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1、www.readinga-Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.LEVELED BOOK Z1LEVELED BOOK Z1Written by Kira FreedEiffel TowerA Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:1,727EiffelTower EiffelTower WritingWrite an informational report about the Eiffel Tower,including its history,constructio
2、n,and impact on the world.Use facts from the book as well as additional resources for your report.Social StudiesMake a timeline of the construction of the Eiffel Tower.Include at least seven dates on your timeline,and include pictures or drawings of the phases of the towers completion.ConnectionsWri
3、tten by Kira Freedwww.readinga-Front and back cover:The Eiffel Tower is located on the Seine River in Paris,France.Title page:Elevators carry nearly seven million visitors a year to the top of the Eiffel Tower.Page 3:On a clear day,visitors enjoy spectacular views from an observation deck on the tow
4、er.Photo Credits:Front cover,back cover:Iakov Kalinin/123RF;title page:Astormfr/D;pages 3,16(top right):Viacheslav Lopatin/123RF;page 4:Michal Bednarek/D;page 5:Witsanu Deetuam/D;page 6:wajan/123RF;pages 8,10,15:Bettmann/Corbis;page 9:SSPL/The Image Works;page 11(left):Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corb
5、is;page 11(right):adoc-photos/Corbis;page 12:Valerijs Kostreckis/123RF;page 14:Corbis;page 16(left):scaliger/iStock/Thinkstock;page 16(bottom right):Peter Lovs/D;page 17(left):David Silpa/UPI/Landov;page 17(right):Rrrainbow/iStock/Thinkstock;page 18:REUTERS;page 19:Maria Feklistova/DEiffel TowerWorl
6、d Landmarks Level Z1 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Kira FreedAll rights reserved.www.readinga-EiffelTower EiffelTower CorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAHow did the Eiffel Tower surpass expectations and become a well-known landmark?Focus Questionassembled engineer eyeso
7、re feat girders hydraulic landmark latticework plunging precision replicas transmissionsWords to Know34Table of ContentsParis Icon .4Tower of Power .6City of Light .7A Daring Dream .8Doubters and Dissenters .13Exploring the Tower .16A Must-See Landmark .19Glossary .20Paris IconIf you ever travel to
8、the European country of France and visit Paris,its capital,you cant miss seeing the Eiffel Tower.Even if you dont actually take a tour of this world-famous landmark,youll see it from practically every part of the city.The wrought-iron structure,which towers over the“City of Light,”has been fascinati
9、ng people from around the world ever since it first opened to the public in 1889.Since that year,more than 250 million people have visited the Eiffel Tower,and they frequently use one word to describe it:breathtaking.The Eiffel Tower is by far the tallest structure in Paris.Eiffel Tower Level Z156To
10、wer of PowerThe Eiffel Tower is a huge bronze-colored iron structure made of four slightly curved girders.Enormous decorative arches beneath the lowest of three platforms contribute an appealing balance to the gentle curve of the rising girders.The original height of this unmistakable landmark was 3
11、12 meters(1,024 ft.)from the ground to the top of the towers flagpole.For its first forty-one years,the Eiffel Tower was the tallest structure ever constructeduntil New Yorks Chrysler Building was built in 1930.The antenna at the top of the Eiffel Tower,which was installed in 1957,brings the towers
12、total height to 324 meters(1,063 ft.).Height:300 meters(984 ft.)Antenna:24 meters(79 ft.)Total height:324 meters(1,063 ft.)The Eiffel TowerThe Eiffel TowerThe iron towers light and airy-looking design was considered a major architectural achievement of its time.Over 250 million people have visited;t
13、he most-visited monument in the world that people pay to see Completed in 1889;constructed for the 1889 Worlds Fair Base measures 100 meters(328 ft.)on each side Weight:10,100 metric tons(11,133 tn.);iron structure weighs 7,300 metric tons(8,046 tn.)108 stories with three platforms 57 meters(187 ft.
