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1、www.readinga-Mapping the Woods:Maps and CartographyA Reading AZ Level W Leveled BookWord Count:2,069Mapping the Woods:Maps and CartographyMapping the Woods:Maps and CartographyVisit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Written by Rachel LawsonIllustrated by Paula SchrickerLEVELED BOOK
2、WWritten by Rachel LawsonIllustrated by Paula SchrickerMapping the Woods:Maps and CartographyLevel W Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Rachel LawsonIllustrated by Paula SchrickerAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Cover,back cover,title page,pages 3,7,21,22:ArtToday;page 23:David Gates/L
3、earning A-Z.;page 5:auremar/123RFwww.readinga-Mapping the Woods:Maps and CartographyCorrelationLEVEL WS4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA34Table of ContentsMaps and What They Do.4What is On a Map?The Key.6 Scale.8 Landmarks and Symbols .11Types of Maps .12 Physical Maps .14 Political Maps .17 Da
4、ta Maps .19Bon Voyage!.21Try This!.22Glossary .24Index .24Maps and What They DoThis is a map I drew of the woods that are by my house.The map shows the trails,roads,and buildings near my house.Be sure you have a copy of my map to follow along as you read this book.A map is a drawing of an area.It sh
5、ows where things are in relation to each other.Most maps show an area from above,as though you were looking down from an airplane.In fact,thats how most maps are drawn today.Someone takes a photograph from an airplane or satellite,and then a mapmaker,or cartographer(car-TOG-ra-fer),uses that photogr
6、aph to draw a map.Mapping the Woods:Maps and Cartography Level W56Before there were planes or spaceships,people drew maps by carefully remembering where things were,how far away they were from each other,and which direction they were from each other.Maps were also made by surveying,or taking mathema
7、tical measurements of how far and in which direction things were from each other.Many small maps are still made by surveying.Surveying creates an accurate map,though it takes a long time to survey a large area.I drew my map by remembering and guessing where everything wasit was very hard to do.Some
8、things still might be the wrong size.But if you were lost on the trails by my house,you could use this map to find your way out.What Is on a Map?The KeyMost maps arent an exact drawing of the way an area looks.For instance,I didnt draw the trees,grass,or buildings as they would look in a photo or pa
9、inting.Cartographers use symbols so that their maps are easy to draw and read.Most maps have a box in the corner,called the key,that tells you what each symbol means.The key on my map tells you the symbols I used to draw the woods and my neighborhood.The double lines are roads where cars drive.The s
10、ingle lines are walking trails.The boxes are buildings,and the slanted lines show water areas.This surveyor is using his equipment to take measurements.Mapping the Woods:Maps and Cartography Level W78A four-pointed star called the compass rose inside the key tells you where north,south,east,and west
11、 are on the map.Most maps put north at the top,south at the bottom,east on the right,and west on the left.As you can see from my compass rose,my map is drawn with northeast at the top.I did this because my house faces northeast,so that is how I think of my neighborhood.Most maps show the names of ci
12、ties,roads,trails,and other geographical features such as rivers and oceans so that you can quickly tell where things are.I put the name of each trail,road,and building on my map.Look at my map and see if you can find the Hunters Ravine Trail and the high school.ScaleThe scale of a map tells you how
13、 big the map is compared to the actual area.Most maps show the scale by comparing two units.On this map of the United States,the scale units are shown on a bar with marks and numbers on it.The top scale tells you the distance in the actual area.The bottom scale shows the distance on the map;this map
14、 is measured in centimeters.For example,on this map one centimeter is equal to almost 500 kilometers of actual distance.Some planes have GPS tracking devices in them so you can see where you are during the flight.San FranciscoNewYorkCentimeters0123456Kilometers050010001500200025003000Mapping the Woo
15、ds:Maps and Cartography Level W910Can you imagine if a map of the entire United States were drawn in the scale of my map of the woods?The map would have to show every single building in the United States,plus all of the spaces in between.It would be hundreds of kilometers widecertainly too big to fo
16、ld up and put in your pocket.If a cartographer draws a big area,he or she makes the map in a smaller scale.This map of the United States is in a very small scale.If a map zooms in on a smaller area,the scale gets bigger and bigger.This map shows the northeastern part of the United States,where my wo
