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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.TeotihuacnA Reading AZ Level U Leveled BookWord Count:1,273WritingWrite a letter to Sergio Gmez stating your position on whether he should continue exploring Teotihuacn.Be sure to include at least three reasons to support your position.Social
2、StudiesResearch to learn more about the Pyramid of the Sun and another pyramid from the ancient world.Make a diagram that shows both pyramids and compares their purpose and physical characteristics.Connectionswww.readinga-LEVELED BOOK ULEVELED BOOK UWritten by Angelo DazTeotihuacnwww.readinga-Why ha
3、s Teotihuacn captured the interest of so many people?Focus QuestionWritten by Angelo DazTeotihuacn CorrelationLEVEL UQ4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRATeotihuacnWorld Landmarks Level U Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Angelo DazAll rights reserved.www.readinga-archaeologistsartifactsculturesd
4、roughterodeexcavatingimmigrantsinfluencemuralspyramidreservoirshrineWords to KnowFront cover:Pyramid of the MoonTitle page:An ancient mural in TeotihuacnPhoto Credits:Front cover,back cover,page 4: Stock Photo;title page,page 9:Danita Delimont/Alamy Stock Photo;page 5:William Perry/123RF;page 7:Khar
5、bine-Tapabor/REX/Shutterstock;page 8(both):Juan Barreto/AFP/Getty Images;page 10:Nik Wheeler/Corbis Documentary/Getty Images;page 11:Kenneth Garrett/National Geographic Creative;page 12:Classic Vision/age fotostock/SuperStock;page 13(top):Luis Fernando Dafos/age fotostock/SuperStock;page 13(bottom):
6、Hemis/Alamy Stock Photo;page 14(both):migstock/Alamy Stock Photo;page 15(left):REUTER/INAH/Files/Handout via Reuters;page 15(right):Ronaldo Schemidt/AFP/Getty Images3TeotihuacnTeotihuacnSOUTH AMERICANORTH AMERICATeotihuacnXitle(volcano)Popocatpetl(volcano)MEXICOUNITED STATESBELIZEPACIFIC OCEANGULF O
7、F MEXICOGUATEMALAMexico CityHTeotihuacn Level UTable of ContentsThe Great and Mysterious Teotihuacn .4Built to Impress .5Digging Up the Past .7Immigrants Make the City Grow .9Archaeologists Dig Deeper .11Collapse .12Extreme Climbs and Long Walks .13Discoveries Keep Coming .15Glossary .164The Great a
8、nd Mysterious TeotihuacnWhen the Spanish first came upon the ruins of Teotihuacn(tay-oh-tee-wah-KAHN)in the 1700s,they were amazed.People living in the area told Spanish explorers it was built by a race of giants who came from the heavens long ago.Looking around,one might believe that was true.The P
9、yramid of the Sun is the third-largest ancient pyramid in the world.Close by,the Pyramid of the Moon is not much smaller.To this day,people stand before the pyramids and wonder who built them.The answer is a mystery.Pyramid of the MoonPyramid of the SunThe largest structures at Teotihuacn are the Py
10、ramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon.5Teotihuacn Level UBuilt to ImpressTeotihuacn rulers demanded huge projects.Workers moved the San Juan River in order to build the massive pyramids.The plazas were large enough to hold tens of thousands of citizens,with room for visitors.The population wa
11、s between one and two hundred thousand people.In its day,Teotihuacn was the largest city in the Americas and one of the largest on Earth.The vast city covered 20 square kilometers(8 sq.mi.),and its influence reached all the way into what is now Honduras.Today,Teotihuacn is one of the most studied an
12、d visited sites in Mexico.The Pyramid of the Sun took more than one hundred years to build.Workers hauled some 764,000 cubic meters(about 1 million cu.yd.)of heavy material,all by hand.6Teotihuacns Ceremonial CenterTeotihuacns Ceremonial CenterAvenue of the DeadPyramid of the SunCitadelPalace of the
13、 Quetzalpapalotl (ket-sahl-pah-PAH-loht-l)Plaza of the MoonPlaza of the ColumnsYahualo PalaceZacuala PalaceSan Juan RiverThe Pyramid of the Moon is 20,280 square meters(217,686 sq.ft.)at the base and rises 43 meters(141 ft.).The Pyramid of the Sun is the third-largest pyramid in the ancient world.Th
14、e Avenue of the Dead is 95 meters(312 ft.)wide in some places.Pyramid of the MoonThe Citadel measures about 400 meters (1,300 ft.)per side.Temple of Quetzalcoatl(ket-sahl-KOH-aht-l)7Teotihuacn Level UDigging Up the PastWe call the people who built the city Teotihuacanos.The name comes from the Aztec
