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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.HurricanesA Reading AZ Level W Leveled BookWord Count:1,715Written by Shaun Taylorwww.readinga-HurricanesLEVELED BOOK WWritten by Shaun TaylorIllustrated by Cende Hillwww.readinga-Hurricanes24 IndexAfrica,13air pressure,8Asia,13Atlantic Ocean,
2、6,13,17Australia,13battery(-ies),4,5,21Caribbean,6,13,17Central America,13,17classify,14damage,6,8,1416death,6,17direction,18,19,22Doppler radar,19energy,912,19evacuate,5,16,21,22eye,6,7,18eyewall,6,7flood(s)(-ing),5,8,15hemispheres(Northern and Southern),9,12Hurricane Hunter,18Indian Ocean,6,13,17I
3、ndonesia,13Middle East,13tropical a low-pressure weather system with storm(n.)sustained cyclonic winds of 62119 kilometers per hour(3974 mph)(p.10)name,6National Hurricane Center,4,6Pacific Ocean,6,13,17path,4,12,17,21,22predict,20,22protect,21,22rain(fall),57,19Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale,14sate
4、llite,4,6,18,22seeding,20severe tropical cyclone,6,13speed,5,11,1416,19storm surge,8,22structure,6tropical depression,9,10,13,18tropical storm(s),914,18typhoon,6,13,22United States,13wind(s),5,11,1416,18,1924Hurricanes Level W 23Glossaryair pressure(n.)the pressure of air in the atmosphere(p.8)Carib
5、bean(adj.)of or relating to the region in the Atlantic Ocean located between North and South America(p.13)chaotic(adj.)random,without an orderly pattern (p.20)condenses(v.)changes from gas to liquid or from one substance to a denser form(p.10)disperse(v.)to break up or scatter(p.12)evacuate(v.)to mo
6、ve people out of danger(p.5)eye(n.)the center of something,such as a hurricane(p.6)eyewall(n.)the wall of clouds and rain around the eye of a hurricane(p.6)hurricane a formal warning that hurricane watch(n.)conditions are possible in the area of the watch(p.4)intensity(n.)the degree of force or stre
7、ngth(p.14)satellite(n.)a vehicle that orbits the Earth(p.4)storm surge(n.)a quick rise of the oceans level,caused by strong winds and a drop in air pressure during a hurricane(p.8)structure(n.)the relationship of parts in how something is constructed(p.6)sustained(adj.)kept up without stopping(p.14)
8、tropical(adj.)of,or occurring in,the tropics(p.9)tropical a low-pressure weather system with depression(n.)sustained cyclonic winds of less than 62 kilometers per hour(39 mph)(p.9)HurricanesLevel W Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Shaun TaylorIllustrations by Cende HillAll rights reserved.www.read
9、inga-Photo Credits:Front cover:courtesy of NOAA/NEDIS;back cover,page 6:Jupiterimages Corporation;title page:courtesy of NASA/JSC;page 3:Marbo/D;page 4:courtesy of SeaWiFS Project,NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center,and ORBIMAGE;page 5:courtesy of American Red Cross/NOAA;page 14:courtesy of Barry Bahle
10、r/FEMA;page 15(top):REUTERS/HO old;page 15(bottom):courtesy of Jocelyn Augustino/FEMA;page 16(top):courtesy of Andrea Booher/FEMA;page 16(bottom):Cameron Davidson/Photolibrary/Getty Images;page 18(inset):REUTERS/Molly Riley;page 18(main):courtesy of NOAA;page 20:REUTERS/Marc Serota;page 21:Jim Reed/
11、Terra/Corbis;page 22:Warren Faidley/CorbisEditors note:Cyclones that form in the tropics are called different names in different parts of the world.In the Atlantic Ocean they are called hurricanes,in the Pacific Ocean,typhoons,and in the Indian Ocean,severe tropical cyclones.This book will use the w
12、ord hurricane to describe them all.2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Andrea Arthur Ana Alex Arlene AlbertoBarry Bertha Bill Bonnie Bret BerylChantal Cristobal Claudette Colin Cindy ChrisDean Dolly Danny Danielle Don DebbyErin Edouard Erika Earl Emily ErnestoFelix Fay Fred Fiona Franklin FlorenceGabrielle
13、 Gustav Grace Gaston Gert GordonHumberto Hanna Henri Hermine Harvey HeleneIngrid Ike Ida Igor Irene IsaacJerry Josephine Joaquin Julia Jose JoyceKaren Kyle Kate Karl Katia KirkLorenzo Laura Larry Lisa Lee LeslieMelissa Marco Mindy Matthew Maria MichaelNoel Nana Nicolas Nicole Nate NadineOlga Omar Od
14、ette Otto Ophelia OscarPablo Paloma Peter Paula Philippe PattyRebekah Rene Rose Richard Rina RafaelSebastien Sally Sam Shary Sean SandyTanya Teddy Teresa Tomas Tammy TonyVan Vicky Victor Virginie Vince ValerieWendy Wilfred Wanda Walter Whitney WilliamHurricane namesCorrelationLEVEL WS4040Fountas&Pin
15、nellReading RecoveryDRA23Hurricanes Level W 3Table of ContentsA Hurricane Is Coming!.4What Is a Hurricane?.6How Hurricanes Form.9Where Hurricanes Form .13How Hurricanes Are Classified .14How We Study Hurricanes .18How We Predict Hurricanes .20 How to Prepare for Hurricanes.21Conclusion .22Explore Mo
16、re .22Glossary .23Index .24C-130 Hurricane Hunter22ConclusionHurricanes are an awesome display of natures power.Satellites can tell us much about these storms,such as the direction a hurricane is moving and what areas need to be evacuated.We may be able to predict the path of hurricanes,but it is un
