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1、www.readinga-Otzi:The IcemanOtzi:The IcemanA Reading AZ Level W Leveled BookWord Count:1,638Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Written by Jan Goldberg Illustrated by Marcy RamseyLEVELED BOOK WWritten by Jan GoldbergIllustrated by Marcy RamseyOtzi:The Iceman Otzi:The IcemanLevel
2、 W Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Jan GoldbergIllustrated by Marcy RamseyAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover,page 6:Patrick Landmann/Photo Researchers,Inc.;back cover,page 13:Samadelli Marco/EURAC/dpa/Corbis;page 8:Vienna Report Agency/Sygma/Corbis;page 10:Augustin Ochsenr
3、eiter/AP Images;page 11(bottom left):image100/Corbis;page 11(center right):Stockbyte/Getty Images;page 11(top left,top right):Hemera Technologies/Jupiterimages Corporation;pages 11(bottom right),22,23(background),24(background):Jupiterimages Corporation;page 16:Caro/Alamy;pages 17,20,21:South Tyrol
4、Museum of Archaeology,Bolzano,Italy/Wolfgang Neeb/The Bridgeman Art Librarywww.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL WS4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA34Table of ContentsAbout 5,300 Years Ago.4Finding the Iceman.9The Man Himself.10Theory 1:An Accident.14Theory 2:Murder for Food.17Theory 3:Murder for Power
5、.19A Secret Kept.22Glossary.23About 5,300 Years AgoThe man gently pushed aside the small brown dog yapping at his feet,tipping the basket of grain he was carrying just enough to spill.“Now see what a mess youve made.”He smiled at the puppy through his irritation.The man knew he had a lot to do to ge
6、t ready for the hunt.He had no time to waste,as winter was closing in.Otzi:The Iceman Level W56A tall,dark-haired boy walked over to the area of spilled grain and began scooping it up.The man looked upon his son with pride.“You must take care of things while Im gone.”“Yes,Father.I know.”Together,fat
7、her and son placed the grain back in the basket while the dog played at their heels.The boy took the grain to an underground pit where it would be protected during the upcoming winter.The man and his son walked slowly back to their home.The man paused to stop and rub his legs.He knew the weather wou
8、ld soon turn colder,which would make food scarcer.Tension would be high in the community as men who werent able to kill enough on the hunt fought over food for their families.It was important for him to leave the village soon and hunt for red deer,ibex,and wild boar.His family would need to live off
9、 the meat during the winter.When the man returned home,he gathered his belongings together.He knew he needed to be prepared to face almost anything.Then he left his family and began his journey.A recreation of Otzi and the belongings he took on his journeyOtzi:The Iceman Level W78Traveling only a sh
10、ort distance from his home,the man killed an ibex and was carrying the meat.All of a sudden,an arrow whizzed by the mans ear.Then several more flew through the air,and one landed sharply in the back of the mans right shoulder.The man clutched his arm in pain.Moaning,he reached behind with his left h
11、and to withdraw the arrow but could not remove it entirely.He managed to walk slowly up a hill as he heard the men behind him taking the bundle of meat hed dropped.Making it to the hilltop,he lay down and closed his eyes for the last time.Little did the man know that his body would become frozen in
12、ice and frozen in time,and that thousands of years later he would become known as Otzi,the Iceman.Of course,this is just one possible way that Otzi,the Iceman,died.We really dont know for sure how it happened.All we can do is theorize,or make guesses based on the facts.Scientists collect factscluesb
13、efore they make a theory.You can make a theory about how Otzi died,too.As you read the things we do know,think like a scientist and come up with your own theories.Do You Know?The Iceman was nicknamed Otzi by local people as a tribute to the area,Otztal,a valley near where the Iceman died.“The Iceman
14、”Otzi being pulled from the iceOtzi:The Iceman Level W910Finding the IcemanIn September 1991,two German hikers,Erika and Helmut Simon,made an amazing discovery.High in the Tyrolean Alps,at more than 10,000 feet,near the border between Austria and Italy,they found a hairless,frozen body.Only the head
15、 and part of the shoulders could be seen above the ice.They originally thought it was the frozen corpse of a modern climber.However,a few days later,Austrian scientist Rainer Henn came up with a different theory.The corpse was yellowed and dried,so he determined that it must have been frozen for a l