14、),115 meters(377 ft.),and 276 meters(906 ft.)above the groundEiffel Tower Level Z178City of LightThe Eiffel Tower was constructed for the 1889 Worlds Fair,which marked the hundredth anniversary of the French Revolution.The tower celebrates the power that citizens have when they band together.The str
15、ucture is situated along the south bank of the Seine(SEN)River on the Champ de Mars(shawm duh MARS),a large public greenspace.People gather there day and night to marvel at the famous landmark.Pariss French nickname,La Ville-Lumire,is often translated as“City of Light.”It actually means“City of Enli
16、ghtenment,”referring to the value that the people of the city place on culture and knowledge.The area where the Eiffel Tower is located has many attractions,including museums,gardens,fountains,ornamental ponds,and cultural centers.A Daring DreamCredit for the design of the Eiffel Tower usually goes
17、to French civil engineer Gustave Eiffel(eh-FEL in French),who had helped design the Statue of Liberty.However,the original drawings were the work of Maurice Koechlin(mor-EES kay-KLAHN)and Emile Nouguier(ay-MEEL NOO-gee-ay),who were the chief engineers for Eiffels company.In 1884,they developed the t
18、owers design with the intention of entering it in a contest.The contests organizers were looking for designs for the centerpiece of the 1889 Worlds Fair.Koechlin and Nouguier came up with a design for a tall tower made of a latticework of iron beams.The beams would serve as four legs at the base and
19、 would curve inward as they rose higher until they came together at the top.Horizontal metal beams would join the four main beams at regular intervals along the four sides of the structure.The Eiffel TowerThe Eiffel TowerATLANTIC OCEANFRANCEMEDITERRANEAN SEAEiffel TowerChamp de MarsAvenue Gustave Ei
20、ffelSeine RiverParisBefore building the Eiffel Tower,Gustave Eiffel(18321923)designed hundreds of metal structures,including a railway station,an observatory,and many bridges.Eiffel Tower Level Z1910Eiffels engineering firm already knew how to build supports for bridges.However,applying their master
21、y to a structure 300 meters(984 ft.)tall was a daring idea.They brought in a French architect named Stephen Sauvestre to ensure that the finished tower would be beautiful as well as structurally sound.Sauvestre recommended adding enormous curved arches to connect the towers columns and large halls o
22、n each level with walls made of glass.Elevators(upper right)were included in this diagram showing some of the detailed construction plans for the tower.The Eiffel Tower reached the first level in March 1888.Four legs were joined by huge horizontal girders.A total of 107 projects were proposed for th
23、e contest.After their design was declared the winner,Eiffels team began construction.Ground was broken on January 26,1887,and the supports began to be assembled on July 1 of the same year.The entire project was completed just over two years later,on March 31,1889.The tower is constructed of 18,038 p
24、ieces weighing 7,300 metric tons(8,046 tn.).Eiffel used latticework wrought iron.He wanted to demonstrate that metal was as strong as stone without weighing as much.The pieces of the tower were first prepared at Eiffels factory,located on the outskirts of Paris.A total of 150 workers assembled indiv
25、idual pieces to form sections that each measured about 5 meters(16 ft.)in length.Eiffel Tower Level Z11112The individual pieces forming the sections were joined with bolts at the factory.At the site,the bolts were replaced with rivets,which were heated up before being installed.The rivets shrunk aft
26、er cooling,which caused the shaft of each rivet to become shorter and pulled the two“heads”together,guaranteeing an extremely tight fit.A total of 2.5 million rivets were used,each one installed by a team of four workers.The foundation,which is made of stone and cement resting on a layer of gravel,w
27、as positioned to resist wind.During construction,the four legs sat on sandboxes and hydraulic jacks so the first platform would be level.This was required in order to ensure that the remainder of the tower above it would be properly balanced.Up to three hundred workers assembled the tower using wood
28、en scaffolds and small steam cranes.The tower was considered an engineering marvel.The speed of completiontwo years,two months,and five dayscombined with the degree of precision at every stage were remarkable at the time.Also remarkable were the elevators,which were considered an important technical
29、 feat.No one had ever used elevators in such a tall structure.After the towers construction was complete,workers coated it with 60 metric tons(66 tn.)of paint to protect it from rust.Since 1899,workers have repainted it every seven years.The towers color has changed over the years from dark red to d
30、ark yellow to brown and most recently to bronze.The Eiffel Tower sways a little due to wind,but it moves more because of heat.On hot days,the part of the tower in sunlight expands,which causes the tower to lean up to 18 centimeters(7 in.).A single elevator in the Eiffel Tower travels about 103,000 k
31、ilometers(64,000 mi.)each yearthe equivalent of two and a half trips around Earths circumference.In July 1888,the second horizontal section of the tower was in place(left).By late November,the tower was nearing completion(right).Eiffel Tower Level Z11314Doubters and DissentersWhen Gustave Eiffel and