17、ods are.The area is about four times smaller than the United States,so the scale is four times bigger.This is the state of Vermont.And here is a map of the county,or part of the state,where I live.Notice how the top numbers on the scale get smaller and smaller as the area shown on the map gets small
18、er and smaller.Distance and Area1 Measure the number of centimeters between New York and San Francisco using the map on page 8.2 How many kilometers does each centimeter represent?Multiply your measurement by that number.3 How far is it from New York to San Francisco?4 Measure the length of the stat
19、e of Vermont in centimeters on this page.Using the scale on the map,figure out how many kilometers Vermont is long.5 Measure the width of the state.Since the width changes from top to bottom,measure in the middle to get an average width.Use the scale to figure out how wide Vermont is.6 Multiply the
20、length times the width.About how big is Vermont in square kilometers?050010000123456VERMONTProcterPittsfordRUTLANDCOUNTY0123456010050150DetroitColumbusHarrisburgAlbanyAugustaNew York200CentimetersKilometersCentimetersKilometersTry ThisMapping the Woods:Maps and Cartography Level W1112KEYLandmarks an
21、d SymbolsMaps often show where important objects or things are.A landmark is an object that is special,important,or helps people find their way.It can also be something you might want to find if you were using the map.One landmark on my map is the water tower.When I see the water tower,I know I am c
22、lose to my road.On many city maps,landmarks are important buildings,such as schools,hospitals,and courthouses.Most important objects are shown using symbols.For instance,my water tower is drawn as a circle with slanted lines across it.On a city map,a hospital might be a blue or red cross.Symbols can
23、 also show important areas,events,or things that you cant see.On a historical map,a drawing of an explosion or gun might show where a battle took place.On a weather map,a blue line with triangles represents colder weather moving in.Use the key to help you understand the symbols and identify the obje
24、cts.Types of MapsThe information on a map depends on what the map is used for.If you are using a map on a boat trip,then the map needs to show rivers,lakes,and oceans,but it doesnt need to show things on land.If you are using a map on a car trip,then the map needs to show roads,towns,and cities,but
25、it doesnt need to show farms,forests,or hiking trails.There are three basic kinds of maps:physical,political,and data.Physical maps show natural things,such as rivers,mountains,plants,and weather.Political maps have to do with people.They show roads,cities,buildings,countries,and other human-made th
26、ings.Some maps show a mix of the two.For example,the pictorial map,or map made with pictures instead of symbols,on the next page shows a ski area at the top of a small mountain.The map shows buildings,such as ski lodges,and areas of woods where it is not safe to ski.Both kinds of information,politic
27、al and physical,are important to skiers.The third kind of map,a data map,is used for showing information,especially information given in numbers,which is called statistics.H high pressure L low pressure cold front warm front precipitationMapping the Woods:Maps and Cartography Level W1314On the next
28、few pages,I will use my map to show you different kinds of maps and how to use them.Physical MapsTopographic MapOne common physical map is a topographic map.It shows elevation,or how high or low the land is.Each line is one unit,such as one meter,higher or lower than the one next to it.When the line
29、s are close together,the land is rising or falling steeply.When they are far apart,the land is flat.I turned part of my map into a topographic map that shows you where the land rises and falls,giving you a sense of the shape of the small mountain where my woods are.Killington/Pico Ski mapMapping the
30、 Woods:Maps and Cartography Level W1516Topographic maps are good for going out into the wilderness,where there are no roads or signs.Lets say you got lost in the woods near Hunters Ravine Trail.Using my map,how could you find your way back to Pit Trail?Without a compass or compass rose to tell which
31、 way was north,it would be very hard to know where to go with just a trail map.But with a topographic map,you could match the shape of the land to the shape on the map,to get an idea of where you are depending on the direction you are walking.Relief MapOther kinds of maps show elevation.Relief maps
32、use colors to show how high or low things are.They usually use light colors to show high areas and dark colors to show low areas.Here,I shaded part of my map to make it a relief map.You probably have seen a relief map of the world that shows major mountain chains.Other relief maps show imaginary sha
33、dows made by mountains and valley walls.Vegetation MapA vegetation map shows what kinds of plants grow where.It uses different colors or patterns to represent different kinds of plants.I colored my map so that it shows you where there are grass,shrubs and bushes,evergreen trees,blackberries,or trees