16、ong time.He was right.The Iceman turned out to be about 5,000 years old.The Man HimselfScientists used carbon dating,microscopic analysis,and X-rays on the Icemans well-preserved body to gather clues about his appearance and physical condition.They determined that Otzi was shortonly about five feet
17、tallweighed about 110 pounds,had wavy brown hair,and probably wore a beard.They also figured out that he lived to be about 46 years old(an elder for that time)and was bothered by several medical conditions:a bad back,arthritis,worn joints,and a bad stomach.A scientist examines the 5,300-year-old mum
18、my of Otzi.ItalyAustriaMEDITERRANEAN SEAFranceSwitzerlandaxbowbackpack framequiverICEMANbirch-bark containergrass cape fragmentdagger&sheathWhere Otzi Was FoundOtzi:The Iceman Level W1112From Otzis teeth,scientists were able to theorize about his diet.He probably ate mostly bread because his teeth w
19、ere ground down,as they could only be from eating grains for many years,but he probably also consumed crab apples,berries,acorns,hazelnuts,and the meat of whatever animals he could hunt and kill.Using these clues and others,scientists began to theorize how Otzi may have died.hazelnutsacornscrab appl
20、eberriesibexWhat Otzi AteCopper ax Bow Arrows,one with traces of blood from two peopleQuiver for arrowsKnife,with traces of blood from another personGrass sheath for knifeStrips of feltBirch bark containerFlintWood-frame backpackWooden stick with deer antler tipBone awlCuts on Otzis hands and wrists
21、Ibex(wild goat)meatSloe berryStone disk on a leather string with fringeMushrooms tied on a leather stringTests revealing that Otzi likely had arthritis and suffered from back painLong-sleeved jacket or vest made from animal hides,with traces of blood from another personWoven grass cloakLeather pouch
22、Leather pantsWaterproof shoesFur hatGrass socksTattoosEvidence Found with the IcemanOtzi:The Iceman Level W1314At first,investigators thought the Iceman got caught in a storm,fell asleep,and died from the cold.But later theories seem to support the idea that the Iceman was killed.Blood was found on
23、Otzis clothes,and wounds were discovered on his body.A number of scientists believe that the evidence supports the theory that the Iceman died from an arrow wound to his back and knife wounds to his hands.But why?Why would someone want to kill Otzi?There are several theories.Theory 1:An AccidentWhil
24、e Otzi was hunting,he was accidentally shot by other hunters and then buried.Scientists think that Otzi was hunting because of the clothing he was wearing and the equipment he was carrying when they found him frozen in the glacier.From the many scraps of material they found(leather,fur,grass,bearski
25、n,cowhide,tree bark)on his body,scientists think that the Iceman wore leather pants and a long-sleeved jacket or vest made of deer,goat,and ibex hide,with the fur side turned out,and possibly a long,woven grass cloak.Otzi after being pulled from the iceOtzi:The Iceman Level W1516They guess from the
26、clues that his shoes were waterproof and wideseemingly designed for walking across the snowconstructed by using bearskin for the soles,cowhide or deer for the top panels,and netting made of tree bark.They think soft grass was wound around his feet to function like warm socks.Grass laces,kept dry by
27、a leather flap,were strung through eyeholes to keep Otzis size-six feet snug.Scientists also theorize that the Iceman wore a hat that was made of individual cut pieces of fur,probably bearskin,sewn together.Attached to the hat were two leather straps that might have been used as a chinstrap.These ar
28、ticles of clothing,scientists think,would be what one would wear going on a long trek,like a hunting expedition.This belief was reinforced by the type of equipment Otzi had with him.Heres what scientists found:a copper ax,a bow,arrows,a quiver,and a tiny knife.Scientists think that Otzi used the bow
29、 and arrows to hunt deer and ibex,the knife to clean the animals,the ax to chop firewood,and the quiver to hold the arrows.Otzi also carried two strips of felt and a small container made of birch bark.Scientists think he may have used the felt as tinder for starting fires and the birch-bark containe
30、r to carry the felt.Next to the container was a soft leather pouch with two pieces of flint,which were probably used for making tools and for striking sparks to start fire.A four-inch wooden stick with a tip made of deer antler may have been used for sharpening the chunks of flint.Based on this evid
