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1、考点8-推理判断之写作手法-讲考点-胸有成竹【2022年推理判断之写作手法考点归纳】点推理判断之写作手法阅读理解2022试卷类型设问考占-J /、2021北京卷阅读 D32 . The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to.写作手法20202020全国新课标III32. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?写作手法20122020.全国新高考I山东卷68.The author explains the law of over
2、 learning by.写作手法【2023年高考命题预测】推理判断之写作手法考点是高考中的常考点。作者在写作文章的时候总是要用一些写作 手法，了解写作手法是学生阅读理解要掌握的内容之一。做这类题时，我们可以借鉴中文的 一些写作手法，在写作方法上它们是相通的。预测在2023高考中，写作手法有可能会在高 考阅读理解中呈现。【推理判断之写作手法考点指南】规律方法：常见的设问方式：(1) How is the passage organized?(2) The author develops the passage mainly by.(3) The first paragraph serves a
3、s a (n) .(4) The example of. is given to show/illustrate that.了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列 举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之 一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服 力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的 主题。说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信
4、，或者更具说服力。记叙文可以采取以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、 结局）等叙事方式进行写作。以故事情节为序又可以不按照时间的先后顺序叙述，比如，先 写结局，再写其他，最后写高潮，这种叙事手法叫做倒叙。考例分析：2012全国卷 I , DGrown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go sw
5、imming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins Twinkl
6、e, twinkle, little star or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials（尝试）increase the length of time we will remember it.In childhood we usua
7、lly continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as “Twinkle, twinkle, little star* and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlear
8、n.The multiplication tables（乘法口 诀表）are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.The law of overlearning explains why cramming（突击学习）for an examination, though it may result in a
9、passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for ones future devel
10、opment.68.The author explains the law of over learning by.A. presenting research findingsB. setting down general rulesC. making a comparisonD. using examples【答案】68. D【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。成年人常常惊叹他们能很好地记住儿时学过的东西。作者 认为这是儿时过度学习的结果，是因为当我们儿时学会一样东西的时候，我们不是就此停止， 而是继续学习，才使我们记忆深刻。文章用例证法说明了“过度学习”的概念。最后作者谈到 了“过度学习”的好
11、处和突击学习的弊端。【答案】D【解析】根据文章的内容可知:作者采用了举例子的说明方法。比如：practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them 和 The multiplication tables（乘法口诀表）are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they a
12、re another of the things we overlearn in childhood.【试题精练】1 .【2022届安徽省合肥市高三第二次教学质量检测】Bridges are a common sight in the Netherlands. But four bridges are particularly unusual: each 26-foot structure was fashioned from concrete by a giant robotic printer. They are part of a revolution （变革）that is seein
13、g 3D printers move from the tabletop to the construction lot.3D construction printers work a lot like home-office ones, except instead of ink they spit out concrete. Nozzles （喷口岩）run back and forth on rails, with computers controlling the time and speed, so that a layer of concrete is laid down wher
14、e needed. By the time the slow-moving nozzle reaches the end of its path, the layer has usually hardened just enough to lay down another on top of the first, building up, layer-by-layer, a home-sized wall. With precise pattern of deposit, the nozzle can leave spaces for windows, doors, and other des
15、ign and structural elements.It takes about 24 hours of printing to build a 500-square-foot single-floor home. The printing process delivers structure, wall-sheeting, inner and outer surface finishing, all at the same time,“ says Jason Ballard, co-founder and CEO of ICON, an Austin, Texas company. Th
16、at normally takes 20 people representing five or six different trades working several days.”3D construction printers are also less wasteful. A typical home construction site generates about four tons of waste. Because the concrete used in conventional construction is applied uniformly, regardless of
17、 whether its needed for structural support in a particular area or not, about half of the concrete is wasted. 3D printers, however, can vary the thickness of a structure with great precision, using concrete only where it is really needed.So far, printed buildings have been modest, low-cost affairs.