32、 his team were drawing up their plans,not everyone was in favor of the ambitious project.Eiffel already had a good record of designing challenging structures.Some people,however,doubted that he could build a tall tower capable of withstanding the wind.One math professor predicted that a tower even t
33、hree-fourths the height of the one being designed would collapse.In addition,not everyone was thrilled about how the tower was going to change Paris.After construction began,a group of three hundred artists,writers,and architects asked the Paris Exposition to halt the project.The petition called the
34、 tower“ridiculous”and claimed that it would be an eyesore as offensive as a“gigantic black smokestack.”Construction proceeded despite objections,and the tower was eventually completed just over a month before the Worlds Fair began.People were awed by the architectural sensation during the six months
35、 or so when the Worlds Fair was open as well as afterward.However,the tower was constructed as a temporary exhibit and was scheduled to be torn down after twenty years.Eiffel didnt want the tower dismantled,so he worked to give it lasting value to the scientific community.He described his vision by
36、saying,“It will be an observatory and a laboratory such as science has never had at its disposal.”The day after the tower was first open to the public at the fair,Eiffel equipped the third floor with a meteorology laboratory.The lab contained barometers,lightning conductors,wind gauges,and other ins
37、truments.Eiffel opened the lab for use by scientists studying a wide range of topics and also conducted thousands of experiments of his own.The Paris Exposition,a celebration of French achievements,was held from May 6 to October 31,1889.Over eighty structures on the Champ de Mars had exhibits from E
38、urope as well as North and South America.Eiffel Tower Level Z11516The towers great height eventually became its saving grace.In 1909,it began to be used for the first radio transmissions and later,in 1925,was used for the first public radio program.Also in that year,it began to be used for experimen
39、ts in television,and 1935 marked the beginning of the first regular broadcasts.Today,the Eiffel Tower has 120 radio and television antennas.Exploring the Tower A thrilling way visitors experience the Eiffel Tower is by taking one of the glass elevators to the top.On the way up are views of the landm
40、arks architecture at a range of heights.At the top,visitors are treated to an exquisite view of Paris and its many places of interest.The top of the tower includes two levels,one covered and the other in open air so visitors can enjoy the view day or night in any weather.The top floor also includes
41、Gustave Eiffels restored office as well as maps with directions and distances to various other major cities.During World War I,the tower was used by the French military for wireless communication with ships as well as to intercept enemy messages.During World War II,Hitler ordered the Eiffel Tower to
42、 be demolished,but it never took place.When Germany occupied Paris,French resistance fighters cut the elevator cables so the Nazis would have to use the stairs.Adolf Hitler and a group of German Nazis on a tour of Paris in July 1941At the top of the Eiffel Tower,visitors enjoy a grand view of Paris.
43、They can also see Eiffels restored office with wax figures of Gustave Eiffel(right)in conversation with Thomas Edison(left).Eiffel Tower Level Z1The Eiffel Tower During WWI and WWIIThe Eiffel Tower During WWI and WWII1718The second floor has souvenir shops,restaurants,and displays about the towers c
44、onstruction.It also has a glass window with a plunging view down to ground level.The first floors main attraction is a transparent floor that creates the illusion that youre walking on air as you look down 57 meters(187 ft.)to the ground below.Also on the first floor are interactive displays about t
45、he tower,a video show,restaurants,and shops.There is also a piece of the original spiral staircase to Eiffels office.Since 2004,the first floor also has an ice-skating rink every winter.Behind-the-scenes tours offer extras such as a visit to the original engine room,which still controls the elevator
46、s.If youre lucky enough to be in Paris during a special event,youll enjoy an additional treat at the Eiffel Towera light or fireworks show!To celebrate the Chinese New Year in January 2004,the magnificent structure was bathed in red lighting.In May 2006,the tower was decked out in blue on Europe Day
47、,a celebration of peace and unity in Europe.When France hosted the Rugby World Cup in 2007,the tower was adorned with an enormous rugby ball,green lighting for the playing field,and beams of light to represent the goal.A spectacular light and fireworks show took place at the Eiffel Tower to usher in
48、 the year 2000.The first and second floors offer many attractions,including souvenir shopping,dining,and an ice-skating rink 57 meters(187 ft.)above Paris.To celebrate the year 2000,over a million people gathered on the streets to see a spectacular New Years Eve LED light and fireworks display at th
49、e Eiffel Tower.Eiffel Tower Level Z11920A Must-See LandmarkThe Eiffel Tower is one of the most easily recognized tourist attractions on the planet.Its been an important part of the plot in dozens of novels and movies,including many in which it is destroyed.It has inspired over thirty replicas,includ
50、ing ones in Guatemala,Japan,Pakistan,Romania,Belgium,Mexico,China,Russia,and Las Vegas,Nevada.Not surprisingly,there are also replicas in Paris,Texas,and Paris,Tennessee!The tower has also inspired many people to sketch it or write about their impressions of it.To some people,the tower is a symbol o