31、ence and knowledge of the time period,some scientists theorize that Otzi was hunting and may have accidentally been caught in a crossfire of arrows from other hunters.A doctor examines an x-ray of Otzis chest in which the arrowhead can be seen.Otzi:The Iceman Level W1718Theory 2:Murder for FoodOtzi
32、was not killed accidentally,but was killed on purpose in a fierce battle with other hunters.Other scientists disagree with the accidental death theory.They think that while Otzi was hunting ibex,he encountered a group of starving hunters.The hunters desperately needed a kill and did not want Otzi ta
33、king the kill from them,so they attacked him,firing arrows.Otzi fired back.Dr.Tom Loy,director of the Queensland National Institute of Molecular Bioscience,thinks that the Iceman fired two arrows into two of his enemies,pulling his precious weapons out of their bodies each time.His theory explains w
34、hy traces of blood from other people were found on Otzis belongings:one from his knife,two from the same arrowhead,and a fourth from his coat.In addition to his attackers shooting arrows at him,they may have attacked him with a knife.Perhaps cuts on Otzis hands and wrist were from his attempts to de
35、fend himself.Many scientists hold this theory to be true,but some wonder whether Otzi was killed for yet another reason.Some of the items found with OtziOtzi:The Iceman Level W1920Theory 3:Murder for PowerMembers of his community killed Otzi,a shaman,because he had become too powerful.Walter Leitner
36、 of the Institute for Ancient and Early History at the University of Innsbruck in Austria thinks that the Iceman might have been a shaman.A shaman is a physical and spiritual healer who is thought to have the capability of traveling to and from the spirit world for medicine.When scientists examined
37、Otzis body,they found a large number of mysterious tattoos.The tattoos included stripes,a cross,and small bars.These werent decorations meant for others to see,for they appeared only on parts of his body that would have been hidden by clothing.Were these 57 crudely carved tattoos found on the Iceman
38、s ankles,knees,and calves an ancient form of acupuncture?They were located on,or near,acupuncture points that would be used to treat ailments that Otzi likely suffered fromarthritis and back pain.One of Otzis tattoos can be seen on his ankleOtzi:The Iceman Level W2122Some scientists think that Otzi
39、may have worn jewelry,too.When his body was found,a leather string with a fringe,strung through the two-inch disk made of white stone lay nearby.Could this mysterious object have been worn by a medicine man,like Otzi,as a necklace?Near Otzis body,researchers also found two mushrooms on a piece of le
40、ather.Scientists know that this kind of mushroom can be used to fight sickness.Was Otzi carrying them as medicine something the hunters needed?Was the Iceman really a shaman?A Secret KeptThese are just a few of the scientific theories about the Iceman.They change when the factsthe clueschange.But so
41、metimes the clues remain the same and the scientists reinterpret the facts differently.How do you interpret the facts?What kinds of theories do you have now from the facts about how Otzi may have died?The Iceman could have died in a vast number of possible ways.For now,though,he is still keeping the
42、 true story a secret from us.Do You Know?A small depression was found in Otzis right earlobe.Did this mean that he wore an earring?Some scientists believe this might have been a necklce that Otzi wore.Otzi:The Iceman Level W2324Glossaryacupuncture (n.)a treatment where needles are inserted into the
43、skin at specific locations on the body to relieve pain(p.20)arthritis (n.)a disease in which ones joints swell and stiffen(p.10)carbon dating (v.)using chemicals to determine the age of something(p.10)corpse (n.)a dead body(p.9)evidence (n.)information that can prove something true or false(p.13)gla
44、cier (n.)a large accumulation of ice and compacted snow in a mountain valley(p.14)preserved (v.)kept in the same condition (p.10)shaman (n.)a spiritual and physical healer (p.19)tattoos (n.)permanent marks made on the body with ink(p.20)theory (n.)a possible explanation(p.8)IndexHenn,Rainer,9Iceman,age,9,10 appearance,10,18 clothing,12,14,15 condition,10,11,13 diet,11 discoverers,9 fictional account,47 given name,8 identity,9,16,19 location,8,9 possessions,6,12,16Leitner,Walter,19Loy,Tom,18theories,death accidental,1416 murder,1721 weather-related,8,13Otzi:The Iceman Level W