17、likely that we will ever be able to stop them.We can protect ourselves by planning where and how we build our homes,by keeping emergency supplies,and by being prepared to evacuate if necessary.Explore MoreOn the Internet use to find out more about topics presented in this book.Use terms from the tex
18、t,or try searching for glossary or index words.Some searches to try:hurricanes,storm surge,or typhoons.4A Hurricane Is Coming!“This just in from the National Hurricane Center in Miami.A hurricane watch is in effect for the Florida east coast from Florida City north to Flagler Beach,including Lake Ok
19、eechobee.Hurricane Frances is about 555 miles east-southeast of Palm Beach and is moving toward the west-northwest at about 14 miles per hour.”The message crackles over a radio at a small Florida cafe.The patrons look outside at a warm,sunny day and then out to sea for any signs of the approaching s
20、tormthere are none.However,the television shows a satellite image of a gigantic,spiraling storm.A dotted line shows the hurricanes path and a shaded wedge shows where the hurricane might hit the coast.The people in the cafe have already been hit with one hurricane this season,and they know they must
21、 prepare.Some buy more plywood to board up windows.Others get supplies at the grocery store,such as water,food,and batteries.Hurricane Frances just north of the island of Puerto RicoHurricanes Level W 21How to Prepare for HurricanesThese steps can help protect lives and property during a hurricane.H
22、ave a family evacuation plan.Include in the plan when to leave,where to go,how you will get there,and what to do if your family becomes separated.Keep emergency supplies such as a first aid kit,flashlight,drinking water,and canned food.Keep a battery-powered radio to listen to if the power goes out.
23、Follow the instructions you receive over the radio with each elevated warning.Keep your cars gas tank full in case you need to evacuate.If you are in the path of a hurricane and you have time,protect your house by nailing plywood over windows.Tie down loose objects outside.Leave as soon as you are o
24、rdered to evacuate.Hurricanes Level W 5The next morning,the wind speed picks up,and the sky clouds over.Some people farther down the coast evacuate,or leave their homes to go to safer areas.Winds reach hurricane strength,bending over palm trees as if they are made of rubber.The wind rips roofs off b
25、uildings,and flying objects become deadly.High waves and rising water flood low-lying areas on the coast.Falling trees break power lines.Some residents who were not evacuated sit in the darkness of their homes listening to the storms progress on their battery-powered radios.Finally,the storm moves i
26、nland,and the wind slows down;but drenching rains and flooding remain.The next day the sun comes out,and people begin the costly cleanup.High waves from the September 1945 hurricane flood in Miami20How We Predict HurricanesComputers are used to predict hurricane movements.Thousands of measurements a
27、re typed into supercomputers to predict where a storm will go.As computers improve,we will be able to more accurately predict where hurricanes will hit land.This will save lives and reduce unnecessary evacuations.But computers will never be 100 percent accurate because weather systems are chaotic an
28、d are often difficult to predict.Some researchers believe it is possible to stop hurricanes from forming or to redirect them.One possible way to do this is by seeding clouds in broad areas where hurricanes are born.During seeding,airplanes spray a fine mist of salt powder,which helps water condense
29、out of the air.This would create many small clouds that would use up the energy that might be tapped by a single large storm to become a hurricane.The problem is that in order to be effective,clouds would have to be seeded over areas the size of Texas.No one yet has come up with a plan that would pr
30、event a hurricane from forming.Specialists tracking a hurricanes path warn residents to evacuate.6What Is a Hurricane?We have all experienced wind and rainstorms,but what makes a hurricane different?Hurricanes are gigantic,circular storms that can be hundreds of kilometers wide.When they occur in th
31、e Pacific Ocean,they are called typhoons.In the Indian Ocean,they are called severe tropical cyclones.In the Atlantic Ocean,they are called hurricanes.No matter what they are called,winds over hundreds of kilometers per hour,inches of rain,and high seas cause death,and sometimes billions of dollars
32、in damage.Hurricanes have a distinct structure that can be seen on satellite photos.Clouds extend out as spiraling arms for hundreds of kilometers around the center.The center of a hurricane is called the eye.Winds become more and more intense from the edge of the storm to the eyewall.Do You Know?Ac
33、cording to the National Hurricane Center,the word“hurricane”comes from the name Hurican,the Caribbean god of evil.Islands in the Caribbean Sea are often in the path of hurricanes.Eye of a hurricaneHurricanes Level W 19Doppler radar also helps track storms.Weather forecasters on television news progr