15、s,a people who came upon it long after the Teotihuacanos were gone.We do not know what the Teotihuacanos called themselves or their city.We do not know what language they spoke,where they came from,or the names of any of their powerful rulers.What we do know comes from archaeologists.They continue t
16、o dig around buildings and find artifacts that teach us about the people who made them.Archaeologists tell us that when the first settlers arrived around 400 bce,they found two very important resources:water and good soil.Teotihuacn is in a flat basin surrounded by mountains.Inside the basin is good
17、 soil for farming.Enough water tumbles down the mountains for people to use for their personal needs and to grow their crops.From the top of the Pyramid of the Moon,visitors can see the vast Avenue of the Dead.It was named by the Aztecs,who mistook the structures next to the avenue for tombs.8There
18、was another resource nearbyobsidian.This volcanic rock was highly valued for making sharp knives as well as deadly spearheads and arrowheads.Merchants from Teotihuacn most likely traded their obsidian with people many hundreds of miles away.In the first few hundred years,Teotihuacn grewbut slowly.Th
19、en,in the first century ce,a huge volcanic explosion nearby caused people to flee by the tens of thousands.Evidence suggests that many came to Teotihuacn.In 320 ce,another nearby volcano blew,and more people came.All these new people were immigrants.They had their own languages and religions.They we
20、re welcomed,and their arrival brought big changes to Teotihuacn.A student from Arizona State Universitys lab at Teotihuacn carefully digs up and analyzes artifacts(left).Archaeologists found obsidian knives in the shape of snakes with feathers in 2004(right).9Teotihuacn Level UImmigrants Make the Ci
21、ty Grow With the population growing,more housing was needed.The rulers carefully planned the city.First,they ordered farmers to move their fields farther away.Then they ordered about two thousand brand-new apartment buildings.When archaeologists found the first one,they thought they had discovered a
22、 palace.These apartments were unlike any others in the world.The spaces were large,expertly built of stone,and painted with beautiful murals.Inside each building were courtyards,porches,kitchens,a temple,and fifty or more rooms that housed between sixty and one hundred people.They brought in fresh w
23、ater from a reservoir,and drains took used water away.People lived well in Teotihuacn.Clues from artifacts and murals tell us that immigrants formed ethnic neighborhoods where they made traditional pottery and other items.They also brought goods from their homelands.Part of a mural from a compound i
24、n Teotihuacn shows a chanting priest.10The Maya brought jade,cacao for making chocolate,and prized feathers for headdresses.Immigrants from the Gulf Coast brought dried fish,salt,and beautiful seashells.Others from the east brought cotton that they wove into cloth and then sewed into fine clothing.I
25、mmigrant neighborhoods made Teotihuacn a center for all sorts of expensive goods.The rulers also ordered older buildings rebuilt to match their new plan.Every structure in the city had to line up on a grid that was exactly 15.5 degrees east of true north.With this alignment,the Pyramid of the Sun fa
26、ces the point on the horizon where the Sun sets on August 13.Many cultures believed the world was formed on that day.Whether thats true is a mystery.We do know that Teotihuacn was one of the most highly planned cities in the world.Sculptors carved the 4-ton(3.6 metric ton)stone heads at the Temple o
27、f the Feathered Serpent,which was built in 200 ce.11Teotihuacn Level UArchaeologists Dig DeeperIn 1971,a cave was discovered under the Pyramid of the Sun that was used as a shrine.Evidence suggests that caves were sacred to the people of Teotihuacn,who may have believed the gods were born in caves a
28、nd worked there to make the world we live in.The name Teotihuacn means“place where the gods were born.”Maybe the pyramid was built to honor the site of the sacred cave underneath.When archaeologists began to dig within the Pyramid of the Moon,they found burials of people with precious objects of jad
29、e and obsidian.The remains of animals such as pumas,rattlesnakes,eagles,a wolf,a falcon,and an owl were found,too.Experts think that the people and animals were killed as offerings to the gods.The people believed that by doing this,the gods would bring rain for crops and power to the citys rulers.An
