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1、辅导讲义学员姓名： 学科教师：年 级： 辅导科目：授课日期时 间主 题阅读理解之猜测词义学习目标1. 掌握阅读理解中常见的猜测词义的出题方式；2. 灵活运用此类题型的解题步骤。教学内容1、 上次课后巩固作业复习； 2、 互动探索某老外苦学汉语十年，到中国参加汉语考试，试题如下：题目：请解释下文中每个“意思”的意思。阿呆给领导送红包时，两人的对话颇有意思。 领导：“你这是什么意思？” 阿呆：“没什么意思，意思意思。” 领导：“你这就不够意思了。” 阿呆：“小意思，小意思。” 领导：“你这人真有意思。” 阿呆：“其实也没有别的意思。” 领导：“那我就不好意思了。” 阿呆：“是我不好意思。” 结果：
2、老外泪流满面，交白卷回国了词义猜测概述【知识梳理1】词义猜测类题目常见的设问方式The word “.” refers to/probably means .The underlined word “.” could best be replaced by.What do you think the expression “.” stand for?By saying “.” we mean.“.” as used in the passage can best be defined as.Which is the following word can take the place of th
3、e word “.” ?【知识梳理2】猜测词义的方法1.通过上下文猜测词义。2.通过构词法猜测词义。（1）转化：指词的形式不变而词性发生变化的一种构词法。【例题精讲】nurse n.护士 v.护理 free adj.空闲的 v.释放（2）合成：指由两个或两个以上的具有独立含义的单词组合成一个新的单词。主要有合成动词、合成形容词、合成名词等等。（3）派生：指由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成一个新的单词。【知识梳理3】常见前后缀a-表示“在之上”，“向”aboard, asideanti-反、反对；对立antiwar, antibacterial, antibodyauto-自己的，自动的autobi
4、ography, automatic, automobileby次要的，副的；边，侧by-product, bypass, bystanderco-和一起、共同co-produced, coexist, cooperatedis-不，非，相反dishonest, disadvantageil /im/in/ir不，非，无impossible, illegal, irresponsible, incorrectinter在之间；相互interact, interfere, internationalre-又，再，重新reconsider, reconstructiontrans-横过，跨越tra
5、nsnational,transform名词-ability/-ibility能力，可能性，适应性disability, possibility, responsibility, -ation/-tion/-sion行为，状况，过程definition, explanation, admission, application-ment结果，过程，组织achievement, argument, improvement-ness状态、性质、程度kindness, blindness-ship表示“情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业” hardship, membership, friendshi
6、p-th表示“动作，性质，过程，状态” depth, wealth, truth, length, growth形容词-able, -ible可的movable, comfortable, applicable, visible, responsible-ant, -ent是的，做的distant, important, excellent-al具有特征的natural, additional, educational-ish有关的foolish, bookish, selfish动词-en表示“使成为，引起，使有”quicken, weaken, soften, harden-fy使化bea
7、utify, purify, intensify, signify, simplify-ish表动作establish, publish-ize/-ise使化organize, apologize副词-ly以方式possibly, swiftly, simply-ward, -wards朝方向downward, inwards, upward如：He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes.根据词根conscious(清醒的，有意识的)，结合前缀semi(半，部分的，不完全的)，我们便可猜出semico
8、nscious词义“半清醒的，半昏迷的”。【例题精讲】例1：In 1963 a schoolboy called Andrew Wiles reading in his school library came across the worlds greatest mathematical problem: Fermats Last Theorem （定理） first put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the 17th century, the theorem had baffled and beaten t
9、he finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the tex
10、t?A. To encourage people to raise questions. B. To cause difficulty in understanding.C. To provide a person with an explanation.D. To limit peoples imagination.例2：Today when many tend to worry more about their own happiness, Houngs deeds remind us of what we usually neglect: love and care for others
11、. Without these, none of us could survive. Houng turned down donations from others. He said he felt encouraged by kind offers, but he could depend on his own work.The underlined word “donation” in Paragraph 3 probably means _.A. invitation to give a speech B. something, especially given to help othe
12、rsC. questions asked by interviewers D. chances to be a hero例3：Answer the following questions by using the information taken from a dictionary page. jazz: 1. n. a type of music that originated in New Orleans and is characterized by rhythmic beats. 2. n. popular dance music influenced by jazz. 3. n.