18、For instance, ICON printed a house in Austin, Texas, intended for families, at a cost of $10,000, and has a contract to print a total of six. Then it plans to take a printer down to Latin America to build 50 low-cost homes there.12. Why does the author discuss the nozzle in Paragraph 2?A. To analyze
19、 why the nozzle is so important. B. To confirm 3D construction printers are slow. C. To explain how 3D construction printers work. D. To argue the precision of the nozzle needs improving.13. What does Jason Ballard say about 3D construction printers?A. They are highly efficient.B. They are a little
20、complex.C. They increase the building cost.D. They will replace builders one day.14. How is Paragraph 4 mainly developed?A. By making a contrast.B. By giving examples. C. By describing aprocess.D. By analyzing causes.15. . What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Printed Bridges Become a Fashion
21、 in the Netherlands B. 3D Printing Technology is Key to Housing ProblemsC. Your House is Going to Be Greener in the Future D. Your Next House May Come Out of a 3D Printer【答案】12. C13. A14. A15. D【解析】本文是说明文。文章向我们介绍了 3D打印在建筑方面的应用，主要讲了 3D打印 建房子的工作原理，以及和普通建造方法相比的优势。12 .推理判断题。文章第一段They are part of a revol
22、ution that is seeing 3D printers move from the tabletop to the construction lot.（看到3D打印机从桌面转移到建筑工地，是革命的一部分 以及第二段“Nozzles run back and forth on rails, with computers controlling the time and speed, so that a layer of concrete is laid down where needed.（由电脑控制时间和速度，喷嘴在轨道上来 回运行以便在需要的地方铺上一层混凝土。厂可知，第二段讲喷嘴
23、的工作方式，是为了解释 第一段3D打印机的工作方法。故选C项。13 .推理判断题。根据文章第三段 Jason Ballard 的话，“The printing process delivers structure, wall-sheeting, inner and outer surface finishing, all at the same time. That normally takes 20 people representing five or six different trades working several days.（印刷过程中，打印机同时 提供结构、墙板、内部和外部的
24、表面处理。这通常需要来自五六个不同行业的20人工作数 天。户可知，Jason Ballard认为3D打印可以提供很多材料，又能同时完成很多人几天的工 作量，因此效率很高。故选A项。14 .推理判断题。根据第四段“3D construction printers are also less wasteful. A typical home construction site generates about four tons of waste. （3D 建筑打印机的浪费也较少。一个典型的 房屋建筑工地会产生大约四吨的废物。）“可知，本段将3D打印和普通建筑工地进行对比。 故选A项。15 .主旨大
25、意题。根据文章最后一段“For instance, ICON printed a house in Austin, Texas, intended for families, at a cost of $10,000, and has a contract to print a total of six. Then it plans to take a printer down to Latin America to build 50 low-cost homes ther已（例如，ICON 公司在德克 萨斯州奥斯汀打印了一栋房子，打算提供给家庭居住，这套房子的成本为1万美元，这个公 司一共签
26、订了打印6栋房子的合同。之后，它计划将一台打印机带到拉丁美洲，在那里建造 50个低成本的房屋。户以及文章向我们介绍了 3D打印在建筑方面的应用，主耍讲了 3D打 印建房子的工作原理，以及和普通建造方法相比的优势。可知，3D打印机在未来可能给我 们建造房子居住。故选D项。2.【2022届广西柳州市高三第三次模拟】Parents looking for education pins, especial for kindergarten, have probably come across the term Waldorf. But what exactly is a Waldorf school?
27、 Waldorf education is based on the ideas and teachings of Rudolf Steiner, an Austrian educator and philosopher who opened his first school in Germany in 1919. Steiners schools focused on “whole child development, rather than the narrow academic focus popular in German schools at the time.Experts in
28、Waldorf education say that these school stress teaching the whole child. A main lesson is taught in a block of time lasting for several weeks. Creative arts like drawing, painting, language studies, music and drama support the main lesson and give students a variety of avenues to learn the material.
29、 Students then continue an exploration of the lesson through movement and motor skills, with activities like physical education, building, dancing and gardening. The goal of Waldorf education is to develop free, but morally responsible individuals equipped with a high degree of social competence and
30、 creative capabilities. Factual knowledge, homework and tests scores receive less attention.Like all educational philosophies, Waldorf schools have both positives and negatives. Advocates like Moskowitz say its approach balancing academic subjects with artistic and practical activities, teaching kid
31、 how to think, not what to think - helps develop a love of learning. Some common drawbacks mentioned in connection with Waldorf schools are the same things that many parents like, such as the lack of emphasis on technology and standardized testing. Because many Waldorf schools are private, tuition m
32、ay also be an obstacle for some parents. At the Waldorf School of Baltimore, for instance, tuition for the 2021 -2022 school year was more than $20,000 according to its website although financial aid is available.Today, there are almost 1,200 Waldorf schools and more than 1,900 Waldorf kindergartens
33、 around the world, according to the Alliance for Public Waldorf Education. These schools can be found in approximately 60 different countries around the world. Roughly 130 Waldorf schools, both public and private, are in the United States. The Waldorf Education model has become most popular in Europ