34、ams use it to show local rainfall.Wide-range Doppler radar shows a hurricanes wind speed as it approaches land.Doppler radar stations send out short bursts of energy waves.Rain and clouds reflect these waves back to the station.Rain and clouds coming toward land from a hurricane reflect back differe
35、nt waves than rain and clouds headed away from land.A computer analyzes the differences in the waves to create a model of a storm.Scientists use the model to show the speed and direction of a storm.A storm headed away from landA storm headed toward landradarstationradarstationenergy wavesenergy wave
36、sHurricanes Level W 7The eyewall is where winds rushing toward the center suddenly turn upward.The upward-moving air rapidly cools,and rain begins to fall.Most of the rainfall occurs in the eyewall.Sometimes rainfall reaches 20 millimeters(0.78 in.)of rain per hour,which can dump about 1530 centimet
37、ers(612 in.)on one area over several days.Yet,inside the eye,its often calm and sunny.Most hurricane eyes are 3060 kilometers (2040 mi.)in diameter.In the eye of a hurricane,the peacefulness will not last long.Soon the eye will move,and then the sudden force of the other side of the storm will hit.e
38、yewalleyewalleyeFully formed hurricanebands of rain clouds18How We Study HurricanesWe use satellites to locate and track tropical depressions,tropical storms,and hurricanes while they are far out at sea.Satellites orbiting high above Earth take frequent pictures of a hurricane.Scientists study the d
39、ifferences in the pictures to measure changes in a storms movement and intensity.High clouds within strong hurricanes show up on pictures from satellites as colder than the surrounding area.The most dramatic hurricane study tool is the“Hurricane Hunter.”This is a specially designed aircraft that fli
40、es into the eye of a hurricane to make direct measurements of temperature,moisture,wind speed,and direction.C-130 Hurricane Hunter8As hurricanes approach shore,the combination of high winds and low air pressure actually raises the level of the sea around the storm higher than normal.Scientists call
41、this a storm surge.It extends for miles around the center of a hurricane and floods any low,coastal land.Flooding caused by a storm surge is a major source of property damage from hurricanes.sea level on a nice daysea level on a rainy daysea level during a hurricanestorm surgeHurricanes Level W 17 O
42、cean (Areas Most Name Affected)Year DeathsCalcutta*Indian 1864 70,000 (India)Galveston*Atlantic 1900 6,0008,000 (United States)Vera Pacific 1958 5,000 (Japan)Bangladesh*Indian 1970 300,000500,000 (Bangladesh,India)Thelma Pacific 1991 5,1018,000+(Philippines)Mitch Caribbean 1998 11,00018,000 (Caribbe
43、an,Central America)Katrina Central Gulf Coast 2005 1,800+(United States)*No actual name given.Labeled by area worst hit.Source:http:/hurricanes.noaa.govHistoric StormsThe most destructive hurricanes have been powerful and slow moving.Many have destroyed major cities in their paths.Here are some famo
44、us hurricanes,typhoons,and cyclones.Hurricanes Level W 9How Hurricanes FormHurricanes form over tropical oceans worldwide.These tropical storms tend to be seasonal.They usually form in the summers of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.The storms form when energy from the Sun heats ocean water nea
45、r the equator.Warm,moist air evaporating from the ocean is lighter than the cold,dry air above it.The warmer air pushes up through the cooler air,which then sinks down to take the place of the warmer air.The process creates a low-pressure area called a tropical depression.warm moist airwarm moist ai
46、rlowpressurecold,dry aircold,dry airhighpressureStage1LHDo You Know?In the Northern Hemisphere hurricane winds rotate counterclockwise,while in the Southern Hemisphere hurricane winds rotate clockwise.16Category Four hurricanes have winds of 211249 kilometers per hour(131155 mph).They cause building
47、 walls to collapse and major erosion of beaches.Areas lower than 3 meters (10 ft.)above sea level may be flooded,requiring massive evacuation of residential areas as far as 9 kilometers(6 mi.)inland.Category Five hurricanes have winds of greater than 249 kilometers per hour(155 mph).The strongest hu
48、rricanes cause extensive damage to houses and industrial buildings.Massive evacuation of residential areas on low ground within 816 kilometers(510 mi.)of the shoreline may be required.Charley,an intense 2004 Category Four,destroyed thousands of homes.In 1992,the winds from Andrew,a Category Five,cau
49、sed crippling damage over a wide area.10As the warm,moist air rises,it cools and condenses,a process that creates clouds and releases heat energy.Soon giant thunderclouds form.Wind begins to rotate,or spin,around the low-pressure area.The wind starts blowing harder,and when it reaches about 62 kilom
50、eters per hour(39 mph),the tropical depression becomes a tropical storm.Tropical storms can grow into hurricanes if they soak up more heat energy from the warm oceans they pass over.Some storms dont ever gain enough energy to become hurricanes.Stage3LHwindrotatesstormStage2HLwindwindthunderclouds fo