13、slang. Empty talk. 4. adj. of or like jazz; a jazz band, jazz records.What does the word “jazz” mean in the following sentence?Dont give me that jazz, for I am a practical person.A. Rhythmic beats. B. A type of music. C. A kind of dance. D. Meaningless talk.【巩固练习】检测题（一）：推测下列划线部分的词义。1. A deaf and dum
14、b guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails. 2. The climate of the west coast is the most moderate in Canada, summers are cool and fairly dry and winters are mild, cloudy and wet. Even in mid-winter, the temperature is usually above freezing. 3. All the houses in the city collapsed during
15、 the earthquake. 4.For people who live within a stones throw from the office to be late to work is unforgivable. 5. The conflagration was so fierce that with just a few second one could see towering flames where the house had stood and the smoke which filled the sky could be seen for miles and miles
16、.6. Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, such as shoplifter, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them.7. The best football, basketball and tennis players can become professional that means they will have a career in sports and will get money
17、when they play. 8. Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal. 9. The word “lefty” means a person who uses his or her left hand for writing, eating and other jobs. 10. Doctors recommended that everyone exercise every day, particular those who spend many hours doing
18、 sedentary activities like reading, typing or sewing. 【知识梳理4】解题方法知识点1：利用上下文语境线索任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析来推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，也是高考的热点。【例题精讲】例1：If he thinks he can invite me out, he is all wet. I dont like to be with him. A. drunkB. sweatingC. happyD. mistaken 例2：C
19、harlottes tale was inspired by the girls coin collection. “Weve collected foreign coins for yearssince our families went on holiday to Tenerife,” she explains. “That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in.”The underlined word “pesetas” in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _.A. story B. collection C. inspi
20、ration D. foreign coin知识点2：根据定义或解释猜测词义阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子，如to be, that is, mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean ,in other words等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括号来表示。1.直接定义：如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义句的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer t
21、o, be called, be known as, define, represent, be defined as等。【例题精讲】In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 2.同位语：构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namel
22、y, or other, say, i.e. 等副词或短语出现。3.定语从句：定语从句有时起着解释和说明的作用，据此我们可以推断出所修饰词的含义。【例题精讲】The herdsman,who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 知识点3：利用因果关系在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。【例题精讲】例1：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the
23、 opinions of others. 例2：The biggest power failure happened yesterday. All of our ice cream and frozen foods melted.例3：He ran downstairs through the smoke-filled house to push and pull at Karen and Todd until they sat up. Then he helped each other out of the house to the safety of the garden. There,
24、his sister and brother, taking short and quick breaths and coughing, collapsed on the lawn.知识点4：利用对比或转折关系有的文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这种句子多见unlike, although, but, yet, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, for one thing, for another, instead of, rather than, ho
25、wever, otherwise, though等信息词。【例题精讲】例1：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest. 下题中划线的词可换为例2：One idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business polite, life itself is games whi
26、ch we must normally play with very imperfect information.A. quite right B. time enough C. most unlike D. just the opposite例3：“Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.”The underlined word “cultivated” roughly means _.A. encouraged B. compar
27、ed C. examined D. developed例4：Thousands of people got stuck in lifts. But no one panicked, We passed the time telling stories.例5：Unlike the Unite States where many different nationalities make up the population, Japans population is quite homogeneous.知识点5：利用同义线索和同等关系同义词替换可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义
28、词的标志性词语有similarly, like, just as, also, as well等。如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间为类比关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。同等关系是指一个词、一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属于一个范畴。只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语，即可确定同等关系中生词的词性，作用和大概意思。在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断
29、生词词义。【例题精讲】Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future. 1. 我们可以根据上下文与生词密切相关的句子，对生词进行合情合理同时合乎上下文语境的推测。我们也可以根据生词后举出的有关例子进行适当归纳，猜测生词的词义。【例题精讲】You can tak
30、e any of the periodicals:The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or English Learning. 2. 有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。【例题精讲】例1：But sometimes I just feel loath to talk to these people. Sometimes, I just want to be alone, quietly, without being forced to listen to the