34、ean countries, having even influenced many of the public schools.32 . Why did Rudolf Steiner open his first school in 1919?A. He wanted to help children make progress academicallyB. He planned to fully develop childrens potentials in all aspects.C. He expected children to have more indoor activities
35、.D. He tried to follow the teaching in Germany at that time33 . Which of the following receives the most attention in Waldorf education?A. Developing the sense of responsibility.B. Remembering knowledge about facts.C. Achieving high status in society.D. Getting high marks in the tests.34 . How does
36、the author prove the tuition of a Waldorf school is expensive?A. By giving an example.C. By listing some reasons.35. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?A , The course of Waldorf education.C , The popularity of Waldorf schools.【答案】32. B33. A34. A35. CB , By comparing with other schools.D. By showing th
37、e result of a survey.B. The origin of Waldorf education.D. The pros and cons of Waldorf education.【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了华德福学校创建的历史、培养目标以及学校存在 的缺点等情况。35 .细节理解题。根据第段中“Steiners schools focused on “whole child,9 development, rather than the narrow academic focus popular in German schools at the time.（ Stei
38、ner 的学校关注的是 “完整儿童”的发展，而不是当时德国学校流行的狭隘的学术关注户以及第二段中“Experts in Waldorf education say that these school stress teaching the whole child.（华德福教育的专家说, 这些学校强调要全面教育孩子户可知，Rudolf Steiner在1919年开办了他的第一所学校因为 他计划充分开发孩子们各方面的潜能。故选B。36 .细节理解题。根据第二段中“The goal of Waldorf education is to develop free, but morally respon
39、sible individuals equipped with a high degree of social competence and creative capabilities4华德福教育的目标是培养自由但有道德责任感、具备高度社会能力和创新能力 的个人）“可知，培养责任感在华德福教育中最受关注。故选A。37 .推理判断题。根据第三段中“Because many Waldorf schools are private, tuition may also be an obstacle for some parents. At the Waldorf School of Baltimore
40、, for instance, tuition for the 2021 -2022 school year was more than $20,000 according to its website although financial aid is available.（由于许多华德福学校是私立的，学费对一些家长来说可能也是一个障碍。例如， 巴尔的摩华德福学校的网站显示，尽管可以提供助学金，但该学校2021到2022学年的学费 超过2万美元户可推知，作者通过举例说明来证明华德福学校的学费昂贵的。故选A。38 .主旨大意题。根据第四段“Today, there are almost 1,2
41、00 Waldorf schools and more than 1,900 Waldorf kindergartens around the world, according to the Alliance for Public Waldorf Education. These schools can be found in approximately 60 different countries around the world. Roughly 130 Waldorf schools, both public and private, are in the United States.
42、The Waldorf Education model has become most popular in European countries, having even influenced many of the public schools.（如今，根据公共华德福教育联盟的数据，全世界有近1200所华德福学校和 1900多所华德福幼儿园。这些学校分布在全世界大约60个不同的国家。在美国，大约有130 所公立和私立的华德福学校。华德福教育模式在欧洲国家非常流行，甚至影响了许多公立学 校）”可知，第四段主要讲的是华德福学校受欢迎的情况。故选C。3. 【2022届山西省临汾市高考考前适应性训
43、练考试（二）】One day, I asked some college students to tell me the first word that came to mind when thinking about mathematics. The top words were “calculation” and “equation（等式）”Instead, the mathematicians offered phrases like critical thinking, and “problem-solving. This is unfortunately common. What m
44、athematicians think of is entirely different from what the general population thinks of. No wonder we hear I hate math“ so often.So I set about solving this problem unconventionally. I decided to offer a class called “The Mathematics of Knitting”. I removed pencil, paper, calculator and textbook fro
45、m the classroom completely. Instead, we talked, used our hands, drew pictures and played with everything. And of course, we knit.One essential and difficult part of mathematical content is the equation, and crucial to this is the equal sign, which is very strict. An equation like x = 5 tells us the
46、number 5 and the value of x must be exactly the same. Any small deviation（偏离）from “exactly“ means two things are not equal. However, two quantities are always not exactly the same in life. Imagine that you have two square pillows. The first is red on top, yellow on the right, green on bottom and blu
47、e on the left. The second is yellow on the top, green on the right, blue on bottom, and red on the left. The pillows arent exactly the same but certainly similar. In fact, they would be exactly the same if you turned the pillow with the red top once counterclockwise.Another topic is referred to as r
48、ubber sheet geometry. The idea is to imagine the whole world is made of rubber, then reimagine the shapes. Lets try to understand it with knitting. For example, while being made, a hat is shaped by three needles, making it look triangular. Then, once it comes off the needles, it relaxes into a circl
49、e. In fact, all polygons（多边形）become circles in this field of study.The subjects above are typically reserved for math majors in college. If more mathematicians were able to set aside classical techniques, more people out there could embrace mathematical thought.4. Why did the author start The Mathematics of Knitting?A