30、 archaeologist examines artifacts found near the Pyramid of the Sun.12CollapseThe many warriors who protected Teotihuacn were strong and dressed as deadly animals.However,they could not protect Teotihuacn from destruction.Or,as some evidence suggests,they were among those who attacked and burned the
31、 temples and smashed the statues.We do not know.What we do know is that a drought caused food shortages,and people began to leave the city.Then,after centuries of wealth and power,Teotihuacn fell.People fled,the pyramids became overgrown with weeds,and the greatest city in the Americas became a ruin
32、.Eight Hundred Years of GreatnessEight Hundred Years of Greatness400 bce First settlers arrive150 bce The city of Teotihuacn is established 50 ce First wave of immigrants following the eruption of a nearby volcano 100 ce Building of Pyramid of the Sun begins200 ce Building of two thousand apartment
33、compounds begins320 ce Second wave of immigrants following the eruption of another nearby volcano550 ce Teotihuacn collapsesBefore repairs began,the huge stone pyramids were overgrown with plants.13Teotihuacn Level UExtreme Climbs and Long WalksImagine walking up the Avenue of the Dead.Everything ar
34、ound visitors is designed to make them feel small,and the design works as well today as it must have almost two thousand years ago.When people finally reach the Pyramid of the Sun,they have traveled up the steepest steps they have ever climbedall 248 of themto experience the thrilling view from the
35、top.For a shorter walk and no stairs,visitors can go to the museum and walk on a glass floor over a scale model of the whole sitepyramids and all.Teotihuacn is the most visited site in Mexico.Visitors get an overview at the museums model of the site.Each step of the Pyramid of the Sun is about 30 ce
36、ntimeters(1 ft.)high.14In 1987,Teotihuacn was named an important world site by UNESCO,an organization that helps protect it.Even so,the many visitors,along with wind and rain,continue to erode the structures.But the greatest threat to the site today may be developers,or builders.In 2004,one develope
37、r received permission to build just outside the park.By law,the company had to report any artifacts dug up during construction,but it didnt.Instead,it trucked the priceless artifacts to the dump because that was faster and easier.These actions led to years of investigation.In the Teotihuacn museum,v
38、isitors can see beautiful artifacts such as urns(above)and incense burners(right)that have been unearthed at the site.15Teotihuacn Level UDiscoveries Keep ComingThere is much to see and explore at this ancient place.In 2003,archaeologist Sergio Gmez visited Teotihuacn during a heavy rainstorm.The ra
39、in was a life changer for Gmez.It was early morning when he arrived to find a small sinkhole in front of the Temple of the Feathered Serpent.To explore the hole,he tied a rope around his waist,and several people lowered him deep into the darkness.Far below,Gmez discovered a tunnel that had been seal
40、ed 1,800 years ago.It was a discovery of a lifetime.Today,Gmez and his team are excavating the tunnel,inching their way toward its end under the temple.So far they have dug up seventy-five thousand artifacts.Who knows what they will discover at the tunnels end?Sergio Gmez and his team unearthed arti
41、facts such as these small carved figures in 2003.Experts hope to learn much more from the teams discoveries.Sergio Gmez16Glossaryarchaeologists(n.)scientists who study the remains of ancient cultures(p.7)artifacts(n.)any objects made or used by humans long ago(p.7)cultures(n.)particular societies wi
42、th their own ideas and customs(p.10)drought(n.)a long dry spell with little or no rainfall;a water shortage caused by low rainfall(p.12)erode(v.)to wear away rock or soil by water,wind,or ice(p.14)excavating(v.)uncovering or digging out(p.15)immigrants(n.)people who come to live in a new country,esp
43、ecially for the purpose of settling there(p.8)influence(n.)the ability to affect people or things(p.5)murals(n.)large works of art,usually paintings,created directly on walls(p.9)pyramid(n.)a large building with three or more sides shaped like a triangle,usually built by an ancient society to serve as a tomb or monument(p.4)reservoir(n.)a large tank or lake used for collecting and storing water for human consumption or agricultural use(p.9)shrine(n.)a place that is considered a special or holy tribute to a person or a god(p.11)