31、ir gossip or other useless words.The underlined word “loath” in this paragraph has the closest meaning to _.A. unwilling B. eager C. pleased D. hurt例2：Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming. Currently the trees in the Amazo
32、n take in around 500 million tons of CO2 each year.The underlined phrase “mopping up ” in the second paragraph means _.A. cleaning up B. taking in C. wiping out D. giving up例3：She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took a mop. She pushed past the desk and as the nurse looked up. Mum no
33、dded and said, “Very dirty floor.” 知识点6：利用例证性线索某些生僻的词汇后会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂。such, such as, like, for example, for instance, especially, consist of, include等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。【例题精讲】Many United Nations employees are polyglots: Mr. Simpson, for example, speaks five languages fluently.知识点7：根据构词法阅读中常会遇到一些
34、由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。教学大纲已经明确地将构词法列在语法附表中，因此利用所学构词法生成的词不应被认定为生词。英语单词的构成方法主要有三种，即复合法、派生法和转化法。英语单词大多是由词根、词头(前缀)、词尾(后缀)所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单词的基本含义。在词根前头或后头加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头、词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易地猜测所构成的新词的含义了。中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有： super(超), inter(在之间), able(能的), mini(极少的，微型的),micro(极微小的
35、), re(再，反复), sub(分支的，底下), co(共同), post(后), pre(前), trans(超越；转换), under(在之下；低于；不足), hood(状态；性质；时期), ish(如的；有点儿的); proof(防的；不能穿透的), scope(景), ship(身份；资格；权力；性质), some(易于的), wards(向), mis(误；恶), un(不；非), in(不；非), im(不； 非), dis(不), non (不；非)，less(不；无), anti(反；防), sino(中国)。【例题精讲】例1：Sharks are among the few
36、 animals in the world that almost never get cancer and eye cataracts. Understanding why can help us improve human health. Chemicals extracted from shark cartilage have killed cancerous tumors in laboratory animals, a research that someday could help prolong your life. The underlined word “prolong” i
37、n the paragraph means _. A. save B. protect C. lengthen D. improve例2：Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80 ml of an anti-poison medicine to be saved.例3：Although simplified Chinese characters were accepted for use many years ago, it seems that mo
38、re and more people like Chinese characters in the complex form.知识点8：注意熟词生义英语中大量的词汇具有多义性，其含义并非完全等同于词典所标注的汉语意思，具体的词义需要在一定的上下文中体现出来。阅读理解中的熟词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考对生词的数量有量的规定，不得超过3%；其二，熟词生义很容易引起考生的误解；其三，熟词生义的数量没有限制。如果这种现象在一篇文章中出现得多，那就更难理解了。【例题精讲】下题中划线的词可换为：例1：New York, 10 November, 5:27 p.m.,yesterda
39、y. Biggest power failure in the citys history.A. enough B. not passing C. lack of D. lack例2：A bike tour and race will be held in August 26 and 27. At 5:30 a .m. , the riders will leave Tianan Men square and ride the first 35 kilometers as a training leg . Then the next 55 kilometers from Yanjiao to
40、Jixian, will be the first competitive part of the tour.A. race B. practice C. part of the training D. part of the tour知识点9：利用词性转化【例题精讲】The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways-education, medicine, and business.The underlined word “aging” means _.A. counting the number of
41、 years someone livesB. the number of years someone livesC. becoming olderD. making someone look older【巩固练习】1. 2016-2017年南京市高三上学期期初调研考试CEveryone knows that the Internet has changed how businesses operate, governments function, and people live. But a new, less visible technological trend is just as tr
42、ansformative: “big data”. Big data starts with the fact that there is a lot more information floating around these days than ever before, and it is being put to extraordinary new uses. Big data is distinct from the Internet, although the Web makes it much easier to collect and share data. Big data i
43、s about more than just communication: the idea is that we can learn from a large body of information things that we could not comprehend when we used only smaller amounts.Big data will have implications far beyond medicine and consumer goods: it will profoundly change how governments work and change
44、 the nature of politics. When it comes to generating economic growth, providing public services, or fighting wars, those who can harness big data effectively will enjoy a significant advantage over others. So far, the most exciting work is happening at the municipal(城市的) level, where it is easier to
45、 access data and to experiment with the information. In an effort spearheaded by New York City mayors office, the city is using big data to improve public services and lower costs. One example is a new fireprevention strategy.Illegally subdivided buildings are far more likely than other buildings to
46、 go up in flames. The city gets 25，000 complaints about overcrowded buildings a year, but it has only 200 inspectors to respond. A small team of analytics specialists in the mayors office thought that big data could help resolve this imbalance between needs and resources. The team created a database of all buildings in the city and augmented it with data collected by 19 city agencies: records of tax, abnormal conditions in utility(公用设施) usage