People settled and built walls surrounding their villages to prevent raiding by nomadic people from the north.British artist Andrew Howats painting Great Wall of China shows Chinese soldiers taking
23、aim against invaders.9After Qin gained control of all of China,Zheng became the first emperor of the new country.The Great Wall of China Level VBy 500 bc,China was made up of many independent states that fought each other.The northern states also fought their northern enemies.Many more walls were bu
24、ilt during this time.By 221 bc,the powerful state of Qin(CHIN)took control of all of China.The new emperor,Zheng(ZHUNG),wanted to keep China safe from its enemies,so he ordered workers to build almost 4,828 kilometers(3,000 mi.)of wall along Chinas borders.Some experts think this was the start of th
25、e Great Wall.After his death in 210 bc,the Great Wall was neglected for about one hundred years,and parts of it fell apart.Then a new emperor ordered work on a new 483-kilometer(300 mi.)section of wall along Chinas borders.Later,between ad 386 and 1279,a series of emperors ordered workers to repair
26、parts of the wall and build new sections.10Genghis Khan conquered individual Mongol tribes and formed the Mongol Empire.His empire controlled many countries covering a huge area in Asia.In the mid-1200s,the wall was not successful in keeping out enemies.The Mongols,led by Genghis Khan,invaded from t
27、he north.They controlled the country for over one hundred years.They did not maintain the wall.After driving out the Mongols in 1368,the new emperor wanted to make sure they stayed out of China.He had the wall rebuilt,which was a huge task because much of it had fallen apart.For the next 275 years o
28、r so,emperors reconstructed and expanded the Great Wall.Much of todays Great Wall was built or repaired during that time.Since then,work on the wall has mainly involved repairs.11Early walls were made mainly of earth.This wall is in the far western section of the Great Wall.Hang-tu ConstructionHang-
29、tu Construction1.Workers built a wooden frame and filled it with earth.2.They built the wall higher.3.Workers removed the frame.123The Great Wall of China Level VBuilding the WallPeople built the Great Wall in stages over thousands of years.Soldiers,convicts,war prisoners,peasants,and others all wor
30、ked on the wall,often under force.All the walls were constructed with the hang-tu,or rammed earth,method.This method involved pounding down packed earth inside a frame made of wood or bamboo.Earth wasnt available in desert areas,so packed sand and shrubs were used instead.12Ming Wall ConstructionMin
31、g Wall ConstructionDuring a time in Chinas history called the Ming dynasty(13681644),many sections of the Great Wall took on their present-day appearance.People constructed the walls using hang-tu methods and then covered them with brick or stone to give them a uniform look.Workers formed large bric
32、ks with wooden molds and then baked them in kilns.Once they were placed in position,workers filled the spaces in between with mortar.So many people worked under harsh conditions to build the Great Wall that a myth arose about the mortar containing the ground-up bones of dead workers.However,historia
33、ns recently discovered the secret ingredient:sticky rice.crenellationbrick or stone wallstone baseparapetearth and stonespaved surface13The Great Wall of ChinaThe Great Wall of ChinaEach year,over ten million people come to China to see the Great Wall.There are an amazing 25,000 watchtowers and 15,0
34、00 outposts along the sections of the Great Wall.Length:combined total length of all sections about 21,196 kilometers(13,170 mi.);the longest series of structures ever built Width:widest section about 9 meters(30 ft.);tallest part of wall is about 8 meters(26 ft.)Elevation:lowest point is at sea lev
35、el;highest point is more than 500 meters(1,600 ft.)in elevationThe Simatai section of the Great Wall is 5.4 kilometers(3.3 mi.)long with thirty-five beacon towers.The Great Wall of China Level V 14It is recommended that visitors be in good physical condition to hike the mountainous sections of the w
36、all.Visiting the WallVisitors who are fortunate enough to tour the Great Wall will need to decide which sections to see.Badaling is the most commonly visited because its close to Beijing and is the safest section to walk.It also offers the Great Wall Museum,with nine exhibition halls on topics relat
37、ed to history,construction,art,and culture.However,Badaling can be crowded,and its full of souvenir shops.Most of the other sections have fewer tourists but are also much steeper,so be prepared for a challenging climb.Besides walking,climbing,and taking pictures,visitors can take a guided tour to le
38、arn about the walls history and construction.Cable car rides are available at some sections,and Mutianyu offers a toboggan ride.15A woman waves a Chinese flag as cyclists pass the Great Wall north of Beijing during a cycling event at the 2008 Olympic Games.The Great Wall of China Level VA Source of
39、InspirationThe Great Wall of China is a remarkable landmark that continues to inspire and fascinate people around the world.The 2008 Summer Olympic Games,in Beijing,featured the wall since the Games always honor the history and culture of the host country.A representation of the wall was a highlight
40、 of the Opening Ceremony,and one of the cycling courses included loops between Badaling and Juyong(JOO-yoong)Passes.Swiss cyclist Fabian Cancellara,who won gold and silver medals,later said that he drew inspiration and strength from the effort it took to build the wall.The Great Wall has witnessed a
41、n enormous span of human history,from early farmers,warring states,and powerful empires to modern-day China.Many people are working to preserve the wall so it can continue to tell a part of Earths story for generations to come.16Glossaryconvicts(n.)people found guilty of a crime and serving a senten
42、ce in prison;prisoners(p.11)culture(n.)the ideas and customs of a certain group of people(p.8)feat(n.)an amazing action or accomplishment(p.4)harmonious(adj.)having parts that are related,combined,or work together to create a pleasing effect(p.5)kilns(n.)special ovens for burning,baking,and drying m
43、aterials such as clay,brick,or glass(p.12)nomadic(adj.)moving from place to place without a permanent home(p.8)parallel(adj.)lying or moving in the same direction and an equal distance apart(p.6)raiding(n.)a surprise attack or invasion with a specific purpose(p.8)restoration(n.)the act of returning something to its original condition(p.7)steppes(n.)flat,dry grasslands that can be very hot in summer and very cold in winter(p.5)winds(v.)moves in a curving line or course;has many curves and bends(p.6)uniform(adj.)the same or similar(p.12)