34、 that lose their leaves,such as maples and birches.You can use the key to tell which pattern is which.Can you use the map below to find the spots along Old Orchard Trail where there are berries?Other vegetation maps show where crops grow,such as corn or apples.What kind of trees line both sides of B
35、irch Trail?Mapping the Woods:Maps and Cartography Level W1718Political MapsRoad MapA road map shows roads and where they go,and it is best for finding your way from one place to another.Here is a road map of part of the city of Auckland,New Zealand.How might you walk from the College Rifles Park to
36、the Abbotts Park?How many times would you turn,and in which direction?You could use this map to help you find your way around if you ever went to Auckland.My map of the woods is a kind of road map.It shows paths where you can go from one place to another.Use my map to figure out how to get from the
37、water tower to Mr.Taranovitchs field.Boundary MapA boundary map shows who controls the land or whom it belongs to.A boundary map of the world shows the countries.A boundary map of the United States shows the individual states or counties.On this page,I made my map into a boundary map.Now it shows wh
38、o owns the land.A boundary map helps people know how they can use the land and who might be there.Parts of the woods belong to Mr.Taranovitch,who doesnt like people to go hunting on his land.Hunters could use this boundary map to know where they are not allowed to hunt.NMapping the Woods:Maps and Ca
39、rtography Level W1920Data MapsA data map is any kind of map that shows information in the form of numbers.You may have seen a data map on the news that showed how people voted in different areas.You may also have seen a data map on the weather report that showed how many centimeters of rain fell in
40、different areas.Data maps can show natural or human information.On this version of my map,I changed the way I drew the trails to show how many people use each path.Four lines mark trails where 30 to 40 people go each week.One line marks trails where 5 or fewer people go each week.Use the key to see
41、how the other trails are drawn.You could use this data map to estimate which trails have the most erosion,or to plan a walking trip on which you wouldnt run into many other people.On this version of the map,I used a drawing of a newt to show how many red newts I see in different areas.Each drawing r
42、epresents five red newts.You could use this map to see if the population of red newts is rising or falling.You could also use it to pick walking trails where you could see many red newts.Data maps can represent almost any kind of information.Look in newspapers,magazines,and on the Internet to find d
43、ifferent kinds of data maps.Remember to look at the key to see what each color or symbol means.Mapping the Woods:Maps and Cartography Level W2122Bon Voyage!Maps can tell you many things about a place without your ever having to visit it.Some maps help you find your way around,while others tell you w
44、hat you might see.There are as many kinds of maps as there are places on Earth and things to see.Check out some maps around you.You can plan a wonderful journey,whether it is a real trip or just an adventure in your mind.This backpacker uses a map to find his way around.Make a Map Try to draw a map
45、that shows the route you take from your home to an important place,such as your school,the snack bar,or a friends home.What you need:graph paper,a pencil with an eraser,and something to write on.1 Draw your home.Use a symbol,such as a square,or a picture of your home.2 Begin walking toward your impo
46、rtant place.Draw a line away from the picture of your home,going in the same direction you walk.3 Try to estimate distance by counting how many steps or minutes it takes to go down the first street.If it takes twice as many steps or minutes to walk down another street,draw a line that is twice as lo
47、ng.Use another piece of paper if you need to.Try ThisMapping the Woods:Maps and Cartography Level W2324Glossarycartographer a mapmaker(p.4)compass rose a pointed symbol that shows where the directions are on a map(p.7)elevation height of the land(p.14)key the part of the map that explains what the s
48、ymbols and colors mean(p.6)landmark an object that help you find your way (p.11)pictorial map map with pictures rather than symbols(p.12)relief maps maps that use colors or shades to show elevation(p.15)scale the size of one thing compared to the size of another;on a map,how big the area is compared
49、 to the map(p.8)surveying mathematically measuring the distance and angle between objects(p.5)topographic map a map that uses lines to show elevation (p.14)Indexboundary,18cartographer(mapmaker),4,6,9compass rose,7data,12,19,20key,6,7,11,20physical,12pictorial,12 4 Notice the kinds of corners you tu
50、rn.Draw a line that makes the same kind of corner in the same direction.5 Write the name of each street on your line as you walk down it.Draw landmarks,such as a church,a special tree,or a familiar store.6 Draw your important place when you reach it.7 Use markers and crayons to color your map and ad